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Topic: Bactrian Greeks

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Ancient Greece
		In Greek school books, "ancient times" is a period of about 900 years, from the catastrophe of Mycenae until the conquest of the country by the Romans, divided into four periods based on styles of art and culture and politics.
		It greatly widened the horizons of the Greeks, and led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east.
		Greek mythology consists of stories belonging to the Ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their religious practices.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Ancient_Greece (3979 words)

	Battle Reports August 2004
		The Bactrians, in an uncharacteristic a fit of aggression, took the offensive against the Seleucids who, caught on the hop (bad die), found themselves on a mostly open plain with some rough ground on their right flank.
		The Bactrian light horse were meanwhile engaged in some long range shooting with mercenary archers to their front, with the foot coming off best, but were also peppering the sole Line cavalry unit supporting the advancing phalanx.
		The Bactrians fighting the elephant actually gave as good as they got but then broke off with the elephant ending it's pursuit with a Bactrian elephant on its flank and the Galatians were forced onto the back foot.
	visbellica.com /BatRep/battle_reports_august_2004.htm (1159 words)

	Pakistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was established as a modern state in 1947, as one of the two parts of the partitioned British India, but the region has a long history of settlement and civilisation including the Indus Valley Civilisation.
		The region was invaded by Afghans, Greeks, Persians, Arabs, and was incorporated into the British Raj in the nineteenth century.
		The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947, but the region it encompasses has an extensive history that overlaps with the histories of Ancient India, Iran and Afghanistan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pakistan (4863 words)

	History Indo-greek Kingdom - History Of Ancient, Medieval And Modern India.
		The 1st century BCE Greek historian Apollodorus, quoted by Strabo, affirms that the Bactrian Greeks, led by Demetrius I and Menander, conquered India and occupied a larger territory than the Macedonians under Alexander the Great, going beyond the Hypanis towards the Himalayas.
		Greek and Indian sources tend to indicate that the Greeks ruled in Pataliputra until they were forced to retreat following the coup staged by Eucratides back in Bactria circa 170 BCE, suggesting an occupation period of about eight years.
		Accounts of battles between the Greeks and the Sunga in Central India are also found in the Malavikagnimitra, a play by Kalidasa which describes a battle between Greek forces and Vasumitra, the grandson of Pushyamitra, during the latter's reign.
	www.bharatadesam.com /history/indo-greek_kingdom.php (4421 words)

	Indo-Greek Kingdom
		Written evidence of the initial Greek invasion survives in the Greek writings of Strabo and Justin, and in Sanskrit in the records of Patanjali, Kālidāsa, and in the Yuga Purana, among others.
		Some pockets of Greek populations probably remained for some time, and to this day, some communities in the Hindu Kush claim to be descendants of the Greeks, such as the Kalasha and Hunza in Pakistan, and the neighbouring Nuristani in Afghanistan.
		Greek representations and artistic styles, with some possible admixtures from the Roman world, continued to maintain a strong identity down to the 3rd–4th century, as indicated by the archaeological remains of such sites as Hadda in eastern Afghanistan.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/History/IndoGreekKingdom.html (10365 words)

	The Alekseev Manuscript - Chapter VIII - Iron Age in Eurasia
		The ancient Greeks colonized in coastal areas around the Black Sea from the first age of the great Greek Culture until the end of the first century BC.
		Greek temples, as recorded in photographs, are an important archive because many of the temples were destroyed during the last hundred years so that the stones could be used for modern construction.
		Greek inscriptions are carved on tombstones and the architecture is similar to that of Greece.
	www.drummingnet.com /alekseev/ChapterVIII.html (8583 words)

	History Greek Conquests In India - History Of Ancient, Medieval And Modern India.
		He sent much of his army to Carmania (modern southern Iran) with his general Craterus, and commissioned a fleet to explore the Persian Gulf shore under his admiral Nearchus, while he led the rest of his forces back to Persia by the southern route through the Gedrosia (modern Makran in southern Pakistan).
		Alexander left behind Greek forces which established themselves in the city of Taxila, now in Pakistan.
		They are an extension of the Greco-Bactrian dynasty of Greek kings (the Euthydemids) located in neighbouring Bactria.
	www.bharatadesam.com /history/greek_conquests_in_india.php (627 words)

	Bactria
		The Bactrian warriors were famous: they are known to have been part of the army of Darius' son and successor Xerxes, who invaded Greece in 480.
		The Greeks, however, would probably never have heard of the Bactrians if king Darius I the Great had not decided to deport a group of Greeks from the Cyrenaica to Bactra.
		Another group of Greek settlers was called the "Branchidae" and descended from a group of priests that had once lived near Didyma (near Miletus) and had been taken captive by the Persians.
	www.livius.org /ba-bd/bactria/bactria.html (1634 words)

