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	Baeyer strain theory at AllExperts
		Baeyer strain theory or strain theory explains specific behaviour of chemical compounds in terms of bond angle strain.
		It was proposed by Adolf von Baeyer in 1885 to account for the unusual chemical reactivity in ring opening reactions of cyclopropanes and cyclobutanes where this angle strain is relieved.
		On ring strain he noted in 1885: The four valences of the carbon atom act in the directions that connect the center of a sphere with the corners of a tetrahedron and that form an angle of 109 28' with each other.
	en.allexperts.com /e/b/ba/baeyer_strain_theory.htm (305 words)

	Adolf von Baeyer Summary
		Baeyer proposed a "centric" formula for benzene, and a "strain" theory, correlating the stability of cyclic compounds with the ring angles, to account for the submolecular properties of complex compounds.
		According to Baeyer's strain theory, the more a bond angle deviates from a tetrahedral angle the more unstable the bond is. The smaller the angle (less three or four member rings) the more strain was put on the bond; larger angles (more than six member rings) would also result in more strain.
		Baeyer's chief achievements include the synthesis and description of the plant dye indigo, the discovery of the phthalein dyes, and the investigation of polyacetylenes, oxonium salts, nitroso compounds (1869) and uric acid derivatives (1860 and onwards) (including the discovery of barbituric acid (1864), the parent compound of the barbiturates).
	www.bookrags.com /Adolf_von_Baeyer (2799 words)

	von Baeyer
		Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer was born on October 31, 1835, in Berlin, as the son of Johann Jakob Baeyer and Eugenie née Hitzig.
		Baeyer's life work was soon to bring this indeed most brilliant of chemical theories much resounding success.
		With his tenure at Munich came elegant total syntheses of indigo, as well as work on acetylene and polyacetylene, and from this derived the famous Baeyer strain theory of the carbon rings; there were studies of the constitution of benzene as well as comprehensive investigations into cyclic terpene.
	chem-faculty.ucsd.edu /theodorakis/vonbaeyer.html (725 words)

	Baeyer Strain Theory (Web Page) - WikidChem
		Baeyer assumes that the wires that form bonds must meet without a kink, so that multiple bonds (or small rings) require changing the angle between wires from tetrahedral.
		Baeyer proposed that the farther the angles between the wires must bend from 109°28', the more strain is associated with that molecule.
		Still, according to his theory five-membered rings should be most common because this is the ring size with the least strain.
	wikidchem.org /index.php/Baeyer_Strain_Theory_(Web_Page) (785 words)

	adolf von baeyer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (October 31, 1835 - August 20, 1917) was a German chemist who synthesized indigo, and was the 1905 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
		Baeyer's chief achievements include the synthesis and description of the plant dye indigo, the discovery of the phthalein dyes, and the investigation of polyacetylenes, oxonium salts, and uric acid derivatives (including the discovery of barbituric acid, the parent compound of the barbiturates).
		In 1881 the Royal Society of London awarded Baeyer the Davy Medal for his work with indigo.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /adolf_von_baeyer.html (275 words)

	Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf Von Baeyer - LoveToKnow 1911
		Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf Von Baeyer - LoveToKnow 1911
		JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF VON BAEYER (1835-), German chemist, was born at Berlin on the 31st of October 1835, his father being Johann Jacob von Baeyer (1794-1885), chief of the Berlin Geodetical Institute from 1870.
		He studied chemistry under R. Bunsen and F. Kekule, and in 1858 took his degree as Ph.D. at Berlin, becoming privatdocent a few years afterwards and assistant professor in 1866.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Johann_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Adolf_Von_Baeyer (175 words)

	Adolf von Baeyer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Baeyer's chief achievements include the synthesis and description of the plant dye indigo, the discovery of the dyes, and the investigation of polyacetylenes, oxonium salts, and uric acid derivatives (including the discovery of barbituric acid, the parent compound of the barbiturates).
		His contributions to theoretical chemistry include the 'strain' (Spannung) theory of triple bonds and strain theory in small carbon rings.
		In 1881 the Royal Society of London awarded Baeyer the for his work with indigo.
	www.bonneylake.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Adolf_von_Baeyer (304 words)

	strain -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The deformation, expressed by strain, arises throughout the material as the particles (molecules, atoms, ions) of which the material is composed are slightly displaced from their normal position.
		Strain gauges are used either to obtain information from which stresses (internal forces) in bodies can be calculated or to act as indicating elements on devices for measuring such quantities as force, pressure, and acceleration.
		In the simplest cases, these thermal strains can be treated as being linear in the temperature change 0 (where 0 is the temperature of the reference state), writing = (0) for the strain produced by...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9069875 (694 words)

