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Topic: Bactrian language

	Dari (Zoroastrian) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The language that originally bore the name Dari was the official spoken language of the Sassanid court and bureaucracy, a language that approximated the official written language, Pahlavi (Middle Persian).
		The prestige of the Arabic language, which at the time was the language of the Arab ruling class, encouraged borrowing from Arabic at a rapid pace and soon the unaltered Dari gave way to the Arabicized form of the language that we know today as Persian.
		Languages like Dari are transitioning from a state of language maintenance, in which a language is being sustained in the face of pressure from a dominant culture, to language death, a state in which the language is no longer spoken.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-Yazdi (1213 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Persian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Prior to British colonization of south Asia, Persian was widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent; it took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts in the subcontinent throughout the Middle Ages and became the "official language"?title=under the Mughal emperors.
		Over this period, the morphology of the language was simplified from the complex conjugation and declension system of Old Persian to the almost completely regularized morphology and rigid syntax of Modern Persian, in a manner often described as paralleling the development of English.
		Tajik language written in the Cyrillic alphabet was introduced in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in the late 1930s, replacing the Latin alphabet that had been used since the Bolshevik revolution.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Persian_language (2463 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Bactria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Bactrian language is an Iranian language of the Indo-Iranian sub-family of the Indo-European family.
		The Bactrians are one of the ancestral lines of the modern-day Pashtuns, Tajiks, of Central Asia.
		The Bactrian king Euthydemus and his son Demetrius crossed the Hindu Kush and began the conquest of Northern Afghanistan and the Indus valley.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Bactria (1338 words)

	Iranica.com - EPIGRAPHY
		Whereas the three Bactrian texts, written in cursive script, are the latest evidence for the epigraphic use of the Bactrian language, the two Arabic versions seem be the earliest evidence of the language of the conquerors in the Indo-Iranian borderlands (Humbach, 1994).
		Idem, "The Bactrian Inscription," BSOAS 23, 1960, pp.
		Kruglikova, "Fragmenty baktri¥sko¥ monumental'no¥ nadpisi iz Dil'berdzhina" (Fragments of a Bactrian monumental inscription from Delbarj^n), in I.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v8f5/v8f523.html (17642 words)

	Iranian Language Family
		Middle Persian was initially the language of the province of Pars (Persia), and a development of the Old Persian of the Achaemenid royal inscriptions or one of its close dialects.
		Bactrian, another member of the eastern branch of the Iranian languages, was the language of the province of Bactria in eastern Iran (present day province of Balkh, Afghanistan).
		Bactrian was written in analphabet derived from Greek, and even after the invasion of the Kushans by the Sasanian emperors, Greek alphabet continued to be used for writing the Bactrian language.
	www.iranologie.com /history/ilf.html (2828 words)

	Iranian Languages, Old Persian Language, Farsi Language
		Bactrian was another language that was spoken at today’s north Afghanistan.
		Their language, including two major dialects, is the continuation of the western Scythian dialects of antiquity.
		Taleshi is spoken in the republic of Azerbaijan and NW of Iran by the Caspian Sea.
	www.destinationiran.com /Language.htm (908 words)

	Encyclopedia
		Parthian was the language of the Arsacid or Parthian Empire (c.
		The language of the Sassanian Empire (ad 226–641) was Middle Persian, often called Pahlavi (a term more strictly reserved for a form of the language used in certain Zoroastrian writings).
		Bactrian is known only in a few recently discovered inscriptions in Afghanistan.
	history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..pe054600.a#FWNE.fw..p... (743 words)

	Bactrian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Bactrian language is an extinct Middle Iranian language which was spoken in the Central Asian region of Bactria, also called Tocharistan, in northern Afghanistan.
		Bactrian was probably spoken by the local populations of Bactria when Alexander the Great invaded the area around 323 BCE, inaugurating a two-century period of Hellenistic rule by the Seleucid Empire and the then the Greco-Bactrian kingdom.
		Greek rule ended around 123 BCE with the invasions of the Yuezhi from the North, who adopted the Greek alphabet to write the local Bactrian language, a case which is unique among Iranian languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bactrian_language (270 words)

	Farsi, the most widely spoken Persian Language, a Farsi Dictionary, Farsi English Dictionary, The spoken language in ...
		It is the language of Iran (formerly Persia) and is also widely spoken in Afghanistan and, in an archaic form, in Tajikistan and the Pamir Mountain region.
		Avestan, probably spoken in the northeast of ancient Persia, is the language of the Avesta, the sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism.
		Parthian was the language of the Arsacid or Parthian Empire (circa 250 BC-AD 226).
	www.farsinet.com /farsi (1134 words)

