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Topic: Bahram I of Persia

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	Bahram - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		BAHRAM I. From a Pahlavi inscription we learn that he was the son (not, as the Greek authors and Tabari say, the grandson) of Shapur I., and succeeded his brother Hormizd (Ormizdas) I., who had only reigned a year.
		Bahram I. is the king who, by the instigation of the magians, put to a cruel death the prophet Mani, the founder of Manichaeism.
		BAHRAM V. (420-439), son of Yazdegerd I., after whose sudden death (or assassination) he gained the crown against the opposition of the grandees by the help of al-Mondhir, the Arabic dynast of Hira.
	41.1911encyclopedia.org /Bahram (418 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia
		Persia proper is bounded on the north by Transcaucasia, the Caspian Sea, and Russian Turkestan; on the south by the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf; it is over one-fifth as large as the United States (excluding Alaska) and twice as large as Germany, having an area of about 642,000 square miles.
		Pherecles, the Seleucid satrap, having insulted Tiridates, was slain, and Parthia freed from the Macedonians.
		On his arrival in Persia, Mgr Cluzel was immediately acknowledged by the shah, decorated with the insignia of the Lion and Sun, and officially confirmed, by a special imperial firman, as the representative of the Father of the Faithful.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11712a.htm (14926 words)

	Sassanid Empire - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Crowned in 226 at Ctesiphon as the sole ruler of Persia, he took the title Shahanshah, or "King of Kings" (the inscriptions mention Adhur-Anahid as his "Queen of Queens", but her relationship with Ardashir is not established), bringing the 400-year-old Parthian Empire to an end and beginning four centuries of Sassanid rule.
		Bahram V's son Yazdegerd II (438–457) was a just, moderate ruler but, in contrast to Yazdegerd I, practiced a harsh policy towards minority religions, particularly Christianity.
		It was this heavy cavalry, adopted from Persia, that overran the remainder of the Roman Empire until Charles Martel inflicted the most devastating major defeat of the Islamic Expansion Era at the Battle of Tours, using both tactics inspired by the ancient Greek phalanx and terrain advantages to neutralize the Muslim heavy cavalry.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Sassanids (10553 words)

	c. Shapur II to the Reforms of Khusrau I. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		His successor, Julian, invaded Persia, forced the passage of the Tigris, defeated the Persians north of Ctesiphon but retreated before investing that city, and was mortally wounded in a battle near Samarra (363).
		Bahram was killed in a mutiny and was succeeded by his son, Yazdgird I. Yazdgird I, the Wicked, was so called because of his conflict with the Zoroastrian priesthood.
		Bahram was defeated (422) and agreed to permit Persian Christians to seek refuge in the Roman empire and to halt persecution.
	www.bartleby.com /67/273.html (856 words)

	Persia - MSN Encarta
		Thus Persia became a subordinate unit within the great realm of the Seleucids until they were overthrown by the Parthians in the 2nd century bc.
		The Romans defeated Bahram in 422; by the terms of the peace treaty the Romans promised toleration for the Zoroastrians within the Roman Empire in return for similar treatment of Christians in Persia.
		The last of the Sasanian kings was Yazdegerd III, during whose reign (632-651) the Arabs invaded Persia, destroyed all resistance, gradually replaced Zoroastrianism with Islam, and incorporated Persia into the caliphate.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564512/Persia.html (1169 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 720 (v. 3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Bahram was rewarded with ingratitude, and being supported by the aristocracy turned against the king, who now reaped the fruits of his former conduct against the grandees.
		Bahram protested against this election with sword in hand, and Chos-roes, unable to cope with him, fled to the camp of the emperor.
		Bahram was one of the greatest heroes of Persia, and his life is very interesting.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/3054.html (988 words)

	Persia - MSN Encarta
		For convention's sake the name of Persia is here kept for that part of the country's history concerned with the ancient Persian Empire until the Arab conquest in the 7th century ad.
		A particularly significant accomplishment of his reign was the establishment of Zoroastrianism as the official religion of Persia.
		The Romans defeated Bahram in 422; by the terms of the peace treaty the Romans promised toleration for the Zoroastrians within their realm in return for similar treatment of Christians in Persia.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564512/Persia.html (1139 words)

	Bahram I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to a Pahlavi inscription, Bahram I was the son (not, as the Greek authors and Tabari say, the grandson) of Shapur I of Persia (241–272), and succeeded his brother Hormizd I of Persia (272–273), who had only reigned a year.
		Bahram I had the prophet Mani, the founder of Manichaeism (and the author of the Shapurgan, which was dedicated to Bahram's father Shapur I) sentenced to death, but Mani died in his cell shortly before his execution.
		The earliest reference to Bahram I occurs in the coronation monument of Bahram's grandfather Ardeshir I at Naqs-e Rajab.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bahram_I_of_Persia (202 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - BAHRAM TSHUBIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Bahram, after having delivered his country from the enemies, rose against the unworthy king, dethroned him, and threw him into prison, in which he was murdered in 590.
		Bahram showed himself grateful to the Jews, and the reopening of the academy at Pumbedita under Mar bar Rab Ḥanan, of which Sherira speaks, may be due to the benevolence which Bahram showed those who had aided him.
		Bahram's army was vanquished, and he himself compelled to take refuge with the Huns.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=128&letter=B (288 words)