	Molecular Structure
		At that time, the wave theory had not yet been accepted, and Malus had a notion that light consisted of particles with north and south poles, and that in polarized light, all the poles were lined in the same direction.
		Baeyer argued that in any organic compound there was a tendency to allow the carbon atoms to be so connected that the bonds remained at their natural angles.
		Baeyer's strain theory seemed to account for the preponderance of such rings in nature over rings of more than six or less than five atoms.
	www.3rd1000.com /history/molecule.htm (4441 words)

	strain.html
		= 60 ')], then the amount of strain in a small ring compound would be the half the difference between the tetrahedral value and the internal angle of a regular polygon.
		Because the strain would be distributed equally to "each bond" connected to a carbon.
		Baeyer considered ethylene to be a special polygon with an internal angle of 0
	classes.yale.edu /02-03/chem220a/studyaids/cyclohexane/strain.html (241 words)

	Von Baeyer -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (October 31, 1835 - August 20, 1917) was a German chemist who synthesized indigo, and was the 1905 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
		Baeyer's chief achievements include the synthesis and description of the plant dye indigo, the discovery of the phthalein dyes, and the investigation of polyacetylenes, oxonium salts, and uric acid derivatives (including the discovery of barbituric acid, the parent compound of the barbiturates).
		Baeyer, Adolf von Baeyer, Adolf von Baeyer, Adolf von Baeyer, Adolf von Baeyer, Adolf von de:Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer es:Adolf von Baeyer fr:Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer pt:Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer sl:Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/163/von-baeyer.html (398 words)

	Lewis : article sur la liaison covalente
		I shall present this theory briefly in the present paper, for, while it bears much resemblance to some current theories of the atom, it shows some radical points of departure from them As an introduction it will be desirable to review the characteristics of polar and nonpolar compounds.
		The date of origin of this theory is mentioned not with the purpose of claiming any sort of priority with respect to those portions which overlap existing theories, but because the fact that similar theories have been developed independently adds to the probability that all possess some characteristics of fundamental reality.
		The electrochemical theories of Davy and Berzelius were overshadowed by the "valence" theory when the attention of chemists was largely drawn to the nonpolar substances of organic chemistry.
	chimie.scola.ac-paris.fr /sitedechimie/hist_chi/text_origin/lewis/Lewis-1916.htm (6968 words)

	strain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Baeyer was studying compounds of cacodyl, the dimethyl arsenic radical!
		Baeyer's successor in Munich, fled to Switzerland in 1939.
		Baeyer was struck by the tendency of the polyacetylenes to explode, which led him to the following discussion on pp.
	www.chem.yale.edu /~chem125/125/history99/6Stereochemistry/Baeyer/strain.html (665 words)

	Adolf von Baeyer
		Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer, known as Adolph von Baeyer, was the first Jew to ever receive the Nobel Prize.
		Baeyer was a German chemist, acknowledged in 1905 for synthesizing dye indigo.
		Baeyer is also renowned for his work in theoretical chemistry, developing the ‘strain’ (Spannung) theory of triple bonds and the strain theory in small carbon rings.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/baeyer.html (243 words)

	IIT, IIT JEE, AIEEE, IIT JEE study material, alkadienes, Pyrolysis of Cyclo alkenes, Isomerization, Electrophilic ...
		According to Baeyer’s strain theory the valence angles can be altered from the normal value of 109o28’ and when this alternation is done, an internal strain is setup in the molecule.
		The greater the deviation from the normal angle, greater is the strain and consequently lesser is the stability of the molecule.
		The strain theory agrees reasonably with properties of alicyclics containing six or less number of carbon atoms it is now clear that why only the 1,4 and 1,5 dicarboxylic acids form cyclic anhydrides whereas 1,6 and 1,7 form cyclic ketones etc.
	www.goiit.com /chapters/tutorial/chemistry/alkadienes.htm (2308 words)

	Chemist's Biographies
		Baeyer ennobled by Ludwig II in 1885, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1905 for his work on dyes and hydroaromatic compounds.
		Born in Barmen, the grandson of a weaver from Nördlingen.
		Born in Neustadt in the Palatinate and was educated at the University of Würzburg and Munich Polytechnic.
	www.chem.qmul.ac.uk /rschg/biog.html (7520 words)

	Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf Von Baeyer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer was born on October 31, 1835, in Berlin, as the son of Johann Jakob Baeyer and Eugenie nee Hitzig.
		In 1865 he started his work on indigo- the blue dye had fascinated him since his youth-and this soon led to the discovery of indole and to the partial synthesis of indigo tin.
		With his tenure at Munich came elegant total synthesis of indigo, as well as work on acetylene and polyacetylene, and form this derived the famous Baeyer strain theory of the carbon rings; there were studies of the constitution of benzene as well as comprehensive investigations into cyclic terpene.
	peace.nobel.brainparad.com /johann_friedrich_wilhelm_adolf_von_baeyer.html (376 words)

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	www.academicintl.com /ireland/galway/fall.html (17095 words)

