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	ASM Division M: Bacteriophage Lambda
		Lambda is the major prototype for temperate phage biology, for specialized transduction, and one of the historical prototypes defining the concept of episomes (2).
		Lambda and its genes continue to be used in the development of new recombinant DNA technology.
		Bacteriophage lambda is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) phage with an isometric head about 50 nm diameter and a flexible tail about 150 nm long (3) ( micrograph).
	www.asm.org /division/m/fax/LamFax.html (769 words)

	Bacteriophage Lambda - Infection & Immunity
		In the case of bacteriophage lambda, however, the appearance of the plaques is informative.
		Immunity in bacteriophage lambda (and related bacteriophages) is conferred by a short and specific region of the bacteriophage chromosome.
		Different bacteriophage lambda containing the immunity regions of related lambdoid phage were very useful in the genetic studies of the immunity region.
	www.mun.ca /biochem/courses/4103/topics/Lambda/Lambda_immunity.html (1268 words)

	Abstract List
		Bacteriophages are the most abundant organisms in the biosphere and play major roles in the ecological balance of microbial life.
		Juhala, R.J., M.E. Ford, R.L. Duda, A. Youlton, G.F. Hatfull, and R.W. Hendrix (2000) Genomic sequences of bacteriophages HK97 and HK022: pervasive geneti mosaicism in the lambdoid bacteriophages.
		Bacteriophage HK97 is a lambdoid phage with a head assembled from 415 copies of a 42 kDa subunit arranged in an icosahedrally symmetrical lattice with a triangulation number of 7.
	www.pitt.edu /~biohome/Dept/Frame/Faculty/hendrixabstract.htm (11436 words)

	Phage lambda project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Lambda is a double-stranded DNA bacteriophage of E. coli.
		Top left: lambda procapsid reconstruction (2.6 nm resolution), showing the arrangement of 12 pentameric capsomers and 60 skewed hexamers (In the actual capsid, one pentamer would be replaced by the portal vertex).
		Top right: lambda virion (3.5 nm resolution), showing the larger size (63 nm vs 54 nm) of the capsid after expansion, the symmetric hexamers, and the protruding trimers of gpD.
	www-structure.bio.purdue.edu /~dokland/lambda.html (289 words)

	Bacteriophage Ecology Group — Reference Abstracts (All)
		Pressurization of phage lambda in buffered media at 300 MPa for 300 min, 350 MPa for 36 min, and 400 MPa for 8 min reduced the titer of phage lambda by 7.5, 6.7, and 7.7 log, respectively.
		Pressurization of phage lambda in milk at 300 MPa for 400 min, 350 MPa for 80 min, and 400 MPa for 20 min reduced the titer of phage lambda by 5.4, 6.4, and 7.1 log, respectively.
		Characterisation of Escherichia coli Infection with a Verocytotoxigenic Bacteriophage.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/ab_all.htm (18137 words)

	Bacteriophage
		Insertion of lambda placMu50 into a gene in the proper orientation created an operon fusion in which lacZ and lacY were expressed from the promoter of the target gene.
		The terminases of 21 and lambda are not interchangeable.
		This vector, lambda SE4, was constructed by attaching a very-low-copy-number replication system (from the plasmid NR1) and a spectinomycin resistance gene to the left arm of lambda 1059 (Karn et al., Proc.
	www.bionewsonline.com /y/2/bacteriophage_o.htm (18441 words)

	Bacteriophage lambda, EC934, and EC861 evolutionary study in E. coli K12
		The first step of bacteriophage infection is adsorption, or the attachment of the virus to the bacterial surface.
		Bacteriophages attach to specific outer membrane proteins, which surround the rigid peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall.
		Each bacteriophage was probably specialized to an environment, and the closer the laboratory conditions were to the environment, the more effective the infection was.
	www.jayarams.com /project967.html (1465 words)

	phage_intro
		They are still a paradigm for many areas of biology, especially gene expression (See Bacteriophage Lambda).
		Bacteriophages, like bacteria, are very common in all natural environments and are directly related to the numbers of bacteria present.
		These lysogenized cells are immune (not resistant!) to superinfection by the same phage due to repression of transcription caused by the resident prophage (See Bacteriophage Lambda).
	www.biosci.ohio-state.edu /~mgonzalez/Micro521/Lambda/phage_intro.html (649 words)

