Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex

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	Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The discovery of a tiny stone seal with geometric markings from a BMAC site in Turkmenistan in 2001 led some to claim that the Bactria-Margiana complex had also developed writing, and thus may indeed be considered a civilisation.
		Bactria was the Greek name for the area of Bactra (modern Balkh), in what is now northern Afghanistan, and Margiana was the Greek name for the Persian satrapy of Margu, the capital of which was Merv, in today's Turkmenistan.
		Sarianidi himself advocates identifying the complex as Indo-Iranian, going as far as to identify evidence of proto-Zoroastrian objects and rituals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bactria-Margiana_Archaeological_Complex (736 words)

	Margiana
		The fertile delta was called Margiana and was already occupied by farmers in about 2200-1700 BCE; their Bronze Age culture is known as the "Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex".
		Margiana was situated on the boards of the river Murghab; this river, which was called Margos by the ancient Greeks, has its sources in the mountains of Afghanistan and flows to the north, into the Karakum desert, where it divides into several branches that disappear in the desert sands.
		Margiana (Old Persian Margu): district in the Karakum desert, modern Mary (or Merv) in the southeast of Turkmenistan.
	www.livius.org /man-md/margiana/margiana.html (871 words)

	Dzharkutan: Prehistoric proto-urbane settlement
		The new excavations are a project of cooperation of the Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute Berlin and the Archaeological Institute of the Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Samarkand.
		Archaeological research, mostly done by Soviet scholars, tried to connect it with the formation and movements of Arian tribes and with the development of Zoroastrian religion, although others reject this.
		Excavations in Djarkutan were begun in 1973 by the Uzbek Archaeological Institute and were resumed in 1994 as a cooperation project of the German and Uzbek institutes.
	www.dainst.org /index_656_en.html (996 words)

	default.aspx?modulo=wikipedia&arg=Bronze_Age
		A Bronze Age culture known as the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex also thrived around 2000 BC in areas around today's northern Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and eastern Iran.
		The Bronze Age in the Near East is considered as beginning around 3300 BC with the increasing use of bronze and the rise of complex urban civilisation (to varying degrees and in varying forms) in the main cultural centres of the region, Egypt and Mesopotamia.
		Social groups appear to have been tribal but with growing complexity and hierarchies becoming apparent.
	www.kisanji.org /default.aspx?modulo=wikipedia&arg=Bronze_Age (1582 words)

	ejvs0901d.txt
		Archaeological discoveries in Margiana, the country mentioned in the Beihustan script under the name of Margush, have yielded material that pointed to the ritual cult of the intoxicating drink of haoma which took a central place in the religious ideas of local tribes.
		The archaeological excavations of the Margiana temples have yielded huge vats, "small baths" (and sometimes weaved baskets) that are plastered inside with gypsum layers and were used for this purpose.
		Thus, it was in Margiana (and partially in Bactria) that for the first time in the world archeological practice, a certain factual material has been found that illustrates the written sources of the Avesta and Rigveda.
	users.primushost.com /~india/ejvs/ejvs0901/ejvs0901d.txt (3804 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Merv
		Cotton seeds from archaeological levels as far back as the 5th century are the first indication that cotton textiles were already an important economic component of the Sasanian city.
		Alexander the Great's visit to Merv is merely legendary, but after his death, Merv became the chief city of a province (Margiana) of the Seleucid, Parthian and Sassanid kingdoms.
		On the Margus River— called the Epardus by Arrian and now the Murghab — stood the capital of the district, named Antiochia Margiana, ("Antioch of the Margiana") by Antiochus Soter, who rebuilt the city, in a greatly enlarhed plan, almost two kilometers across.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Merv (1890 words)

	Archaeological Survey, Excavations and Exploration of Bukhara - Bukhara History
		One of the archaeological monuments of this period is a burial mound near the remains of an ancient farmer's dwelling discovered on the Qujayli's bank 500 m north of Lake Zamanbobo's shore.
		Archaeological excavations have shown the location of ancient Bukhara's center (ancient Shakhristan) to be to the east of the Ark, on the riverside.
		Archaeological finds also show a high level of skill in the craftsmanship of the inhabitants of Zamanbobo: pottery, bronze-smelting to produce everyday utensils and women's adornments, and metallurgy for the manufacture of arms.
	www.advantour.com /uzbekistan/bukhara/history/002.htm (5735 words)

