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Topic: Bactria

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Bactrian Empire

Bactrian Greeks

Dayuan

Bactrian language

135 BC

Seleucid Empire

139 BC

Medes

136 BC

Eucratides

Illyria

Diodotus of Bactria

142 BC

Demetrius I of Bactria

138 BC

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	Bactria
		Bactria (Bâkhtri): country in northern Afghanistan, in Antiquity famous for its fierce warriors and its ancient religion, which was founded by the prophet Zarathustra.
		Situated between the Hindu Kush mountain range in the south and the river Oxus (Amudar'ya) in the north, it is essentially an east-west zone that consists of extremely fertile alluvial plains, a hot desert, and cold mountains.
		However this may be, Bactria was incorporated in the Achaemenid empire as a special satrapythat was sometimes ruled by the crown prince or intended heir (mathita).
	www.livius.org /ba-bd/bactria/bactria.html (1634 words)

	Bactria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bactria was bounded on the east by the ancient region of Gandhara in the Indian subcontinent.
		Bactria was originally a province of the Persian Empire in Central Asia.
		Bactria became a province of the Macedonian empire, and soon came under the rule of Seleucus, king of Asia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bactria (1317 words)

	Bactria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Bactria (Bactriana) was the ancient Greek name of the country between the range of the Hindu Kush (Caucasus Indicus) and the Amu Darya (Oxus), with the capital Bactra (now Balkh) in Afghanistan.
		Bactria's inhabitants spoke the Bactrian language, an Iranian language of the Indo-Iranian languages sub-familly of Indo-European languages.
		Bactria (known as Ta-Hia to the Chinese) was visited by the Chinese explorer Zhang Qian in 126 BC.
	www.newalbany.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Bactria (1194 words)

	Geography of Iran: History of Balkh (Bactria)
		Another feature of Bactria was the succession of mighty natural forts spread over the country, asserting to the traveler the safety and excellent strategical position of the city.
		For example, Bactria was a block to the northern nomads, and a policeman in central Asia and had easy access to the northern, eastern and western provinces.
		Although the history of early Bactria is vague, the historians gather that as early as the second millennium BCE, a powerful confederacy, centered in Bactria existed in South Central Asia.
	www.iranchamber.com /geography/articles/balkh.php (2046 words)

	Bactria
		Bactria (Bactriana) was the ancient name of the country between the range of the Hindu Kush (Paropamisus) and the Amu Darya (Oxus), with the capital Bactra (now Balkh[?]).
		When Alexander had defeated Darius III, his murderer Bessus, the satrap of Bactria, tried to organize a national resistance in the east.
		But Bactria was conquered by Alexander without much difficulty; it was only farther in the north, beyond the Oxus, in Sogdiana, that he met with strong resistance.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Bactria.html (569 words)

	Old Balkh
		Paktra; the classical writers named it Bactria, and after the conquests of Islam it has come to be called Balkh; a northern province of modern Afghanistan, which boarders to the north, the river Oxus and the former USSR.
		Bactria was the center from which other parts of the empire could be checked.For example, Bactria was a block to the northern barbers, and a policeman in central Asia and had easy access to the northern, eastern and western provinces.
		Although the history of early Bactria is vague, the historians gather that as early as the second millennium B.C., a powerful confederacy, centered in Bactria existed in South Central Asia.
	www.afghan-network.net /Culture/old_balkh.html (2065 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : A History in Silver and Gold (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Bactria's rich history was locked in the deep, dark coffers of war, neglect and time.
		The rediscovery of the ancient Greek kings of Bactria is one of the finest triumphs of modern numismatic science, that branch of scholarship which uses coins as its primary evidence.
		We are told his wars drained Bactria of vital manpower, and eventually led to a great decline when Eucratides himself was assassinated by his own son; to compound the tragedy, the king's body was defiled by his murderous son, who drove over it with a chariot and cast it away unburied.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199403/a.history.in.silver.and.gold.htm (5030 words)

	Bactria -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Bactria was a fertile country, and a profusion of mounds and abandoned water channels testifies to its ancient prosperity.
		Bactria was especially important between about 600 BC and about AD 600, serving for much of that time as a meeting place not only for overland trade between East and West but also for the crosscurrents of...
		The conquest of Bactria and the Indus valley
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9011672 (805 words)