	Kingdoms of Persia - Persia
		Persia is conquered by Greek Empire and is ruled from Antioch, in Syria.
		Persia is liberated from Seleucid Greek rule by tribesmen who have drifted down to Parthia and Bactria.
		The Safavids established Shi'ite Islam as a state religion of Persia, which became a major factor in the emergence of a unified national consciousness among the various ethnic and linguistic elements of the country.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsMiddEast/EasternPersia.htm (946 words)

	Sassanid Empire Biography,info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		And quite often, Christians in Persia were (often falsely) accused of sympathizing with the Romans, especially when the Roman emperor Theodosius I declared Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire.
		But it was not until the Council of Ephesus in 431 that the vast majority of Christians in Persia broke their ties with the churches in the Roman Empire.
		At this council, Nestorius, a theologian of Syrian/Assyrian origin and the patriarch of Constantinople, taught a different view of the Christology that was rejected and regarded as heretical by the majority of Greek, Roman and Coptic Christians.
	www.parsnava.com /biography/sdmc_Sassanian (9644 words)

	Bahram V - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Silver coin of Bahram V with fire temple on its verso (British Museum, London)
		Bahram V's mother was Soshandukht, the daughter of the Jewish Exilarch.
		Some have judged Bahram V to have been rather a weak monarch, after the heart of the grandees and the priests.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bahram_V_of_Persia (339 words)

	Timeline Persia
		He failed in an attempted attack on Persia and was deserted by the Egyptians and Greek mercenaries.
		The Sassanid kings of Persia (who had superseded the Parthians in the Empire of Iran) secured the lion's share of the spoils, while the Romans only received a strip of country on the western border which gave them Erzeroum and Diyarbekir for their frontier fortresses.
		1828 Russia conquered the Armenian provinces of Persia, and this brought within her frontier the Monastery of Etchmiadzin, in the Khanate of Erivan, which was the seat of the Katholikos of All the Armenians.
	timelines.ws /countries/PERSIA.HTML (4607 words)

	Much Ado About Nothing - History Forum
		Bahram was raised in Hira, the capital of the Arab Lakhmid empire, an ally of Persia at that time.
		Bahram gave himself unimpressed by the news and, to the surprise of his surroundings, set out for his hunting trip nevertheless.
		Bahram V was, however, a popular ruler, despite the fact that he surpressed his people- they were used to that by now.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=4107 (1456 words)

	Manichaeism, a Universalist Faith
		Persia was between India and the Roman Empire, and the Silk Road ran through it, making Persia a crossroad of ideas.
		Mani was probably aware of the danger that came with Bahram's accession to power, for he decided to leave for the east, to the Kushans around Bactria, where he could count on protection.
		A bill was presented to Bahram with accusations against Mani, and Mani was ordered to present himself to Bahram at the royal residence.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch22.htm (1996 words)

	Bahram Information
		Bahram was the name of several Persian Emperors
		The name Bahram comes from Varahrän, which is the younger form of the old Verethragna, the name of the ancient Persian God of Victory and "the killer of the dragon Verethra".
		Bahram is also the Persian name for the planet Mars.
	www.bookrags.com /Bahram (67 words)

	The Persians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Centered on the Persian homeland on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf, it stretched from present-day Pakistan in the east to the Balkan Peninsula in the west and from the Persian Gulf in the south to Central Asia in the north.
		Politically, they ended Persia’s expansion to the west and led to its loss of control of the western coast of Asia Minor (present-day Asian Turkey).
		The last of the Sassanid kings was Yazdegerd III, during whose reign (632-651) the Arabs invaded Persia, destroyed all resistance, gradually replaced Zoroastrianism with Islam, and incorporated Persia into the caliphate.
	history-world.org /persians.htm (3316 words)

	Origin of the Samanids - Kamoliddin - Transoxiana 10
		Bahram Chubin) was originated from Razaken (Rey), from house of Mirram (Mihran) of the Arsakid family.
		Bahram Chubin captured the throne of the Sasanids and declared their ancestor Sasan as usurper of the legal power, which, according to the law, was a right of the Parthian Arsakids, and he declared himself as legal successor of their throne.
		Gumilev L.N. Bahram Chubin (opyt kritiki istochnikov), in: Problemy vostokovedeniya, 1960, № 3, pp.
	www.transoxiana.org /0110/kamoliddin_bahram_chobin.html (10377 words)

