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Topic: Baghdad Pact

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	The Avalon Project : Baghdad Pact; February 4, 1955
		Pact of Mutual Cooperation Between the Kingdom of Iraq, the Republic of Turkey, the United Kingdom, the Dominion of Pakistan, and the Kingdom of Iran (Baghdad Pact), February 24, 1955(1)
		This pact shall be open for accession to any member of the Arab League or any other State actively concerned with the security and peace in this region and which is fully recognized by both of the High Contracting Parties.
		This pact shall be ratified by the contracting parties and ratifications shall be exchanged at Ankara as soon as possible.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/mideast/baghdad.htm (794 words)

	Defenceindia.com : 31-mar-2k3 : Editorial : The Baghdad impact
		The Baghdad Pact was signed in Baghdad on 24 February 1955, sealing a "pact of mutual cooperation between the Kingdom of Iraq, the Republic of Turkey, the United Kingdom, the Dominion of Pakistan and the Kingdom of Iran."
		The response of the Soviet Union to the Baghdad Pact was predictably one of indignation.
		The Baghdad Pact is an illustration of this.
	www.defenceindia.com /31-mar-2k3/edit.html (670 words)

	Baghdad Pact
		The Baghdad Pact is also know under the more correct term of Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), which was the term used after Iraq left in 1959.
		The pact which intended to secure the common protection of all the member countries never resulted in actual combat, but it did succeed in keeping the Soviet Union at a distance.
		The Soviet Union considered the pact as "aggressive" and that there was a "false pretext that this is in the interests of the defence of the countries of this area".
	lexicorient.com /e.o/baghdad_pact.htm (378 words)

	The Baghdad Pact (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It determines the aims with which the pact was established; the failings of the pact, and the struggle that was undertaken against it by hostile countries.
		It poses the questions of how the members of the pact and the United States perceived the question of Middle East defense; what their basic aims were; and what problems they faced while trying to achieve these aims and implementing their chosen solutions.
		Pacts With the Devil : Braving the new Witchcraft Panic that is sweepin...
	www.cdqingshan.com /543894.html (426 words)

	Asia Times Online :: Middle East News, Iraq, Iran current affairs
		Baghdad sources confirm that a key reason for Sistani to "bless" the Shi'ite-dominated United Iraqi Alliance (UIA) was that he was assured a primordial role in drafting the constitution.
		An extraordinary new development in Baghdad is that now the AMS is floating a clear proposal: we accept the new elected government as legitimate, as long as it sets a definitive timetable for US withdrawal.
		As for "terrorism", according to Baghdad sources, an overwhelming number of moderate, secular Sunnis and Shi'ites are convinced that "arch terrorist" Abu Musab al-Zarqawi is being exploited in a CIA fl-ops designed to exacerbate ethnic tensions.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Middle_East/GB11Ak02.html (2439 words)

	Central Treaty Organization
		The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, the Middle East Treaty Organization or (METO), or the Baghdad Pact) was adopted in 1955 by Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran, as well as Great Britain.
		Although American pressure, along with promises of military and economic largesse, were key in the negotiations leading to the agreement, the United States chose not to participate as to avoid alienating Arab states with whom it was still attempting to cultivate friendly relations.
		The pact also lead the United States to support corrupt and unpopular regimes in Iraq, Iran and Pakistan.
	www.wapipedia.com /wikipedia/mobiletopic.aspx?cur_title=Baghdad_Pact (363 words)

	The Moor Next Door: The Baghdad Pact: A Case Study in Failure
		As part of the general strategy of containment the Baghdad Pact, it was hoped, would link geographically the NATO states in the West and the ASEAN nations to the East together such a fashion as to encircle the Soviet Union from the North Sea to the Pacific with strong pro-Western member countries.
		Baghdad was chosen as the Pact’s city of signature because the Iraqi monarchy, with its strongman, Nuri as-Said, had presented itself as the pro-Western answer to Gamal abd an-Nasser’s Egypt.
		The Pact was given its teeth in a British armored brigade stationed in the region, reinforcements from the countries of the Commonwealth, and the equalizing power of Britain’s nuclear arsenal.
	wahdah.blogspot.com /2007/02/baghdad-pact-case-study-in-failure.html (3310 words)