	Bactria History Summary
		Bactria lay between the Hindu Kush and the Amu Dar'ya River, in today's Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
		Bactria remained an island of Greek culture in Central Asia and during its zenith controlled a significant part of what is now Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
		By around 55 BCE, Bactria had disappeared as an independent political entity and was home to various nomadic groups whose loyalty did not extend beyond the borders of their lands.
	www.bookrags.com /history/worldhistory/bactria-ema-01 (493 words)

	The Berzin Archives - Historical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in Afghanistan
		Islam was gaining ground in Bactria at this time among the landowners and upper, educated urban classes by the appeal of its high level of culture and learning.
		In 1040, the Seljuk Turk vassals of the Ghaznavids in Sogdia rebelled and established the Seljuk Dynasty.
		In 1148, Ala-ud Din of the nomadic Guzz Turks from the mountains of central Afghanistan conquered Bactria from the Qaraqitans and established the Ghurad Dynasty.
	www.berzinarchives.com /islam/history_afghanistan_buddhism.html (5651 words)

	Bactria is Burning: A reliquary by Aprille Best Glover
		Bactria is an ancient Greek city-state founded by Alexander the Great in modern-day Afganistan.
		Bactria thrived through a combination of good fortune and its strategic location along the Silk Route.
		Because of its unique geography, Bactria was a direct contact between the Hellenistic world, Buddhism and the ancient civilizations of Asia.
	aprille.net /OPENWEB/bactria.html (339 words)

	Bactria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Bactria was at first part of the eastern section of Alexander's empire, which was ruled by the Seleucids.
		Later Bactria asserted its independence and expanded its holdings to the upper reaches of the Indus River Valley.
		The Greek State in Bactria lasted for another two centuries, until it was finally overwhelmed by the nomadic tribesmen of the area.
	www2.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/bactria.htm (216 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Bactria is the homeland to one of the Iranian tribes.
		Bactria is also regarded as the cradle of the Indo-European people based on the theory that the nations of Europe immigrated from Asia and that the Aryan languages (Indian and Iranian) are prototypes for the Indo-European.
		Bactria is subjugated by Cyrus and becomes one of the satrapies of the Persian empire.
	www.drummingnet.com /alekseev/Lecture14.doc (7878 words)

	Bactria
		Bactria was at first part of the eastern section of Alexander's empire, which was ruled by the Seleucids.
		Later Bactria asserted its independence and expanded its holdings to the upper reaches of the Indus River Valley.
		The Greek State in Bactria lasted for another two centuries, until it was finally overwhelmed by the nomadic tribesmen of the area.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/bactria.htm (216 words)

	About Uzbekistan / History / History and Sights of Uzbekistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Bess, the Satrap of Bactria and Sogd, who had accepted the title of King and name of Artakserks, left Bactria and ran to the other side of Amudarya, territory of Sogdiana, after he had known that Alexander had come near.
		Bactria, Sogdiana and other areas of Central Asia kept living with their economic life, significantly differing from the western regions of Selevkian kingdom.
		Initial possessions of yuetji was in the north of Bactria (in the south of modern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan).
	www.uzbekistan.org /uzbekistan/history/sights?print=1 (5514 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2001.04.07
		The kingdom of Bactria itself is then dealt with in four chapters which discuss the area's secession from Seleucid rule under Diodotus, the rise of the Euthydemids, the kingdom's expansion under Demetrius, and finally the usurpation and rule of Eucratides.
		Bactria is very firmly the focus of the book and the other Indo-Greeks, their kingdoms, and impact are almost totally excluded.
		Bactria is also seen very much as an outpost of the Greek world.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2001/2001-04-07.html (1211 words)

	Southern Bactria and northern India before Islam: a review of archaeological reports - (The Circle of Ancient Iranian ...
		Indeed, now that the eastern Bactria ceramics are well dated by the comparative studies she made, her book will be used as a criterion for dating ceramics everywhere in Central Asia, even the ones she used for comparison.
		She clearly says that the eastern Bactria surveys do not help to solve the vexing problem of the relationship between Turkmenia, Bactria, and Balucistan, and that there is no field evidence for the historically sure arrival of Indo-Iranian or Indo-Aryan tribes.
		According to Chinese sources, Bactria at that time was a kind of patch-work of autonomous towns paying tribute to the invaders,(51) so that it cannot be believed that Hellenistic pottery came to a sudden end in 145 B.C. This is rightly said by B. Lyonnet herself.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Archaeology/southern_bactria.htm (10949 words)

