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Topic: Baghdad Battery

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	Battery (electricity) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A battery explosion is caused by the misuse or malfunction of a battery, such as attempting to recharge a primary battery, or short circuiting a battery.
		This battery is notable in that it contains a liquid in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and the area be well-ventilated to deal with the hydrogen gas which is vented by these batteries during overcharging.
		Flow batteries are a special class of battery where additional quantities of electrolyte are stored outside the main power cell of the battery, and circulated through it by pumps or by movement.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battery_(electricity) (4472 words)

	Baghdad Battery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Baghdad Battery is the common name for a number of artifacts apparently discovered in the village of Khuyut Rabbou'a (near Baghdad, Iraq) in 1936.
		It was suggested that a priest or healer, using an iron spatula to compound a vinegar based potion in a copper vessel, may have felt an electrical tingle, and used the phenomenon either for electro-acupuncture, or to amaze supplicants by electrifying a metal statue.
		For acupuncture, the batteries produced a “random” pulse that could be felt through the needles; however, it began to produce a painful burning sensation when the batteries were grounded to two needles at once.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baghdad_Battery (1428 words)

	Battery Charger...Astroppo.com
		There is some evidence in the form of the Baghdad Battery from sometime between 250 BC and 250, and possibly related artifacts in ancient Egypt, of primary cells having been used in ancient times to electroplate, with a precious metal, an object serving as an electrode.
		Disposable batteries, also called primary cells, are intended to be used once, until the chemical changes that induce the electrical current supply are complete, at which point the battery is discarded.
		This battery is notable in that it contains a liquid in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and the area be well-ventilated to deal with the explosive oxygen and hydrogen gases which are vented by these batteries during overcharging.
	www.astroppo.com /battery-charger.htm (2235 words)

	World Mysteries - Strange Artifacts, Baghdad Battery
		The ancient battery in the Baghdad Museum, as well as those others which were unearthed in Iraq, are all dated from the Parthian occupation between 248 BCE and 226 CE.
		It is certain the Baghdad batteries could conduct an electric current because many replicas have been made, including by students of ancient history under the direction of Dr Marjorie Senechal, professor of the history of science and technology, Smith College, US.
		Although a larger voltage can be obtained by connecting more than one battery together, it is the ampage which is the real limiting factor, and many doubt whether a high enough power could ever have been obtained, even from tens of Baghdad batteries.
	www.world-mysteries.com /sar_11.htm (2195 words)

	Smith College Museum of Ancient Inventions: Baghdad Battery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Baghdad Battery is believed to be about 2000 years old (from the Parthian period, roughly 250 BCE to CE 250).
		The jar was found in Khujut Rabu just outside Baghdad and is composed of a clay jar with a stopper made of asphalt.
		Scientists believe the batteries (if that is their correct function) were used to electroplate items such as putting a layer of one metal (gold) onto the surface of another (silver), a method still practiced in Iraq today.
	www.smith.edu /hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/battery2.html (143 words)

	Battery History, Technology, Applications and Development
		We think of a battery today as a source of portable power, but it is no exaggeration to say that the battery is one of the most important inventions in the history of mankind.
		He retired in 1819 and died in 1827 and although the battery was a sensation in scientific circles and giving impetus to an intensification of scientific investigation and discovery throughout the nineteenth century, surprisingly Volta himself never participated in these opportunities.
		Batteries based on the Seebeck effect were introduced by Clamond in 1874 and NASA in 1961.
	www.mpoweruk.com /history.htm (17316 words)

	Tracking Ancient Man - Baghdad Battery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It is speculated that the battery may have been used to electroplate metals or for medicinal purposes.
		Most scientists agree that it is a battery but usually view it as an archaic attempt at electricity that never resulted in any significant advances.
		Our own culture has only discovered the battery a little over one hundred years ago but, as we see here, modern technology is not always as modern as we think.
	www.bennerwc.com /ancientman/10_battery.html (243 words)

	History of batteries: their invention and development
		This battery, which produced about 1.1 volts, was used to power telegraphs, telephones, and even to ring doorbells in homes for over 100 years.
		He later improved the battery by substituting a moist ammonium chloride paste for the liquid electrolyte and sealing the battery.
		It formed the basis of the modern lead acid battery used in autos, particularly when new separator materials were developed to hold the positive plates in place, and prevent particles falling from these plates from shorting out the positive and negative plates from the conductive sediment.
	www.allaboutbatteries.com /history-of-batteries.html (1441 words)