	Bacteriophages
		In these phages, the secondary structure of the single-stranded RNA phage genome regulates both the quantities of different phage proteins which are translated, but in addition, also operates temporal control of a switch in the ratios between the different proteins produced in infected cells.
		Lambda was discovered at the Pasteur Institute by Andre Lwoff (who later helped to initiate the idea of operons in bacteria) when he observed that some strains of E.coli, when irradiated with ultraviolet light, stopped growing and subsequently lysed, releasing a crop of bacteriophage particles.
		Among the simplest helical capsids are those of the well-known bacteriophages of the family Inoviridae, such as M13 and fd - known as Ff phages.
	www.tulane.edu /~dmsander/WWW/224/Phages.html (2755 words)

	Bacteriophage
		Bacteriophage were jointly discovered by Frederick Twort in England and by Felix d'Herelle at the Pasteur Institute in Farance.
		Bacteriophage T7 has been used for the study of DNA replication because of its linear chromosome and the problems that poses for DNA replication and also because it encodes its own DNA polymerase.
		Bacteriophage lambda has been one of the work-horses of molecular biology particularly as a model system for understanding gene regulation.
	www.mun.ca /biochem/courses/3107/Lectures/Topics/bacteriophage.html (1126 words)

	Bacteriophage Lambda - Overview
		It was difficult to know whether the sudden appearance of phage in bacterial cultures was due to some contaminant in the cultures or due to some intrinsic but unknown part of the bacteria themselves.
		Bacteriophage lambda has a dsDNA genome of 48,502 bp.
		Late replication of bacteriophage lambda is designed to produce many copies of the genome in a form suitable for packaging into new phage capsids.
	www.mun.ca /biochem/courses/4103/topics/Lambda/Lambda.html (701 words)

	Bacteriophage
		When lambda proheads and gpFI were provided in vivo via a second prophage, cutting was restored, and gpFI was required, results that support the positive model.
		The alpha+beta fold of lambda Cro therefore likely evolved from its all-alpha ancestor by homologous secondary structure switching, rather than by nonhomologous replacement of both sequence and structure.
		Characterization of the anti-BP180 autoantibody reactivity profile and epitope mapping in bullous pemphigoid patients ; Di Zenzo G et al.; Bullous pemphigoid is a subepidermal bullous disease of skin and mucosae associated with autoantibodies to BP180.
	www.bionewsonline.com /k/2/bacteriophage_a.htm (17842 words)

	Recombination of bacteriophage lambda in recD mutants of Escherichia coli. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Recombination of bacteriophage lambda in recD mutants of Escherichia coli.
		Recombination of bacteriophage lambda in recD mutants of Escherichia coli.RecBCD enzyme is centrally important in homologous recombination in Escherichia coli and is the source of ExoV activity.
		The exchange distribution along lambda in recD mutant cells is independent of chi in a variety of conditions.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/678.html (284 words)

	Feiss Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Genetic analysis of two genes, dnaJ and dnaK, necessary for Escherichia coli and bacteriophage lambda DNA replication.
		Packaging of the bacteriophage lambda chromosome: A role for base sequences outside cos.
		Packaging of the bacteriophage lambda chromosome: Dependence of cos cleavage on chromosome length.
	www.medicine.uiowa.edu /microbiology/publications/feiss.htm (1099 words)

