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Topic: Bakhtin

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	Mikhail Bakhtin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bakhtin, whose primary concern was language, argued that a struggle between forces simultaneously working to separate and unite those things existing in both nature and culture was at the very center of existence.
		Bakhtin was born in Orel, Russia, outside of Moscow, to an old family of the nobility.
		Later, in 1923, Bakhtin was diagnosed with osteomyelitis, a bone disease that ultimately led to the amputation of his leg in 1938.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin (4091 words)

	Bakhtin Circle [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Bakhtin follows the nineteenth-century German novelist and critic Otto Ludwig in terming this type of dialogue 'polyphonic dialogue', which allows Cassirer's insistence on a plurality of cultural forms to be extended to a plurality of discourses in society and the novel.
		Bakhtin's poet is a hegemonic intellectual whose language relates in an authoritative fashion to the discourse of the masses, while the novelist aims to break and indeed reverse that hegemonic relationship.
		Bakhtin agreed with Lukács that the novel represented the 'essence of the age' and that irony constituted a central factor of the novelistic method, but rejected the latter's assertion that unless the novel revealed the thread of rationality running through a seemingly anarchic world, i.e.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/b/bakhtin.htm (8222 words)

	Mikhail Bakhtin
		Bakhtin was arrested in 1929, probably as a result of his religious activities, and exhiled in Kazakhstan, where he stayed until 1936, when he accepted a professorship at the Mordovian Pedagogical Institute in Saransk.
		Bakhtin claims that this new kind of novel is no longer a direct expression of the author’s truth but an active creation of the truth in the consciousnesses of the author, the characters, and the reader, in which all participate as equals (Morson and Emerson 234-37, 251-59).
		Bakhtin distinguishes dialogue from monologue, and he sometimes (disparagingly) associates rhetoric with monologue, but he also seems to encourage a rethinking of the rhetorical tradition that would admit dialogue, polyphony, heteroglossia, and carnival: a dialogized or dialogical rhetoric.
	www.rpi.edu /~zappenj/Bibliographies/bakhtin.htm (5599 words)

	carnival
		Bakhtin insists that within the scatological writing of Rabelais exist the necessary evidence to discover the history of folk humor, as well as the shocking practices of the Renaissance carnival.
		Bakhtin describes the carnivalesque as something that is created when the themes of the carnival twist, mutate, and invert standard themes of societal makeup.
		Thus Bakhtin's carnival theory is not reducible to terms such as anarchic, nor irresponsible, it is, in fact, a diverse tactic, one that may be implemented and sustained wherever there is a dominant regime.
	www.english.uga.edu /~amitchel/4830_carnival.htm (921 words)

	Chapter 2 - Bakhtin and His World (Continued)
		During his imprisonment, Bakhtin began suffering health problems caused by chronic osteomyelitis, a painful inflammation of the bone marrow, and while his exile to the frozen isolation of Kazakhstan was no doubt severe, it undoubtedly saved him from a certain death in prison.
		While Bakhtin's discussion is intriguing, what is most interesting about this essay is its conclusion, which he wrote in 1973 and in which he serves up the chronotope as a "bridge, not a wall" between the mind and the world (Clark and Holquist 279).
		Bakhtin had a penchant for neologisms, which can be viewed as a necessity for describing the radically new concepts of language that came to mind in light of Einstein's theory.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~honeyl/bakhtin/chap2b.html (1880 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Bakhtin, Speech Genres and Other Late Essays
		Bakhtin himself must bear part of the responsibility for the widespread confusion that characterizes appropriations of "dialogism." For while dialogue is a frequently invoked concept in most of what he wrote, there are relatively few places where he concentrates on the subject in any detail, as he does here.
		Bakhtin had serious differences with Gestalt theorists such as Koffka, but the central concept in their psychology he maintained with even greater vigor than they in his translinguistics: there is no figure without a ground.
		Bakhtin is arguing here that art is only one (if a fundamentally important) sphere of the larger activity of aesthetics, which encompasses as well most other aspects of life as lived by men and women who manifest their humanity by authoring utterances.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exbakess.html (4554 words)

	Critical Theory: Mikhail Bakhtin
		Bakhtin moved to Vitebsk, in Belarus, where a group of intellectuals formed what is known today as the Bakhtin Circle, a forum that addressed the social and cultural effects of the Russian Revolution and its implications under Joseph Stalin.
		Bakhtin was arrested in 1929 and first exiled to Kazakhstan (1930-36), then to Savelovo (1937-45), and finally to Mordovia (1945-69), where he taught at the Mordov Pedagogical Institute until his retirement in 1961.
		Bakhtin is best known for his analysis of the dialogic or polyphonic nature of linguistic production, according to which discourse operates on several planes at once and subverts the monologic authority of the ruling class.
	www.bedfordstmartins.com /litlinks/critical/bakhtin.htm (316 words)