	EiC January 2006 - Feature - Rough science and homemade batteries
		A simple battery can be made by pushing a screw (best if it is zinc-coated/galvanised) and a piece of copper into a lemon and connecting these two electrodes using wires to the device you want to power.
		His ‘Baghdad battery’, shown in Fig 4, consisted of a ceramic pot about 14 cm high, in which was placed a cylinder of copper encasing an iron rod.
		Powered by the Baghdad batteries, silver ions are produced at the silver electrode (we used a silver bracelet), which then travel through solution to form a thin layer of silver metal on the (cheaper) copper electrode.
	www.rsc.org /Education/EiC/issues/2006Jan/Rough.asp (2535 words)

	Ancient Electricity
		The acidic liquid permits a flow of electrons from the copper tube to the iron rod — an electric flow — when the two metal terminals are connected.
		Experiments with models of the Baghdad Battery have generated between 1.5 and 2 volts.
		Perhaps the battery was used as a ready source of less slimy analgesic electricity.
	www.geocities.com /tasosmit2001/electricity.htm (562 words)

	baghdad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Baghdad Baghdad (بغداد) is the capital city of Iraq, and the capital of Iraq's Baghdad Province.
		Baghdad Battery The Baghdad Battery is an artifact from between 250 BC and 250, discovered near Baghdad, with a structure similar to that of a modern, functioning [[Battery (electricity) battery]].
		Baghdad is the center of air road and railroad the handcrafted wares produced in Baghdad are cloth household utensils jewelry leather Baghdad Iraq.
	www.searchtermtrends.com /terms/baghdad.html (1226 words)

	Baghdad battery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A 2,200-year-old clay jar found near Baghdad, Iraq, has been described as the oldest known electric battery in existence.
		This is basically the same principle that was discovered by Galvani 2,000 years later and that Volta successfully harnessed into the first modern battery a few years later.
		Other theories hold that several batteries could have been linked together to generate a higher voltage for the use in electroplating gold to a silver surface.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Batteries/historyold.htm (312 words)

	Monster Wired * Article History of Batteries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The first known battery or power cell ever found was unearthed just outside of Baghdad in what is modern day Iraq.
		This battery design was considered far safer than that of some predecessors because it did not use concentrated nitric acid, which gives off poisonous fumes.
		Storage battery: a battery that's energy is produced by reversible chemical reactions and that my be recharged by passing a current through it in the direction opposite to that of its discharge.
	www.monstercable.com /MonsterWired/October01/Article_PowerCells_History.htm (542 words)

	The UnMuseum - Bagdad Battery
		While the Parthians were excellent fighters, they had not been noted for their technological achievements and some reseachers have suggested they obtained the batteries from someone else.
		As romantic a notion as this is, there is nothing about the Baghdad batteries that is high-tech.
		It is likely that the batteries (if that is what they are) the result of an isolated and accidental development.
	www.unmuseum.org /bbattery.htm (542 words)

	Drive Electric: Three Wheeled Electric Car (Electric Car Batteries) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Baghdad Battery was discovered in the ruins of a village in 1936.
		Any lead-acid battery may be termed "deep cycle" as all batteries may be fully discharged and charged.
		Batteries without substantial materials designed for true deep cycling will lose more than half of their capacity after only a few cycles.
	www.driveelectric.org /cars/text/battery.htm (575 words)

	Ancient Artifacts: Metal Objects & the Baghdad Battery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		When researching the birth of the battery, textbooks will credit Count Alassandro Volta with the creation of the electric battery, which was invented in 1800.
		Referred to as the Baghdad Battery, this artifact was discovered within the ruins of a Parthian village, which is estimated to date back to between 248 B.C. and 226 A.D. The artifact is a 5-1/2-inch high clay vessel found inside of a copper cylinder.
		Experts suggest that the artifact was actually an ancient battery that may have been used to electroplate objects with gold.
	www.unexplainable.net /artman/publish/printer_3132.shtml (519 words)

	No. 1972: Baghdad Batteries
		The Baghdad Batteries are an archaeological relic found in a village near Baghdad in 1936.
		The Greeks and Romans were known to combat the pain of gout by standing patients upon electrical eels until their feet became numb.
		All four of the batteries shown above are close kin to the Baghdad Batteries.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1972.htm (553 words)