	Bacteriophage lambda genes.
		Named phage members are: lambda nu1; CP-933X,R; QSR', Qin, Gifsy-1, N15 gp1, VHML orf21, [Gifsy-2; Mx8 excisionase Uoi]; Last two found after MerR poured in, so may be out of specific family.
		As of Lambda II, there was no commitment to whether it was incorporated into the mature tail, although clearly if so there isn't much.
		Of the two papers recently analyzing this family given below, Rigden is insistant that the motif as far as it goes in lambda K is sufficient for hydrolase activity.
	www.biochem.uthscsa.edu /~hs_lab/lambda/lambdafam.html (1776 words)

	Bacteriophage Lambda virus replication showing lytic and lysogenic cycles picture by Russell Kightley Media
		Above: graphic of Bacteriophage Lambda showing combined lytic and lysogenic processes.
		This virus can either reproduce quickly (left hand side of diagram) causing the host cell to disintegrate and release new virus particles, or the viral genome can join the host genome (right hand side of diagram) and be carried silently as the bacterium reproduces.
		At upper left, a bacteriophage lambda virion has attached to the bacterial cell wall.
	www.rkm.com.au /VIRUS/BACTERIOPHAGE/phage-lambda-replication.html (426 words)

	Biology 572: Temperate bacteriophage methods
		As we learned in the previous lecture, the nature of immunity was discovered through the isolation of "clear mutants" of lambda that were unable to enter a lysogenic state.
		To understand the life cycle of bacteriophage lambda, we must first learn a bit about the regulation of its life cycle.
		Lambda vectors can accept larger pieces of DNA than traditional plasmid vectors, and that is a tremendous advantage.
	www.escience.ws /b572/L16a/L16a.htm (2017 words)

	Evidence of bar Minigene Expression and tRNA2IleSequestration as Peptidyl-tRNA2Ileduring Lambda Bacteriophage ...
		Bacteriophage lambda is unable to grow in E.
		A mutant of Escherichia coli that prevents growth of phage lambda and is bypassed by lambda mutants in a nonessential region of the genome.
		Distribution of minigenes in the bacteriophage lambda chromosome.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/186/16/5533 (2398 words)

	Bio572: cDNA methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The most thoroughly studied temperate bacteriophage is lambda, which was pulled out of a Paris sewer 50 years ago by Lwoff, Jacob and Monod.
		Plaques generated by lambda are typically " turbid " rather than " clear " because after an initial round of lytic growth on rapidly dividing E. coli, there follows an overgrowth of bacteria carrying lambda lysogenically.
		The packaged lambda phage can then immediately be combined with E. coli, to introduce the recombinant phage vector efficiently into cells.
	www.csun.edu /~hcbio027/biotechnology/lec2/BL/BL.htm (1159 words)

	Bacteriophage T4 gp2 Interferes with Cell Viability and with Bacteriophage Lambda Red Recombination -- Appasani et al. ...
		Bacteriophage T4 gp2 Interferes with Cell Viability and with Bacteriophage Lambda Red Recombination -- Appasani et al.
		Bacteriophage T4 gp2 Interferes with Cell Viability and with Bacteriophage Lambda Red Recombination
		The gp2 protein ( 10) of bacteriophage T4 gene2 ( 5) is associated with phage particles ( 25) and protects newly injected
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/181/4/1352 (2316 words)

	lambda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		LAMBDA is a tailed bacteriophage with a linear dsDNA genome characterized by short single stranded "sticky ends".
		The nucleotides in the ends are complementary to each other and upon entry into the bacterial host cell, the linear genome circularizes.
		Lambda has the choice between a lytic and a lysogenic cycle.
	biology.fullerton.edu /courses/biol_302/Web/lambdaweb (851 words)

	Herskowitz Complete Bibliography
		Substitution mutations in bacteriophage lambda with new specificity for late gene expression.
		Mutants of bacteriophage lambda which do not require the c III gene for efficient lysogenization.
		Interactions of bacteriophage and host macromolecules in the growth of bacteriophage lambda.
	biochemistry.ucsf.edu /~herskowitz/full_bib.html (3620 words)

