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Topic: Baculum

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	CRES Projects: What is the Role of the Baculum in Reproduction?
		Baculum lengths and adult body weights for adult males of 315 species of carnivores, bats, and primates were analyzed to control for effects of body weight and phylogeny.
		It is unlikely that baculum length is correlated with the occurrence of induced ovulation in mammals, however.
		The functions of the baculum during intromission may include strengthening of the penis and protection of the urethra during extended intromissions or facilitation of sperm transport within the female's reproductive tract.
	cres.sandiegozoo.org /projects/pd_significance_baculum.html (307 words)

	baculum - What is a(n) baculum \| Encyclopedia.com: Dictionary Of Zoology
		Kelly has a pair of mink baculum earrings she wears when she lectures.) That the baculum is so common suggests that it performs some...
		The fossilized baculum, or penis bone, is from a species of walrus that went extinct 12,000 years ago.
		The baculum consisted of a flat rod approximately 4 feet in length with...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O8-baculum.html (645 words)

	Argumentum ad Baculum
		Argumentum ad Baculum (fear of force): the fallacy committed when one appeals to force or the threat of force to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion.
		The ad baculum derives its strength from an appeal to human timidity or fear and is a fallacy when the appeal is not logically related to the claim being made.
		Non-fallacious examples of the ad baculum: the appeal is not irrelevant when the threat or the force is directly relevant to the conclusion or is, itself, the subject of the argument.
	philosophy.lander.edu /logic/force.html (532 words)

	Nunatsiaq News
		Baculum is the scientific term for penis bone.
		The department asks hunters to submit the bear’s baculum to prove the sex of the animal.
		It’s a far cry, though, from the walrus baculum she was swinging around earlier.
	www.nunatsiaq.com /archives/nunavut020301/news/features/20301_2.html (627 words)

	The Penis Bone - Erection without blood - Softpedia
		The homologue of the baculum in female mammals is known as the baubellum or os clitoris.
		The baculum is for speed: sliding a bone in and out of a sheath is much faster than waiting for the hydraulics to kick in and limits the time spent mating, which is, after all, in a vulnerable position.
		Some scholars suggest this story is an explanatory myth to explain the absence of a baculum in the human male, rather than a missing rib (in light of the fact that men and women have the same number of ribs).
	news.softpedia.com /news/Some-Got-More-Bony-Than-Others-42436.shtml (539 words)

	IngentaConnect On the evolution of the mammalian baculum: vaginal friction, prol...
		IngentaConnect On the evolution of the mammalian baculum: vaginal friction, prol...
		Three hypotheses for the evolution and persistence of the mammalian baculum have been proposed: the vaginal friction hypothesis; the prolonged intromission hypothesis; and the induced ovulation hypothesis.
		Baculum length was independent of sexual dimorphism and duration of copulation, thus refuting the vaginal friction and prolonged intromission hypotheses, respectively.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/mam/2002/00000032/00000004/art00004 (243 words)

	Increase Productivty » Blog Archive » Baculum, argumentum ad
		The argumentum ad baculum introduces force as a means of persuasion, and is often resorted to by those who would lose the argument without it.
		The argumentum ad baculum is committed whenever unpleasant consequences are promised for failing to comply with the speaker’s wishes.
		Indeed, he made it his own to such an extent that his name is immortalized in a line of Krushchev which sums up its potency: ‘When Stalin says “dance!” a wise man dances.’ Stalin himself appears to have taken the view that anyone without force to threaten had no business being involved in international affairs.
	www.labordelaclau.com /?p=21 (568 words)

	Monachus Science 2 - Monachus Guardian 2 (2): November 1999
		The second Monk Seal with a total length of 157 cm, of which the baculum is preserved and of which its age is known, is an animal that was born in a cave on a small island off the town of Foça in Turkey on 16-X-1996.
		The baculum of that young seal has a length of 49 mm and a weight of 4.0 g.
		On the baculum of the Mediterranean Monk Seal, Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779).
	www.monachus-guardian.org /mguard04/04scien2.htm (658 words)

	The Baculum King: The October Surprise
		The Baculum is a bone found in the reproductive organ of most male, non-primate mammals.
		Baculum experts (put THAT on your resume!) disagree on what purpose they serve.
		Like baculums, I exist, but there are disagreements on my purpose.
	baculumking.blogspot.com /2004/06/october-surprise.html (425 words)