	The Baghdad Battery. Ancient device that produces a 2 volt electrical current.
		hen the German archaeologist William Koenig became director of the Museum in Baghdad in 1937, he noticed that one of the objects could have been used as a battery.
		The bottom of this cylinder was capped with a crimped in copper disk and was also sealed with bitumen.
		However as no other vessels like the Baghdad battery have been found, some archaeologist say it was a "one off".
	www.2atoms.com /weird/ancient/battery.htm (386 words)

	The Creative Science Centre - by Dr Jonathan P. Hare
		The simplest cell (a battery is simply a group of cells) is made by putting two different metal electrodes into an electrolyte (usually a solution of a salt or acid in water).
		If we imagine a series of batteries, each made up of one metal electrode but each also having a 'standard electrode' (the standard that is used is an electrode composed of a platinum wire in a hydrogen gas envelope but we don't need to know much of the details here).
		His so-called 'Baghdad Battery', shown in the picture, consisted of a ceramic pot about 20cm high, in which was placed a cylinder of copper metal and an iron rod.
	www.creative-science.org.uk /sea1.html (3064 words)

	Power Storage Europe BV: Batteries and More!
		A narrow iron rod was stuck through the upper asphalt plug and hung down into the center of the copper tube - not touching any part of it.
		The acidic liquid permits a flow of electrons from the copper tube to the iron rod - an electric flow - when the two metal terminals are connected.
		It's well known that the Greeks and Romans used certain species of electric fish in the treatment of pain - they'd literally go stand on a live electric eel until their gout-pained feet went numb.
	www.pse.nl /History.htm (365 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend
		German archaeologist,Wilhelm Konig, examined the object and came to a surprising conclusion that the clay pot was nothing less than an ancient electric battery.
		The ancient battery in Baghdad, as well as those others which were unearthed in Iraq, are all dated from the Parthian occupation between 248 BCE and 226 CE.
		In 1970s, German Egyptologist, Arne Eggebrecht built a replica of the Baghdad battery and filled it with freshly pressed grape juice, as he speculated the ancients might have done.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=9755557&postID=112948876173582835 (440 words)

	Whitley Strieber's Unknown Country
		While many of these priceless treasures were undoubtedly stolen or destroyed by Muslim extremists who have wanted for years to break up all images in the museum, it remains possible that some of the collection has been carried into hiding by Iraqis who entered the museum on Wednesday with the intention of defending the artifacts.
		It also housed the Baghdad Battery, the disappearance of which will be a relief to many scholars, because it offered incontrovertible proof that electricity was in use in ancient times.
		Because of scholarly resistance, there has been little study of the use of electricity in ancient times, and the battery has remained as a testament to this lost reality.
	www.unknowncountry.com /news?id=2609 (455 words)

	car battery electrolytic cell - 2nd battery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A 6/12 volt 6 amp car battery charger was used as the...
		Battery (electricity) - TheBestLinks.com - Ampere, Automobile, Antimony, Ale...
		The cells in a battery can be connected in...
	battery.couchans.info /dir4/car-battery-electrolytic-cell.html (365 words)

	NBC 6 News - 1st Cav Headlines
		The battalion rotates out batteries every two months, and the ‘hot’ battery keeps one of its line platoons standing by to fire at all times.
		Everyone else conducts patrols, and cordon and search missions in Baghdad, because the battery is still responsible for keeping the peace in its area of operation.
		Bravo Battery, 3-82 Field Artillery, 2BCT is firing for qualification, as they take their brother battery’s place as the fire support battery instead of working as full-time infantry.
	www.kcentv.com /news/c-article.php?cid=5&nid=115 (720 words)

	Sweeq: baghdad
		Others were buried in Baghdad's Sadr City, a sprawling Shiite slum of about 2 million...
		The Baghdad Battery is believed to be about 2000 years old (from the Parthian...
		Since Ninevah, Diyala Baghdad, and Babil are mixed, though, it isn't clear whether the...
	www.sweeq.com /baghdad-6.html (212 words)

	The Descent of Man: Ancient Mysteries and Anomalies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the late 1930’s Dr. Wilhelm König, a German archaeologist employed by the State Museum in Baghdad was examining a consignment of finds from a settlement that had once been occupied by the Parthians.
		König wrote "something rather peculiar was found, and, after it had passed through several hands, it was brought to me. A vase like vessel of light yellow clay, whose neck had been removed, contained a copper cylinder, which was held firmly by asphalt.
		The Baghdad Battery was not a ‘one-off’ with four similar clay pots containing copper cylinders being unearthed in a hut near Baghdad.
	www.violations.dabsol.co.uk /descent/descentpart1.htm (2667 words)

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