	The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Special Exhibitions
		The so-called trans-Elamite culture of Iran and the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex of the Oxus region in western Central Asia produced impressive metalwork with elaborate figural imagery, small sculptures of male and female figures, stamp and cylinder seals, as well as stone vessels, demonstrating the impact of Mesopotamia on locally developed artistic traditions.
		These complex centers of civilization, which arose toward the end of the fourth millennium B.C. in the fertile plains bordered by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, stimulated great inventions, such as writing, and witnessed a flowering of artistic expression.
		Both are based largely on the interpretation of archaeological data and the development of a typology of artifacts.
	www.metmuseum.org /special/First_Cities/aruz_essay.asp?printFlag=1 (4348 words)

	Linguistic aspects of the Aryan non-invasion theory
		This is the case with the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex, surprisingly for those who interpret the BMAC as the culture of the Indo-Aryans poised to invade India (Sergent 1997:161 ff.).
		The absence of archaeological evidence for the AIT is also admitted, with erudite reference to numerous recent excavations and handy explanations of the types of evidence recognized in archaeology, by outspoken invasionist Shereen Ratnagar (1999).
		As an economic and demographic outpost of India, Bactria was, along with Sogdia, a launching-pad for the most ambitious migration in premodern history; the first Amerindians and Austronesians covered even larger distances but settled empty lands, while the Indo-Europeans assimiliated large populations in a whole continent.
	koenraadelst.voiceofdharma.com /articles/aid/keaitlin1.html (11152 words)

	Department of Ancient Near East
		Textual and archaeological evidence also indicates that the city was populated with a diverse range of religious faiths ranging from the official Zoroastrian religion to Nestorian Christians, Buddhists and Manichaeans.
		Other archaeological surveys and excavations in the northern part of the oasis have revealed extensive remains of village and urban life beginning in the 3rd millennium BC.
		The archaeological significance of Merv chiefly lies in the information it can provide on the interrelationship of politics, geography and material culture at a major city site at the interface of Central Asia and Iran.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /ane/anereexmerv.html (1157 words)

	Cappuccino Persian Online Magazine Iran Before Iranians, Part II
		Bactro-Margian Archaeological Complex is the name given to a an archaeological site in north-eastern Iran, between the modern cities of Mazar-e Sharif (ancient Balkh/Bactria) and Merv (Mergiana), hence the name.
		He has derived many conclusions from the BMAC discoveries and is of the belief that the material life of BMAC attest to a pre-Zoroastrian Iranian society, and that many aspects of later Zoroastrianism, including Soma/Haoma worship and ceremony are represented in this complex.
		BMAC includes a fortified settlement with a sizeable amount of artefact, including pottery and metal work.
	www.cappuccinomag.com /iranologyenglish/001164.shtml (1218 words)

	NCSJ- Central Asia
		Since no one knows who the people were or what they called themselves, archaeologists have given the culture the prosaic name of the Bactria Margiana Archaeology Complex, or BMAC (pronounced BEE-mack), after the ancient Greek names of two regions it encompasses.
		The largest buildings were like huge apartment complexes, each bigger than a football field and divided into dozens and dozens of rooms.
		American radiocarbon dates have established that the BMAC culture was present in Central Asia from 2200 B.C. to 1800 or 1700 B.C. Russian research generally underestimated the culture's antiquity by about 500 years.
	www.ncsj.org /AuxPages/051301Times.shtml (1326 words)

	::: Who are Afghans ::: Afghanistan :
		Radiocarbon dating suggests dating the complex in the 3rd millennium and the first quarter of the 2nd millennium BC.Geographically, the Bactrian Margiana complex spans a wide area from south eastern Iran to baluchistan and Afghanistan.
		Possibly the archaeologically unexplored terrain of Baluchistan and Afghanistan holds the heartland of the complex.
		Archaeological evidence have shown that this land had trades and was
	www.freewebs.com /realafghanhistory/history.htm (4133 words)