	Bactrian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Bactrian language is an extinct language which was spoken in the Central Asian region of Bactria, also called Tocharistan, in northern Afghanistan.
		Linguistically, it is classified as an Iranian language, belonging to the Indo-Iranian languages sub-familly of Indo-European languages.
		Bactrian seems to have been, together with Greek, the official language of the Kushans, descendant of the Yuezhi, and was used in their coins and inscriptions.
	regional.abcworld.net /Bactrian_language.html (237 words)

	Turkic language
		The forms of the lost languages of the Khitans, Tanguts and Jurchens, like the Korean writing, had all appeared to be some kind of revision on top of Chinese pictographs.
		A simple comparison of some words in later Mongolian language yields the following interesting points: The word for the Mongolinas, Mongqol irgen, is the same word 'irgen' as used in ancient Chinese pronunciation which could be corrobated by the Cantonese pronunciation of 'irgen' and Japanese pronuncitation of 'nin' or 'dgen'.
		After the collapse of the Kushan empire, Bactrian language continued in use till the ninth-century, as evidenced by inscriptions from the Tochi valley in Pakistan and the remnants of Buddhist and Manichean manuscripts found in the Turfan oasis.
	www.findthelinks.com /history/Huns_Turks/Turkic_language.htm (1112 words)

	The Genesis of India according to Bernard Sergent – A Review
		Though not identifying language with race, he maintains that in many cases, a certain correlation between language and genes may nonetheless be discernible, as explained earlier by Luigi Cavalli-Sforza and other leading population geneticists.
		The underlying logic is simple: people who speak a common language do so by living together as a community, and as such, they will also intermarry and pass on their genes along with their language and culture to their children.
		Perhaps Nahali is the last remnant of the lost language of this ancient layer of the Indian population, for all the said tribes including the Veddas now speak the languages of their non-tribal neighbours.
	koenraadelst.bharatvani.org /reviews/sergent.html (8113 words)

	Ilya Gershevitch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Virtually nothing was known of the Bactrian language until the discovery of the first well-preserved inscription in 1957.
		Ilya took on the daunting task of analysing the structure and development of the language on the basis of the fragmentary Manichean manuscripts, completing it so successfully that his Grammar of Manichean Sogdian, submitted as a thesis in 1943 and published in 1954, remains a standard work of reference to this day.
		In preparation for teaching Avestan, the language of the Zoroastrian scriptures, he began his second book, The Avestan hymn to Mithra, a work which came to be recognized as inaugurating a new era in Avestan scholarship.
	www.jesus.cam.ac.uk /college/memoriam/gershevitch.html (2103 words)

	Geography of Iran: History of Balkh (Bactria)
		Another feature of Bactria was the succession of mighty natural forts spread over the country, asserting to the traveler the safety and excellent strategical position of the city.
		One example is: when speaking of Alexander, a Bactrian chief said: "His bark is worse than his bite: for still waters run deep".
		They spoke the same language, worshiped the forces of nature, such as: Varuna, the shining Vault of Heaven; Mithra, the friendly light of the sun; Vayu; the wind that pushes aside the storms and clears the heaven; Yama, the primeval man, reigning over the blessed souls in paradise.
	www.iranchamber.com /geography/articles/balkh.php (2046 words)

	IL&S: Old Iranian Languages and Scripts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		By the 1st millennium BC, Iranian languages had dominated a vast region from the northern shores of the Black Sea in the north (inhabited by the western Saka or Scythian tribes), to the borders of China in the east (occupied by the eastern Sakas).
		This common (old Iranian) language in turn belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Old Iranian language began to break up and evolve into different languages and dialects, as the various Iranian tribes separated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and central Asia.
	www.iranianlanguages.com /oldiranian/index.htm (351 words)

	Language
		Apart from Balochi the principal language of Balochistan there are several minor languages which are spoken at the ethnic borders of united or Greater Balochistan.
		The official language in the areas of Gwadar (occupied by Sultanate of Oman until 1958) was Arabic.
		Discussing the relation of the Balochi language with Persian or Pashto (the national language of Iran and Afghanistan), Harrison writes, Balochi is a distinct language and is closely related only to one of the members of Iranian language, Kurdish, but it retains striking peculiarities of its own.
	members.fortunecity.com /balochistan/baloch/id15.html (617 words)