	Definition of Baghdad Pact
		The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, the successor to the Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad Pact) was adopted in 1955 by Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran, as well as Britain.
		Although American pressure, along with promises of military and economic largesse, were key in the negotiations leading to the agreement, the United States chose not to initially participate as to avoid alienating Arab states with whom it was still attempting to cultivate friendly relations.
		The pact also led the United States to support corrupt and/or unpopular regimes in Iraq, Iran and Pakistan.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Baghdad_Pact (461 words)

	Baghdad Pact
		Pact of the 1955 to see if there are lessons for the United States today.
		Pact, an agreement on collective security between the two countries, was signed in 1955.
		Pact, a mutual defence agreement between the United Kingdom, Turkey and Iraq, is signed on this date.
	www.futuregate.co.uk /baghdad_pact.html (317 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Middle East \| Lesson from history: 1955 Baghdad Pact
		The failure of the Baghdad Pact, as it was known, heralded the end of British influence in the Middle East.
		The question today is whether a pact of modernised democratic Arab states that the Bush administration is hoping to form will be more successful than its predecessor of half a century ago.
		The Baghdad Pact was created in 1955 by Britain, Iraq, Turkey, Iran and Pakistan with the aim of strengthening regional defence and preventing the infiltration of the Soviet Union into the Middle East.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/2801487.stm (770 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Some (particularly nationalist radicals) saw the Pact as an attempt by the British to retain influence in the Middle East as a substitute for the loss of their empire in India.
		The new government was led by General Abdul Karim Qasim who withdrew from the Baghdad Pact, opened diplomatic relations with Soviet Union and adopted a non-aligned stance; Iraq quit the organization shortly thereafter.
		Whatever containment value the pact might have had was lost when the Soviets 'leap-frogged' the member states, establishing close military and political relationships with governments in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Somalia, and Libya.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=CENTO (714 words)

	US Takes Custody of Another Wayward Client by Jim Lobe
		At the time, Iraq – as in 1982 – was seen as a key strategic asset, and Qasim's decision to withdraw from the Baghdad Pact and subsequently get cozy with Moscow was seen by Washington as a potentially disastrous setback.
		Rumsfeld was soon on his way to Baghdad in a trip that, by 1985, would result in Washington supplying Saddam with some 1.5 billion dollars worth of weapons equipment and technology, including items applicable to Iraq's nuclear or biological-weapons program, such as anthrax strains and pesticides.
		At the same time, the CIA was tasked to ensure that its former charge not run short of either weapons or vitally needed intelligence on the disposition of Iranian forces, a task, according to a 1995 affidavit by Teicher, that then CIA director William Casey took to with abandon.
	www.lewrockwell.com /ips/lobe37.html (1254 words)

	Iraq
		1258 Mesopatamia and its capital Baghdad falls to Mongol invaders led by the grandson of Genghis Khan.
		The city of Baghdad became the most significant commercial and cultural center in the entire Muslim world.
		Baghdad has been the worst hit, with dozens of bodies found on the streets every week.
	www.solcomhouse.com /iraq.htm (956 words)

	Iraq's History Is Written in Blood - UN Security Council - Global Policy Forum
		The Bush Administration's plans to invade Iraq and install a client regime in Baghdad may be popular in America, but to the outside world they increasingly recall old-fashioned British imperialism.
		To form Iraq, Britain knitted together three utterly disparate, mutually hostile regions: Kurdish tribal lands: the Sunni Muslim region around Baghdad, then a small city with a predominantly Jewish and Christian population: and the Shia south.
		The US and Britain forced Iraq to join the anti-Soviet Baghdad Pact and sell its oil at give-away prices to the west.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/iraq/history/2002/0802blood.htm (954 words)

	[No title]
		The Caliphate establishes a new capital on the Tigris River, called Baghdad.
		Mongol Wars; Baghdad is destroyed, and Iraqi economy of Iraq suffers for centuries.
		Baghdad Pact allied Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom. Its headquarters were established in Baghdad.
	www.yourdictionary.com /library/iraqchrono.html (378 words)