	Appeal to Force (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The phrase "ad baculum" is a Latin phrase meaning "(appeal) to the stick." A baculum or baculus (both forms were used) was a walking-stick or cane.
		Of all the fallacies, the Ad Baculum fallacy may be the most difficult to reconcile with some form of legitimate reasoning.
		The Ad Baculum fallacy may mimic those situations in which a legitimate governing authority simply declares the discussion to be at an end in order to preserve order.
	www.cuyamaca.net /bruce.thompson/fallacies/force.asp (481 words)

	Cabinet Magazine Online - Congenital Human Baculum Deficiency
		The baculum of a large dog can be 10 cm long x 1.3 cm wide x 1 cm thick [Sisson and Grossman, 1953].
		In rodents, the proximal segment of the os penis is formed by intramembranous ossification, while the distal region appears to be formed by endochondral ossification.
		The size of the rodent baculum is regulated by the posterior members of the HoxD set of transcription factors [Williams-Ashman and Reddi, 1991; Zakany et al., 1997] and appears to be induced by members of the TGF-Ã and BMP families [Origuchi et al., 1998].
	www.cabinetmagazine.org /issues/28/gilbert_zevit.php (870 words)

	The Baculum--The Penis Bone
		In short, the baculum is a short or long bone, situated in the stomach of many mammals, which is an aid in copulation.
		Mammals with baculum include: canids, felids, rats, walruses (all of which are carnivora), while those that don't have one are humans (all other primates do, as I understand), equids, marsupials, lagomorphs and hyenas.
		In rhetoric we have the term argumentum ad baculum to suggest a kind of argument that is based on force and not logic--if you don't do X, you will get your butt kicked...that kind of argument.
	www.drbilllong.com /CurrentEventsXI/Baculum.html (812 words)

	Baculum Bacula or OS Penis Natural Bone and Replica
		The Baculum is a unique bone found in the penis of most mammals.
		The Baculum is sometimes referred to a “hillbilly or mountain man toothpick” and can be utilized as a coffee stirrer.
		The largest Baculum in the mammal kingdom belongs to the walrus, which can reach a length of 30 inches.
	www.skullsunlimited.com /baculums.html (442 words)

	Ephilosopher :: Logic and Formal Reasoning :: Is it time to validate the ad baculum argument? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since the world recognises, indeed even operates on, the ad baculum argument, perhaps it is time that philosophers too abandon the view that it is a fallacy and recognise it as a valid argument.
		If (the ad baculum argument cannot be meaningfully identified as a fallacy), then (the ad baculum argument should be considered a valid argument).
		I think there's not much point insisting the ad baculum argument should be dismissed as a bad argument when the whole world regards it as a good argument.
	www.ephilosopher.com /phpBB_14-action-viewtopic-topic-5487.html (3095 words)

	CB381: Adam's rib count. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Genesis account may be an explanatory myth for the absence of a different bone.
		Most male mammals have a baculum, a bone for stiffening the penis.
		A baculum, unlike a rib, is associated with reproduction.
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CB/CB381.html (168 words)

	You can add some control to how the pages print. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		And this was with baculum d900k the same version of the same browser.
		This baculum d900k may prove to be disorienting if your visitors are not ready for it.
		Thus, much baculum d900k of the navigation that is used to reach a specific item might be far removed from the navigation specifically designed for it.
	finedefence.sitesled.com /baculum/d900k.html (1909 words)

	Guardian \| Penis size does matter in Arctic
		They measured the penis bone, or baculum, in 122 carnivorous mammal species from around the world.
		Those at polar latitudes have a longer baculum relative to their body size than their tropical counterparts, the scientists report in the ecology journal Oikos.
		Walruses in the Arctic weigh less but have a baculum that can reach up to 60cm - one of the longest of any mammal.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4897079-111393,00.html (321 words)

	BiblicalUnitarian.com - Believe What I Say or Else! - Argumentum ad Baculum
		Argumentum ad Baculum is the Latin name for an argument made by the appeal to force rather than appealing to reason or evidence.
		Baculum is Latin for “force,” and Argumentum ad Baculum is the Latin name for an argument made by the appeal to force rather than appealing to reason or evidence.
		This fallacy is usually committed by those who have failed to persuade others by any other means and who finally resort to force or the threat of force to cause acceptance of their position.
	www.biblicalunitarian.com /modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=22 (278 words)

	AusAnthrop :: Discussion Forum and FAQ :: Baculum in Genus Homo
		He noted that while most mammals, including most primates, have a baculum (os penis or penis bone), it is absent in modern humans with the exception of the Australian Aborigine.
		This train of thought suggests that, as aboriginal Australians ancestors entered the continent sometime around 50,000 years ago, an age supported by anthropological evidence from digs in Australia, they were of an early form of anatomically modern humans from Africa.
		Being genetically isolated on the continent, biological conservatism retained the baculum.
	www.ausanthrop.net /phorum/read.php?1,760 (401 words)