	Emomali Rahmonov
		This can also explain why the two-humped camel and the Bactrian fleet-footed horses have stayed in such high demand all across Asia Minor and the Near East, At certain periods in the past a Bactrian horse was worth as much as a dozen young strong slaves.
		The prophet belonged to the same ethnic and tribal group as the inhabitants of Bactria, he spoke the same language, which was spoken in Bactria where the doctrines of this religion were formed into a sacred book.
		It is possible that the Arizonts, whose name is a derivative from Arna (divine truth) spoke a language similar to the Aryan group of languages.
	www.ahura.homestead.com /files/IranZaminEight/Emomali_Rahmonov2.htm (3197 words)

	ideofact: November 2004 Archives
		Bactrian, the ancient language of Bactria in northern Afghanistan, is unique among the Iranian languages in being written by means of the Greek alphabet --- a legacy of the conquest of Bactria by Alexander the Great in the 4th cent.
		A crucial moment in the history of this language was the decision of the Kushan ruler Kanishka to adopt Bactrian as the language of his coinage.
		Even after the collapse of the Kushan empire, Bactrian continued in use for at least six centuries, as is shown by the ninth-century inscriptions from the Tochi valley in Pakistan and the remnants of Buddhist and Manichean manuscripts found as far away as the Turfan oasis in western China.
	www.ideofact.com /archives/2004_11.html (9836 words)

	AIIT Update
		Bactrian, the ancient language of northern Afghanistan, was virtually unknown before the recent discovery of some 150 documents written on leather, cloth and wood in a local cursive script derived from Greek.
		The Bactrian documents, many of which are dated, refer not only to the Arabs but also to previous rulers of the region such as the Sassanian Persians, Hephthalites and Turks.
		The resulting chronology will have important implications for the history of the Bactrian language and for our understanding of the historical references in the texts; at the same time, linguistic and historical data will provide a means of cross-checking the validity of chronological deductions based on palaeographical criteria.
	www.indiran.co.uk /aiit_update7.htm (3050 words)

	archive.gr - Greece in Central Asia
		This new research of mine, may help in solving the mystery, surrounding the identity of Bactrians as historians, to this date, could not give a definite answer as which of the ethnic groups in the modern times could truly be called descendants of the Bactrians.
		With the finding of many new documents, written in the ancient Bactrian language and their translation by Professor Sims-Williams of the School of Oriental and African Studies of London, the world has learned for the first time the extant of sophistication of the Bactrian civilisation.
		Quetta valley was one of the population centers of the Bactrian Greeks.
	www.archive.gr /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=194 (5494 words)

	Iranian Languages and Literatures (CAIS)
		Iranian (Aryan) languages are spoken in Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Arran (republic of Azerbaijan), Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, China, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Russia and other scattered areas of the Caucasus Mountains.
		Major modern Iranian languages are New Persian, Kordi (Kurdish) and Pashto (Persian-Pashto), an official language of Afghanistan; and Tajik (Persian-Tajik), spoken in Tajikistan.
		All Iranian languages currently spoken show a simplification of the earlier sound systems and a preference for the use of auxiliary verbs in place of the complex verb conjugations of the ancient Iranian languages.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Languages/iranian_languages.htm (180 words)

	Hunt for Lost Bactrian Treasure - CAIS Archaeological & Cultural Daily News of Iran©
		This graceful figure of a griffin on a chalcedony seal is part of the 20,000-piece 'Bactrian Treasure' excavated from Tillya Tepe in northern modern Afghanistan by Victor Sarianidi.
		Working on the hope that an ancient Iranian golden hoard found in Afghanistan by Soviet archaeologist Victor Sarianidi 24 years ago may have survived in Kabul, a team of Greek archaeologists under the "Bactrian treasure" excavator will soon visit Afghanistan to investigate, the Ministry of Culture said yesterday.
		It is unclear what remains of the hoard excavated by Sarianidi - Sariyiannidis in Greek - from the Tillya Tepe (the Golden Mound) royal grave complex in northern Afghanistan in 1978.
	www.cais-soas.com /News/2002/January2002/07-01.htm (268 words)

	Afghanistan: Nation Protects Storied Bactrian Treasure - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		"The Bactrian treasure was found in Jowzjan Province in six graves that belong to the first century [before Christ] and the first decade of the Christian calendar," Massoudi says.
		Barekzai says that exhibiting the Bactrian gold could buoy the spirits of beleaguered Afghans and help strengthen national identity by documenting a proud history.
		Two thousand years after it was deposited in the Bactrian soil, it might also continue to inspire future generations.
	www.rferl.org /featuresarticle/2006/06/d33e29b5-5b79-48cc-9624-545c4a7f9b57.html (1041 words)

	Bactria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Bactria's inhabitants spoke the Bactrian language, an Iranian language of the Indo-Iranian languages sub-familly of Indo-European languages.
		It was in these regions, where the fertile soil of the mountainous country is surrounded by the Turanian desert, that the prophet Zoroaster preached and gained his first adherents.
		By the time Zhang Xian visited Ta-Hia, there were no longer a major king, and the Bactrian were suzerains to the nomadic Yuezhi, who were settled to the North of their territory beyond the Oxus.
	bactria.iqnaut.net (1154 words)

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