	Baghdad Inc
		Gordon Brown will attempt to face down his critics today with the first of a series of high-profile appearances marking the return of MPs to Westminster, facing journalists at his monthly press conf...
		A new US embassy compound being built in Baghdad risks running over budget and months behind schedule due to poor planning, shoddy work and squabbles, the Washington Post newspaper reported yesterday....
		Baghdad: The process of paying compensation for Arabs to leave Kirkuk and settle in other places has started, the governor of the troubled Iraqi province said.
	www.baghdadinc.com (391 words)

	Five US troops killed in Baghdad attack - The Boston Globe
		Five US soldiers were killed and five wounded yesterday in an ambush in Baghdad, the military said.
		BAGHDAD -- US troops patrolling in Sadr City, Baghdad's densely populated Shi'ite Muslim slum, were attacked yesterday with automatic-rifle fire, rocket-propelled grenades, mortars, and hidden explosives.
		The Baghdad fighting was a reminder of the violence that continues here while diplomats make plans at the United Nations for turning over limited authority to an interim government June 30 and restoring momentum to the flagging international reconstruction effort.
	www.boston.com /news/world/middleeast/articles/2004/06/05/five_us_troops_killed_in_baghdad_attack (656 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although American pressure, along with promises of military and economic largesse, were key in the negotiations leading to the agreement, the United States chose not to initially participate as to avoid alienating Arab states with which it was still attempting to cultivate friendly relations.
		Some (particularly nationalist radicals) saw the Pact as an attempt by the British to retain influence in the Middle East as a substitute for the loss of their empire in India.
		Whatever containment value the pact might have had was lost when the Soviets 'leap-frogged' the member states, establishing close military and political relationships with governments in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Somalia, and Libya.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Baghdad_Pact (717 words)

	Book Review
		The Baghdad Pact, in which the importance of Soviet containment overrode parochial national interests, was the resulting organization.
		The actual treaty, the Baghdad Pact, is evaluated, as is the strong, negative Egyptian reaction to it.
		By chronologically narrating and evaluating events and factors that influenced the formation of the Baghdad Pact, Persson is successful in enhancing understanding of British and American foreign policymaking in the context of Anglo-American relations in the post-war Middle East.
	www.defencejournal.com /2003/jan/bookreview1.htm (791 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Baghdad (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The city (now in ruins) lay on the Euphrates 88 km (55 miles) south of present-day Baghdad and was noted for its luxury, its fortifications, and particularly for the...
		Roundup: 10 killed, 52 wounded as violence rampant in Baghdad.
		Body Count in Baghdad Nearly Triples; Morgue's Revised Toll for August Undermines Claims by Leaders of Steep Drop in Violence
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Baghdad&StartAt=41 (687 words)

	Security: A factor in Pakistan’s Foreign Policy 1947-1997 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The pact failed to carry on for long due to the clash of interests of the United States and United Kingdom in the Middle East.
		Though, the two countries were interested in keeping the Soviet Unions out of the Middle East but both of them wanted to maintain their own political hegemony in the area so as to guard their oil resources and their interaction with the Arabs themselves.
		Baghdad Pact was opposed by the Arab countries and Pakistan by joining the pact strained its relations particularly with Egypt.
	www.storyofpakistan.com /contribute.asp?artid=C017&Pg=3 (599 words)

	articles of Abdul Ilah Al Bayaty
		Baghdad will never be subjugated and it will never be owned by someone; neither by a party nor by an ethnic group nor by a religion or a religious sect.
		Baghdad is a city of liberty and co-existence and a refuge for those who are oppressed elsewhere.
		The additional proof is that thousands of scientists, intellectuals, military and sons of the middle classes from all Iraq chose to settle in Baghdad because it is the city of civilization and progress.
	www.brusselstribunal.org /Abdul.htm (1165 words)