	Bacteriophages
		Bakteriophage lambda - Der lytische Weg, Der lysogene Weg, Vergleich lysogener und lytischer Vermehrung.
		Bacteriophages (Ohio State University) - Text and Images.
		T7 Bacteriophage DNA and Protein Imaging (University of Texas at Austin) - Text and Images.
	www.infochembio.ethz.ch /links/en/virol_bakteriophagen.html (211 words)

	Bacteriophage Ecology Group - Links
		Bacteriophages as Indicators of Human Enteric Viruses in Activated Sludge Waterwater Treatment (1983)
		Selective isolation of rare bacteria taxa is one of the major targets for industrial microbiologists, who are in search of novel compounds with therapeutic activity.
		The Bacteriophage Ecology Group splash page ( www.phage.org) possesses a number of meta tags/names that are employed by search engines to classify the site.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/beg_links.htm (1330 words)

	Sherwood Casjens's Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hendrix, R., and Casjens, S. Assembly of bacteriophage lambda heads: Protein processing and its genetic control.
		Casjens, S., Huang, W., Hayden, M., and Parr, R. Initiation of bacteriophage P22 DNA packaging series: Analysis of a mutant which alters the DNA target specificity of the packaging apparatus.
		Cloning, purification, and preliminary characterization by circular dichroism and NMR spectroscopy of a carboxyl-terminal domain of bacteriophage P22 scaffolding protein.
	www.biology.utah.edu /faculty3.php?inum=90 (2767 words)

	Wood Lab - Wood Curriculum Vitae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Wood, W. (1965) Mutations in E. coli affecting the host-controlled modification of bacteriophage lambda Path.
		Bishop, R. J., and Wood, W. (1976) Genetic analysis of bacteriophage T4 tail fiber assembly: I. A gene 37 mutation that bypasses the requirement for gene 38 function.
		Hermann, R., and Wood, W. (1981) Assembly of bacteriophage T4 tail fibers: identification and characterization of the nonstructural protein gp57.
	mcdb.colorado.edu /~wood/CVWood.html (3181 words)

	E1285-01 Standard Guide for Identification of Bacteriophage Lambda (λ) or Its DNA
		1.2 There are hundreds of lambda variants that can be used for biotechnology.
		These lambda variants are derived from wild type lambda and differ in genome size and genotype.
		1.3 If the bacteriophage lambda is to be used to construct a recombinant molecule, then the same criteria as prescribed in Section 5 should be used to characterize the newly made DNA.
	www.astm.org /DATABASE.CART/PAGES/E1285.htm (142 words)

	[No title]
		U.S.A. REFERENCE 49 (bases 27724 to 29275) AUTHORS Hoess,R.H., Foeller,C., Bidwell,K. and Landy,A. TITLE Site-specific recombination functions of bacteriophage lambda: DNA sequence of regulatory regions and overlapping structural genes for Int and Xis JOURNAL Proc.
		This is the best representation to date of the wild-type lambda l-strand, though much of the sequence was determined for the cI857s7 strain and changed to wild-type [(in) Hendrix,R.W., Roberts,J.W., Stahl,F.W. andWeisberg,R.A. (Eds.);Lambda II: 4].
		Intergenic spaces in lambda are typically short and overlapping: the multiple reading frames (mult) range between a span of 1 and a span of 103.
	www.fermentas.com /techinfo/nucleicacids/sequences/lambda.txt (1950 words)

	APCF: Crystal Structure Analysis of the Bacteriophage Lambda Lysozyme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Crystal Structure Analysis of the Bacteriophage Lambda Lysozyme
		The bacteriophage Lambda lysozyme is a small protein of 158 amino acids involved in the dissolution of the cell walls of bacteria.
		Investigators are seeking information about the method of destruction employed by this organism.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /Shuttle/USML2/science/declercq.html (52 words)

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