	Sims-Williams --- Bactrian
		, the ancient language of Bactria in northern Afghanistan, is unique among the Iranian languages in being written by means of the Greek alphabet --- a legacy of the conquest of Bactria by Alexander the Great in the 4th cent.
		In principle these legends are not particularly difficult to read, but their content is limited to the names and titles of kings and deities.
		Subsequently Bactria was invaded several times by nomads from the north.
	www.gengo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp /~hkum/bactrian.html (4539 words)

	Bactria - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Macedonians (and especially Seleucus I and his son Antiochus I) established the Seleucid Empire, and founded a great many Greek towns in eastern Iran, and the Greek language became for some time dominant there.
		The Bactrian king Euthydemus and his son Demetrius crossed the Hindu Kush and began the conquest of Northern Afghanistan and the Indus valley.
		Image:Daxia.svg Bactria (known as Ta-Hsia to the Chinese) was visited by the Chinese explorer Zhang Qian in 126 BC.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Bactria (1321 words)

	(53) Bactria, Eukratides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Bactria was a partly Hellenized country bordering India that had been part of Seleukid territory but that gained its independence c.
		He established himself as king of "the thousand cities of Bactria" and set out to enlarge his kingdom in all directions.
		While returning from one of his campaigns, he was killed by one of his sons, who seized the throne.
	www.lawrence.edu /dept/art/buerger/catalogue/053.html (221 words)

	- Bactrian Gilt Silver Bowl with Relief Decorations - PF.5882
		In the history of the ancient world, Bactria is somewhat of an anomaly: a Greek kingdom located in modern Afghanistan.
		After Alexander's death, his kingdom was divided among his generals and Bactria became part of the eastern section, ruled by the Seleucid Dynasty.
		The Greek Kingdom in Bactria lasted for another two centuries, until it was finally overwhelmed by nomadic tribesmen invading from the central Asian steppes.
	www.artnet.com /artwork/424296043/-bactrian-gilt-silver-bowl-with-relief-decorations---pf5882.html (463 words)

	Emomali Rahmonov
		It is quite possible that it is due to these hardy camels that Bactria became a junction on the ancient caravan trade routes which linked together countries as Ancient Egypt, Babylon, Assyria and contributed so much to the intensive exchange between these different cultures and civilizations.
		There are other proofs that confirm that Zarathushtra came from Bactria, which are the names of his father, his friends, his enemies and other people associated with him, which are mentioned in the Yasna and other books of the Avesta.
		The prophet belonged to the same ethnic and tribal group as the inhabitants of Bactria, he spoke the same language, which was spoken in Bactria where the doctrines of this religion were formed into a sacred book.
	www.ahura.homestead.com /files/IranZaminEight/Emomali_Rahmonov2.htm (3197 words)

	Termez :: History, monuments and pictures of Termez. Weather in Termez
		In 329-328 BC in Zariasp, the capital of Bactria, Alexander the Great received a proposal of peace and alliance sent by Bactrian monarch's and the king of Khorezm Farasman.
		After their collapse the new Kingdom of Bactria emerged on the place of the former satrap state.
		Bactria with Termez became the part of Arab Caliphate.
	www.orexca.com /termez.shtml (393 words)

	5.3. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
		Bactria, the basin of the Amu Darya or Oxus river, now northern Afghanistan plus southeastern Uzbekistan, is historically the cradle of Iranian culture.
		That Bactria did have the status of a metropolis is suggested by Sergent’s own description of its Bronze Age culture as “one of the most brilliant in Asia”.
		Another distinctively Aryan innovation attested in Dashli was the trumpet: “Bactria has yielded a number of trumpets; some others had been found earlier in Tepe Hissar and Astrabad (northeastern Iran); Roman Ghirshman proposed to connect these instruments with the use of the horse, with the Iranian cavalry manoeuvring to the sound of the clarion.
	www.bharatvani.org /books/ait/ch53.htm (8914 words)

	British Academy - After Alexander: Central Asia Before Islam: Abstract (Rtveladze) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Western Bactria, the Bactra-Balkh region, was the area where silver and bronze coins of the Sapadbizes Dynasty circulated.
		The tetradrachms and obols of Kushan (“Heraus”) and his successors circulated in NE Bactria, a zone adjacent to the Amu Darya, and, probably, in the SE part of this region.
		The second period is characterized by the circulation of gold and bronze coins of a common coinage of Kushan rulers in the territory of Bactria – Tokharistan, beginning from the reign of Soter Megas (Vima Tokto) to Kanishka III inclusive.
	www.britac.ac.uk /events/programmes/2004/abstracts/asia-rtveladze.html (691 words)

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