	October 31 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Baeyer also did work on acetylene and polyacetylene, and from this derived the famous Baeyer strain theory of the carbon rings.
		Karl (Theodor Wilhelm) Weierstrass was a German mathematician who is known as the "father of modern analysis" for his rigour in analysis led to the modern theory of functions, and considered one of the greatest mathematics teachers of all-time.
		Thereafter, most of his research career was concerned with the interpretation of molecular spectra and with the application of quantum theory to the electronic states of molecules.
	www.todayinsci.com /10/10_31.htm (3022 words)

	strain theory -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The small strains, or infinitesimal strains, are appropriate for situations with u/X<< 1 for all k and l.
		In the theory of finite deformations, extension and rotations of line elements are unrestricted as to size.
		One theory of aging assumes that the life span of a cell or organism is genetically determined—that the genes of an animal contain a “program” that determines its life span just as eye colour is determined genetically.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9069877 (895 words)

	measure theory -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Online Article
		This is simple enough for sets consisting of line segments or rectangles, but the measure of sets such as curved regions or intervals with missing points requires more abstract methods, including limits and upper and lower bounds.
		Although control theory has deep connections with classical areas of mathematics, such as the calculus of variations and the theory of differential equations, it did not become a field in its own right until the late 1950s and early 1960s.
		His original contributions to the fields of probability theory and topology have had a significant impact on modern physics, chemistry, biology, and cybernetics.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article?tocId=9371701&query=null&ct=null (766 words)

	Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Baeyer was born in Berlin and studied there and at Heidelberg.
		His work with ring compounds and the highly unstable polyacetylenes led him to consider the effects of carbon-carbon bond angles on the stability of organic compounds.
		He concluded that the more a bond is deformed away from the ideal tetrahedral angle, the more unstable it is; this is known as Baeyer's strain theory.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/B/Baeyer/1.html (173 words)

	Sachse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Baeyer suggested that both large and small polymethylene rings should be strained, but Hermann Sachse, an obscure 28-year-old assistant in Berlin, soon pointed out that large rings need not be strained, because the carbons need not be coplanar.
		Unfortunately he was not good at expressing this simple idea in terms that organic chemists could easily understand, and he was far from having Baeyer's clout.
		He is certainly right from a mathematical point of view; yet in reality, strangely enough, my theory appears to be correct.
	www.chem.yale.edu /~chem125/125/history99/6Stereochemistry/Baeyer/Sachse.html (682 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The student will be able to illustrate quantum mechanical theory to discuss the nature of chemical reactivity.
		The student will be able to utilize quantum mechanical theory to discuss the nature of chemical reactivity.
		The student will be able to demonstrate an ability in theory and practice of modern instrumental methods of analysis including ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
	www.kckcc.cc.ks.us /syllabi/1746/CHEM0211.DOC (1525 words)

	Organic/Biochemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Observation of substitution of chlorine for hydrogen in wax, etc., leads to DUMAS' synthesis of trichloroacetic acid from acetic acid; thus the downfall of both Dualism and the Radical Theory and the postulation of the Nucleus Theory (~1835) by LAURENT and "Copulated" (sic) compounds by BERZELIUS (~1840).
		The first TYPE THEORY: Substances of the same "type" contain the same number of equivalents united in the same manner and have similar chemical properties.
		This theory broke the connection between organic and inorganic compounds.
	hilltop.bradley.edu /~rbg/org.html (715 words)

	ABC Online Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		He developed a theory of the intensity of X-ray reflection from crystals as a means of studying the arrangement of electrons and atoms, and in 1918 he started a study of X-ray scattering.
		So far as embryology is concerned, he refuted by a simple experiment the theory of Roux and Weismann that, when the embryo of the frog is in the two-cell stage, the blastomeres receive unequal contributions from the parent blastoderm, so that a «mosaic» results.
		His close study of the carbides and their reaction with water led to his theory that, in some cases, petroleum may be formed by subterraneous reaction between certain carbides and water.
	www2b.abc.net.au /science/k2/stn/archives/archive32/newposts/182/topic182208.shtm (11907 words)

	Billy D's Chem 297
		Baeyer entered the University of Berlin in 1853, and devoted his first two years to physics and mathematics.
		Baeyer’s life’s work was about to bring the structural theory much success.
		Baeyer went to Strassburg as professor in the newly established University of Strassburg in 1871.
	ed.augie.edu /~wjdelfs/chem297.html (3661 words)

	HYLE 6-1 (2000): Pragmatism, Belief, and Reduction. Stereoformulas and Atomic Models in Early Stereochemistry
		Meyer and Auwers’ theory of the benzildioximes was clearly inspired and shaped by Wislicenus’ study of the unsaturated acids, but Meyer distanced himself from the physical implications of van’t Hoff’s and Wislicenus’ stereoformulas.
		They were independent of chemical theory and irrelevant to the ‘progress’ of stereochemistry, that is, its capability of predicting isomers or postulating reaction mechanisms.
		The final goal of chemical theory, according to Meyer, was a complete reduction of chemical reactions to mathematical mechanics, because "nature is not understood until we are able to reduce its phenomena to simple movements, mathematically traceable".[50] He was certain that all chemical explanations would one day be completely understood in mathematical terms.
	www.hyle.org /journal/issues/6/ramberg.htm (8059 words)

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