	Reply to Witzel -
		As new and fresh evidence comes up via archaeological excavations, linguists and philologists must make efforts to study it seriously, rather than remain engrossed in their armchair, ivory tower speculations that are dependent on antiquated secondary works.
		The archaeological data cannot be interpreted to read an arrival or Aryans who then set a chain reaction of Aryanization of the whole of Pakistan and India.
		An ignorance of current archaeological and other data, can lead to a gross misinterpretation of the texts when the principles of philology are applied to them.
	www.voi.org /indology/ReplytoWitzel.html (9838 words)

	Mobility, monumentality and ritual in the Bronze Age of Khanuy Valley, central Mongolia
		These choices are visible archaeologically in the pattern of settlement, both in the landscape and on specific sites, and in technological and symbolic qualities of the pottery.
		The collapse of the Kura-Araxes civilization ca 2400-2200 BC brought to an end the trends in social complexity, which were developing within the framework of socio-cultural traditions of that civilization.
		The archaeological approach to the Bronze Age archaeology of the Eurasian steppe has typically been one of cultural wholes, defined by the “overlaps” or similarities between potentially disarticulated parts.
	polisci.spc.uchicago.edu /eurasianconference/Abstracts_05.htm (5555 words)

	The Indus Civilization = Aryans equation
		These are places where the so-called "Bactria -Margiana Archaeological Complex" (BMAC) has been found.
		While centres like Altyn-depe with their social stratification, elaborate cult centres, and varied metal alloys were clearly urban, the settlement forms in Margiana and Bactria, according to the early excavators are totally different, with each arm of the Murghab settled by an individual tribe, and separate families occupying each settlement.
		I would prefer to discuss the recent archaeological evidence, which does seem to indicate some new elements, which appear in the wake of the decline of the Harappans.
	www.infinityfoundation.com /mandala/h_es/h_es_agraw_indus.htm (5516 words)

	American Oriental Society: Abstracts of Communications presented at the 207th Meeting 4
		The BMAC culture is defined on the basis of typologically similar artifacts (seals, ceramics) and monumental buildings, reflecting the emergence of a complex society.
		Moreover, there did not seem to be any really corresponding archaeological material.
		At the same time, however, there is an abundance of BMAC artifacts on the Iranian plateau and in the Indo-Iranian borderland, although no artifacts indigenous to the plateau and Indo-Iranian borderland have been found in the heartland of the BMAC culture itself.
	www.umich.edu /~aos/abs974.htm (6901 words)

	UPM In the News
		There are also distinct parallels with seals from another cultural group archaeologists call the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), from as far away as Central Asia and northern Afghanistan, 1,000 miles to the northwest.
		Founded in 1887, the Museum has sent more than 400 archaeological and anthropological expeditions to all the inhabited continents of the world.
		The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology is dedicated to the study and understanding of human history and diversity.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /new/news/fullrelease.php?which=74 (826 words)

	5.3. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
		The archaeological data which she mentions, assuming they can prove the absence of migrations in 1500 BC and later, are not at all in conflict with the theory that Indo-Europeans emigrated from India anytime between 6000 and 2000 BC.
		Another distinctively Aryan innovation attested in Dashli was the trumpet: “Bactria has yielded a number of trumpets; some others had been found earlier in Tepe Hissar and Astrabad (northeastern Iran); Roman Ghirshman proposed to connect these instruments with the use of the horse, with the Iranian cavalry manoeuvring to the sound of the clarion.
		That Bactria did have the status of a metropolis is suggested by Sergent’s own description of its Bronze Age culture as “one of the most brilliant in Asia”.
	www.bharatvani.org /books/ait/ch53.htm (8914 words)

	Roots of Indian Civilization: Dawn of Bronze Age
		A large part of the complex was used for storage as it yielded a couple of stone-topped mud platforms for supporting storage bins and a number of storage jars of a coarser variety.
		From the archaeological record, a totally indigenous framework is apparent for the cultural development of the Sarasvati Sindhu River Basins.
		Some of the walls of the complex were made of bricks in a size ratio very close to 4:2:1.
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/roots.htm (13884 words)