	Review of The Quest for Hegemony in the Arab World: The Struggle over the Baghdad Pact
		Along the way, Podeh resurrects important but nearly forgotten events, such as the Turco-Iraqi Pact of February 1955 and the landing of Egyptian troops in Syria in October 1957 (which he characterizes as the first time military force was used by one Arab state against another).
		The Baghdad Pact represented a Western effort to build a Middle Eastern organization to link NATO with SEATO.
		It failed that purpose and turned instead, as John Foster Dulles put it, into "a forum for Arab politics and intrigue." Four decades later we may finally understand the reasons for that failure: the Middle East marches not to a beat set in foreign capitals, but to its own rhythms.
	www.danielpipes.org /article/686 (278 words)

	Coups, wars & instability - Iraq History - تاريخ ...
		The Baghdad Pact constituted a direct challenge to Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser.
		Nuri as-Said concentrated on the participation of Kuwait as a third country in the proposed Arab-Hashimite Union, Shaikh Abdullah Al-Salim, ruler of Kuwait, was invited to Baghdad to discuss Kuwait liberation from the British protection, and on the subject of tri-unity.
		Qassem ended Iraq's membership in the Baghdad Pact (later reconstituted as the Central Treaty Organization- CENTO) in 1959.
	arabic-media.com /coups.htm (1349 words)

	Turkey and her Arab neighbours 1953-1958, SAMPLE, Archive Editions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Baghdad Pact headquarters in the Iraqi capital were closed and padlocked, and members of its secretariat debarred from access to their offices.
		Curiously, the regional members of the Baghdad Pact had previously agreed to hold another informal summit in Istanbul on 14 July to discuss the situation in Lebanon and the Middle East in general.
		The grave effects events in Iraq might have on the future of the Baghdad Pact, together with perceived UAR and Soviet plans to exploit the Kurds against pro-Western regimes in the region were discussed.
	www.archiveeditions.co.uk /Leafcopy/TurkeySample.html (3891 words)

	ENTRAL TREATY ORGANIZATION (CENTO), a mutual defense and economic cooperation pact among Persia, Turkey, and Pakistan, ...
		CENTO replaced the Baghdad Pact (q.v.) Organization, after Iraq withdrew from it in Farvard^n 1338 ˆ./March 1959.
		The pro-Soviet Iraqi “revolutionary” government that was established after the coup d'e‚tat of T^r 1337 ˆ./1958 rejected the “defensive” strategy of the pro-Western Baghdad Pact and accused Britain, the United States, and Turkey of imperialist designs in the Persian Gulf region (Hadley, p.
		The remaining members of the Baghdad Pact gathered in London, where they decided to transfer the permanent secretariat from Baghdad to Ankara and established a scientific secretariat in Tehran in late 1337 ˆ./1958 for research in agriculture and technical expertise.
	www.iranica.com /newsite/articles/v5f3/v5f3a003.html (1495 words)

	Baghdad suicide bombing kills at least 57 - Middle East
		Baghdad - A suicide bombing ripped through a crowded square in central Baghdad early Tuesday claiming the lives of more than 57 Iraqis and wounding at least 150.
		In 1258, Baghdad was devastated by the Mongols and was later occupied by the Ottoman Turks.
		He withdrew from the Baghdad Pact and established friendly relations with the Soviet Union but his government lasted only until 1963, when it was overthrown by Colonel Abdul Salam Arif.
	news.monstersandcritics.com /middleeast/news/article_1232327.php/Baghdad_suicide_bombing_kills_at_least_57 (1619 words)

	Asia Times - Asia's most trusted news source for the Middle East
		If so, he will remember that he was in Baghdad, as a special envoy from then-president Ronald Reagan, assuring his host that, to quote the secret National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) that served as his talking points: the US would regard "any major reversal of Iraq's fortunes as a strategic defeat for the West".
		In early 1982, it removed Iraq from the State Department's list of state sponsors of terrorism, making Baghdad eligible for billions of dollars in agricultural credits and sales of "dual-use" equipment goods, such as chemical precursors, sophisticated communications equipment and technology that could be useful in weapons programs, with both civilian and military uses.
		Rumsfeld was soon on his way to Baghdad in a trip that, by 1985, would result in Washington supplying Saddam with some US$1.5 billion worth of weapons equipment and technology, including items applicable to Iraq's nuclear or biological-weapons program, such as anthrax strains and pesticides.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Middle_East/EL17Ak01.html (1280 words)

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