	Greco-Bactrian Kingdom information - Search.com
		However, contacts were kept with his Greek neighbours in the Seleucid Empire, Chandragupta received the daughter of the Seleucid king Seleucus I after a peace treaty, therefore probably creating a dynastic alliance, and several Greeks, such as the historian Megasthenes, resided at the Mauryan court.
		Having left the Bactrian territory, he is technically the last Greco-Bactrian king, although several of his descendants, moving beyond the Hindu Kush, would form the western part of the Indo-Greek kingdom.
		Heliocles, the last Greek king of Bactria, was invaded by the nomadic tribes of the Yueh-Chih from the North.
	www.search.com /reference/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom (3575 words)

	Coinage of the Indo Greeks
		Perhaps there was a desire to impress subjects of the realm with the true appearance of their lawful monarch which led to engrave the portraits on the coins of Bactrian Greeks and Selucids.
		The portraits of early Indo Greek rulers such as Euthydemos-I, Demetrios-I (wearing elephant's scalp) and Antimachus (wearing Kausia - a flat shaped cap and with a smily face) are so realistic in appearance that the coin portrait seems to represent the ruler faithfully.
		Perhaps all the Indo Greek coins may have been the products of a single school of engravers, the realism makes us to believe that they were familiar with the Hellenestic school of Pergamon.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /india/indogrek/igrk_coinage.html (748 words)

	Summary and Evaluation of India & Southeast Asia to 1875 by Sanderson Beck
		Thousands of people were profoundly influenced by Buddha's teachings in his own lifetime, and Buddhism spread throughout India in the next five centuries, influencing the policies of kings as well as individual seekers.
		The Mauryan dynasty had ended by about 187 BC when Bactrian Greeks invaded and were driven back.
		After the Greeks took over the Punjab, King Menander was also converted to Buddhism.
	www.san.beck.org /2-14-Summary.html (10869 words)

	Questions of King Milinda
		Because of his Greek heritage, the King of Bactria asks many of the questions that occur to Western readers but are normally not raised in the Indian context.
		Greek rule of Bactria continued until about 165 BC when the Shakas destroyed the Bactrian kingdom.
		Greeks continued to rule, however, in southern Afghanistan and northwestern India for another 150 years.
	www.as.miami.edu /phi/bio/Buddha/Milinda.htm (5908 words)

	Return of the Bactrian Gold \| Archaeology \| DISCOVER Magazine
		A mysterious device found in Greek waters was used by ancient Greeks to track distant stars.
		To see a collection of artifacts from the Bactrian hoard, take a look at our photo gallery.
		At the close of 2003, a small group of Afghan, Russian, and U.S. officials gathered in the high-walled presidential compound in Kabul to witness the opening of a long-hidden collection of Afghanistan’s most treasured artifacts.
	discovermagazine.com /2007/mar/return-of-the-bactrian-gold (617 words)

	Raceandhistory.com - The English Invention of Hinduism
		With the troops and mercenaries provided by Alexander, Canakya and Candragupta managed to overthrow the indigenous dynasty of Magadha and succeeded in imposing the first totalitarian state the world had ever seen : the Mauryan Empire.
		A few decades later, the Bactrian Greeks followed up on Canakya the Brahmin's open invitation, and annexed major parts of India.
		- The Rajputs are descendants of the Scythians, Greeks, and other immigrants who entered India just prior to the rise of the Indo-Islamic Caliphate of Delhi.
	www.raceandhistory.com /historicalviews/NoDefinitionofHinduism2.htm (2038 words)

	Foreign Influence on Indian Culture (c.600 B.C. to A.D. 320) by Dr. Manjari Ukil
		It was in this epoch that the Indians absorbed the spiritual thinking, saw the incursions of the sophisticated Persians from Achaemenid Iran, the proud and energetic Greeks and Bactrians, the more savage yet remarkably adaptable Scythio-Parthians and the versatile Kushans in the heart of their motherland.
		One can easily imagine that the successive foreign invasions of the Achaemenid Iranians, Hellenistic Greeks and especially of the Bactrian Greeks, the barbarous Schythio-Parthians and the Kushans aroused a feeling if insecurity in the mind of the common people.
		It was heightened up by the bitter strife in between the followers of Gautama Buddha, Mahavira and the orthodox adheres of the earlier Vedic traditions.
	www.chitralekha.org /mukuldey-archives.htm (2436 words)

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