	Proceedings of the Athanasius Kircher Society » Baculum Collection (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Baculum is sometimes referred to a “hillbilly or mountain man toothpick” and can be utilized as a coffee stirrer.
		The largest Baculum in the mammal kingdom belongs to the walrus, which can reach a length of 30 inches.”;
		On the subject of bacula, don’t miss this gloss of a recent paper on the evolution of the penis:
	www.kirchersociety.org /blog/?p=34 (296 words)

	Panamint Chipmunk DesertUSA
		One species’ may have a comparatively long and thin baculum; another, a short and stout baculum; and still another, a variable-dimensioned baculum.
		Female chipmunks regard this issue as an important distinction because a baculum is a penis bone, which is found in most mammals (although it is absent in humans, kangaroos and hyenas), and lady chipmunks have developed more skill than most trained biologists in identifying the males of their species.
		Its baculum, you will be pleased to discover, has a comparatively small keel and short shaft with distinct ridges on either side of the tip, according to Troy L. Best, Robin G. Clawson, and Joseph A. Clawson, writing about the Panamint chipmunk for Mammalian Species.
	www.desertusa.com /mag07/oct07/pchipmunk.html (2084 words)

	Reproductive and Morphological Condition of Wild Mink (Mustela vison) and River Otters (Lutra canadensis) ...
		The association of juvenile baculum length with eventual reproductive success is unknown, but further characterization of reproductive organ morphology and relationship to contaminants should be undertaken in a larger subset of these populations.
		In males, the baculum was excised, cleaned with a digestive enzyme and also by hand to remove all adhering tissues, and then air-dried for several months.
		We recognize that the observed association between mink baculum size and hepatic PCB contamination is based on a relatively small sample size and that such a result may be a spurious finding given the large number of correlations that were studied.
	www.ehponline.org /members/1999/107p141-147harding/harding-full.html (4492 words)

	Logical Fallacy: Appeal to Force
		The name "argumentum ad baculum" alludes to the use of a stick, or club, to beat someone.
		This fallacy is committed whenever force or the threat of it is introduced into a rational discussion in order to derail it.
		Force, or the threat of it, is not an argument.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /adbacula.html (374 words)

	Amazon.co.uk -zShops: OS PENIS DOG a Canine Penile Bone Mammalian Carnivore Baculum Anatomy Specimen (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Os Penis or "baculum" is a unique bone found in the penis of carnivores.
		It can accurately be described as a reproductive tool which assists copulation and allows a dog and female dog to move around into the "back-to-back" position without losing penetration or damaging the root of the penis.
		The largest baculum in the mammal kingdom belongs to the walrus, which can reach a length of 30 inches and was used in the 19th century as a truncheon!
	s1.amazon.co.uk /exec/varzea/ts/exchange-glance/Y06Y5347685Y0827553 (318 words)

	Pharyngula
		The size of the rodent baculum is regulated by the posterior members of the HOXD (142987) set of transcription factors.
		Gilbert and Zevit (2001) suggested that it was not a costal rib but rather the penile 'rib' or baculum that God removed from Adam to create Eve (Genesis 2:21-23).
		Genesis also states that 'the Lord God closed up the flesh.' Gilbert and Zevit (2001) suggested that the raphe on the penis and scrotum was thought to be the surgical scar.
	pharyngula.org /index/weblog/print/3455 (1441 words)

	ABC - Science - Beasts - Evidence - Programme 1 - Godinotia
		Primates are one of the groups of mammal that have a bone in their penis called a baculum.
		This may come as a surprise, since humans are primates and do not have one, but we just represent an extreme form of the variation in baculum size which exists within the group.
		The males therefore try to mate for as long as possible so as to maximise their chances of fathering the female's offspring, and having a long baculum helps them to do this.
	www.abc.net.au /beasts/evidence/prog1/page4_2.htm (937 words)

	Argumentum ad baculum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Argumentum ad baculum (Latin: argument to the cudgel or appeal to the stick), also known as appeal to force, is an argument where force, coercion, or the threat of force, is given as a justification for a conclusion.
		One participates in this type of argument when one points out dire consequences of being a holder of a contrary position.
		If x does not accept that P, then Q. Q is a threat or attack on x.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Argumentum_ad_baculum (544 words)

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