	Sassanids - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		At that moment, Persia was a vassal of the Parthian empire, but Pâpak's son Ardašir I, who succeeded his father, did not behave himself as was expected from a vassal.
		Ctesiphon became the city where the Sassanid kings were to be inaugurated; Ardašir wanted to be called 'king of kings', the title that had been used by the Parthian kings and -centuries ago- the Achaemenid rulers of Persia.
		It is true that the Roman emperor Theodosius II defeated the Sassanid king Bahram V, but this did not mean the end of Persia; Bahram was still able to defeat the White Huns.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/Sassanids (1202 words)

	Persian Rugs
		Until the end of the last century, Iranian rugs were usually long and narrow, partly because of the shape of the rooms, but also because many were made on narrow nomad looms.
		Isfahan is a main trading capital for Persian rugs, and where Bahram Shabahang grew up, in a family who had been rug specialists for four centuries.
		According to Shabahang, "Bakhhtiari carpets are admired for both their technical skill and artistry." He noted that Americans in particular respond to the Bakhtiari’s signature bold geometric, floral and figurative designs.
	www.aarf.com /persians03.htm (1281 words)

	Bahram Baizai, An Unknown Master of Iranian Cinema
		Bahram Baizai, born to a literary family in Tehran, in 1937, is one of the most enigmatic figures of the contemporary Iranian cultural scene.
		Bahram Baizai is one of the pioneers of the Iranian art cinema of the 80s, even though his reputation beyond the borders of Iran remains far behind those who are known as the pillars of the new wave of Iranian neo-realism.
		In this sense, the text of Baizai’s film is not bound within an Iranian nationalist compound and can be easily generalized to any resembling society, namely those with a totalitarian dictatorship or a colonial government, where a wide gap exists between the will of the people and the disposition of the state.
	www.horschamp.qc.ca /new_offscreen/baizai.html (4295 words)

	Worcester Art Museum - Bahram Gur Hunting the Wild Ass
		Bahram Gur, whose name means "wild ass," was a Sassanian king (reigned A.D. 430-38) renowned by legend for his hunting prowess.
		Having performed a miraculously difficult shot, he acknowledged the divine aid involved in his skill by ordering six hundred wild asses branded with his name and six hundred marked with gold earrings and distributed to the people.
		Providing the cultural links for such artistic influence were the Mongol conquests of Asia and Europe in the thirteenth century and their control of China, Central Asia, and Persia.
	www.worcesterart.org /Collection/Islamic/1935.24.html (194 words)

	Tabla and tals
		"Good King Bahram Gour of Persia was moved by the laments of his most impoverished subjects.
		Bahram Gour asked his father-in-law, King Shankel of Kanauj, who lived in the high valley of the Ganges, to send twelve thousand musicians.
		When they arrived, the king provided them with a means of living off the fact of land, giving each a donkey, a cow and a thousand bushels of wheat.
	www.drumdojo.com /world/india/tablatals.htm (961 words)

	Frye. Heritage of Persia
		At Naqsh-i Rajab accompanying the inscription is presumably the representation of Kartir himself with finger raised in a gesture of respect.
		At Sar Mashhad Bahram II is shown killing a lion while protecting his queen, and behind her is probably Kartir.
		Although there may be no causal connection it is interesting to note that as royal power declined in favour of the feudal lords, the heroic, or epic tales regarding the reigns of such kings as Varahran V or Bahram Gor (42I-439) the hunter of wild asses, increased or came to the fore.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/fryeheri.html (10494 words)

	The Modern Persian Weddings, Cuisine, Culture & Community Guide
		My daughter and I were going to a friend’s house, visiting his mother who comes to the US every year to maintain a valid green-card and American status.
		Khanoom Naz: Salamalekom Bahram khan, hale shoma, ahvale shoma, khoobi, halet khoobe, ahvalet chetoreh, cheekar mikoni, salamatee, chetoreen shoma, khoob hasti … Cheh Ajab!!!
		Bahram Saghari is a guest contributor for PersianMirror.
	www.persianmirror.com /community/writers/bahramsaghari/2004/artoftaarofII.cfm (734 words)

	[No title]
		The name Persia (from the ancient province of Persis; modern Fars, Iran) was given by the Greeks to the entire land occupied by various Iranian tribes from which the ACHAEMENID dynasty arose.
		It is the land of present-day IRAN and AFGHANISTAN, geographically the Iranian plateau.
		Bibliography: Boyle, J. A., ed., Persia: History and Heritage (1978); Cameron, George G., History of Early Iran (1976); Frye, R. N., The Heritage of Persia, 2d ed.
	www.jmu.edu /orgs/persianclub/newpage/persia_art.htm (1543 words)

	Musical Nirvana - Historical Development of Indian Classical Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ghazal as a poetic form started around 10th century in Persia and came into prominence in India after urdu started developing as the language of poetry in Indian courts.
		It is possible that concept of time of a Raag has also come from Persia, since this concept is absent in Carnatic music and present in Persian music.
		According to a tale king Bahram Gour of Persia invited many musicians from Kanauj ruled by his father-in-law King Shankel.
	www.musicalnirvana.com /introduction/medieval_history.html (1004 words)

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