	Gallery soma // Art diego gallery san soma //
		In one of meters, with numerous green bactria-margiana archaeological complex, turkmenistan.
		Comfor vector lovers early aryan rituals were bactria-margiana archaeological complex, turkmenistan
		Ephedrine, the agent substance in this plant, has a chemical structure similar to amphetamines, and it results in high b.
	home.tiscali.cz /docat/Soma/somagallery.htm (921 words)

	Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: 03/05
		The complex is believed to contain 330 or so tombs buried in several layers within a 2,500-square-meter sand dune.
		A Prehistory of the North is the first full-length study to tell the complex story, spanning almost two million years, of how humans inhabited some of the coldest places on earth.
		In the late 1990s, however, Chinese sociologists translated Bergman's records on archaeological exploration in the area into Chinese and the hunt for dune and its mysteries was once again underway.
	dienekes.blogspot.com /2005_03_01_dienekes_archive.html (10253 words)

	Comments on 7495 MetaFilter
		I'm also not convinced that Kana is "more complex" in toto; it's more complex in the sense that more symbols are involved, but each symbol is unambiguous and their use is very regular.
		The essential point is that if it were syllabic (the next step up on the complexity ladder) it would have to have a couple hundred distinct symbols.
		A: The essential point is that if it were syllabic (the next step up on the complexity ladder) it would have to have a couple hundred distinct symbols.
	www.metafilter.com /comments.mefi/7495 (3713 words)

	Potted History of Afghanistan - China History Forum, online chinese history forum
		Archaeological exploration began in Afghanistan in earnest after World War II and proceeded until the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan disrupted it in December of 1979.
		Bactriana, with its capital at Bactria (which later became Balkh), was reputedly the home of Zoroaster, who founded the Zoroastrian religion.
		About the middle of the 2nd millennium BC people speaking an Indo-European language may have entered the eastern part of the Iranian Plateau, but little is known about the area until the middle of the 1st millennium BC, when its history began to be recorded during the Achaemenid Empire.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=2236 (5240 words)

	Mahadevan Interview: Text Only Version
		The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) had two distinct cultural periods, the first between 1900 and 1700 BC and the second between 1700 and 1500 BC.
		Parpola quotes from a fairly uptodate and authoritative report by Richard Meadow that there is as yet no convincing evidence for horse remains from archaeological sites in South Asia before the end of the second millennium BC.
		The fortified palace at Dashly-3 with three concentric circular walls belonging to this period is identified by Parpola typologically as tripura, 'triple fort' of the Dasas in Vedic mythology.
	www.harappa.com /script/maha15.html (5363 words)

	Talk:Pakistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It fails to mention the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex, the most likely origin of the invaders.
		Sanskrit probably evolved out of proto-Avestan in or around the area of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex.
		In conclusion, the existing text has factual errors, and at many points, presents one view, to the exclusion of other views that have more support in the peer-reviewed literature, especially among those who are not motivated by religious or nationalistic chauvanism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Pakistan (7504 words)

	TurkoTek: Salon Archive
		Salon 40: Old Motifs: The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex as a Possible Source.
	www.turkotek.com /salon_00040/content.html (12 words)

	sciforums.com - aryan invasion - fact or fiction?
		Instead, the archaeological, literary and linguistic facts have to be accepted, even if they are not pleasant for one's fantasies of great post-glacial cities and the cradle of world civilisation in the Gangetic basin.
		Even though the area between E. Iran (Khorasan) and the Panjab plains is largely archaeologically unexplored for the mid-second millennium BCE, we already have the clearly intrusive Pirak and Gandhara cultures.
		This would need further discussion that cannot be given here in detail (but has been supplied already a year ago in EJVS 7-3, see http://users.primushost.com/india/ejvs/issues.html, a criticism that has not been dislodged by Frawley et al.).
	www.sciforums.com /showthread.php?t=8984 (10992 words)

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In the News (Mon 28 May 12)