	Bakhtin, Genre Theory and Theoretical Comparative Literature: Chron
		Bakhtin suggests that it is possible to "prove" the relevance of prior knowledge by referring to the field of genological research.
		In the essay on chronotopes, Bakhtin extends the genre theory found in the earliest writings of the Bakhtin circle by defining generic devices as chronotopic structures: Genres are seen as founded on a complex of temporal and spatial markers which dominate a specific class of texts.
		Bakhtin's chronotopes have to be more specific because they need to describe the superstructural logic of particular classes of stories, or "kinds of stories." If we want to get a more solid grasp on the influence of genological history on reading processes, the extension of a schema like Van Dijk's story-superstructure would be too large.
	clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu /clcweb00-2/keunen00.html (8335 words)

	bakhtin and heteroglossia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Bakhtin's views anticipated the analytical school of linguistic philosophy, and emphasized the vitality of language.
		Bakhtin eventually defended his doctoral thesis on Rabelais in 1946, and in the sixties and seventies saw his work published in Russia and translated abroad.
		It was Bakhtin's achievement to formalize this approach, and show how the variety of voices (each with their different community of discourse) make up a modern novel.
	www.textetc.com /theory/bakhtin.html (1450 words)

	BAKHTIN REVISITS DEUTERONOMY
		Robert Polzin’s Moses and the Deuteronomist (1980) is an exception, engaging the narrative of Deuteronomy with the assistance of the literary theories of Mikhail Bakhtin.
		Bakhtin's theory of dialogic is based on his understanding of the dynamics and potentialities reverberating in all conversational dialogue.
		Bakhtin states that in hidden polemic, "discourse is directed toward an ordinary referential object, naming it, portraying, expressing, and only indirectly striking a blow at the other's discourse, clashing with it, as it were, within the object itself.
	www.arts.ualberta.ca /JHS/Articles/article_10.htm (4288 words)

	Bakhtin
		Bakhtin's first book, Problems of Dostoyevsky's Poetics (1929), appeared while some of the more desperate characters from The Possessed were consolidating their hold on state power.
		But Bakhtin's anti-reductionist temper also made him critical of other approaches outside the Soviet mainstream, including Russian formalism (which taxonomized the varieties and devices of "literary language") and French structuralism (with its array of binary oppositions, the girders underlying all language and culture).
		For Bakhtin, carnival is not simply the negation of "official" society, with all its rules and solemnity.
	www.mclemee.com /id91.html (1819 words)

	Intertextuality Revisited: Dialogues and Negotiations in Media Studies
		Bakhtin's examples of the dialogic use of language in its various forms are primarily drawn from the vast body of printed literature, speech genres, folklore, and the carnival.
		In the latter, Bakhtin describes in some detail the rites connected with the carnival, the disruption of authority it is symbolic of, and the ways in which the carnival dialogues with ordinary life and is represented in literature.
		Bakhtin's knowledge of medieval and Renaissance folklore is immense, and the way in which he applies this knowledge to the novels of Rabelais is admirable.
	www.uqtr.uquebec.ca /AE/vol_4/gunhild.htm (9679 words)

	Zone of Proximal Development: Dialogue, Otherness, and the "Third Voice"
		It is in this spirit that we examine the respective positions of Bakhtin and Vygotsky on the dialogicality of speech with a view to uncovering and explicating significant divergences on this subject and consider implications for an expanded notion of the Zone of Proximal Development.
		For Bakhtin, the situated act of dialogic discourse, the utterance, is where the being of language resides.
		This emphasis is entirely consistent with Vygotsky's seminal notion of a region of growth (of nearest or most proximal development) for the child to incorporate the knowledge structure of her culture so that she may occupy the same epistemological spaces as her compatriots.
	watarts.uwaterloo.ca /~acheyne/ZPD.html (8620 words)

	Bakhtin and Hypertext (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The primary element of heteroglossic dialogue Bakhtin terms "utterance," which he defines as a thought which is given voice (either in speech or in writing).
		Appropriation, for Bakhtin, is an integral component of dialogue: in order to engage in dialogue, one must be able to apprehend, internalize, and recreate the utterances of others (which is the same "intertextual" activity that Kristeva argues occurs in the context of reading).
		I do not use the term appropriation to be indicative of an absorption and subsequent conformity to the dominant discourse in a given discourse community; rather, appropriation is the theft of language (either that of the dominant discourse or of the "other) which is then reinterpreted and used to further the discourse of the self.
	english.ttu.edu /kairos/1.2/features/eyman/bakhtin.html (247 words)

	Trevor Pateman: "Pragmatics in Semiotics: Bakhtin/Volosinov"
		Bakhtin's concerns with the socially-situated utterance and with the structuring of linguistic form and meaning by context, and his specific views on these subjects, relate much more obviously to the contemporary literature of pragmatics, as surveyed, for example, by Stephen Levinson in his textbook
		Yet in the end, I think Volosinov (and Bakhtin) hold back from an ultra-Wittgensteinian contextualism ('meaning is use') in favour of something closer to an orthodox distinction between semantic and pragmatic aspects of meaning, distinguishing what a sentence means from what a sentence-in-an-utterance means and does.
		Volosinov and Bakhtin add to the comparative philologist's account of FID the significant claim that when represented speech is taken up into representing speech, it becomes reaccented by the voice which speaks it.
	www.selectedworks.co.uk /pragmatics.html (4146 words)

	Dialogical Self (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Adapting this distinction to Bakhtin's essay, by first person information I mean the experience and viewpoint that an individual has about his or her own activity as he or she is engaged in it.
		While Bakhtin agrees that understanding self and other involves the attempt to integrate first and third person sources of information, he is much more skeptical than I have been in my previous writings about the possibility of full integration of first and third person information, whether it be about self or other.
		Bakhtin's last fragment, written shortly before he died, indicates that this theme is one that he held throughout his life, and one that constantly refreshed his thought:
	jbarresi.psychology.dal.ca /Papers/Dialogical_Self.htm (5391 words)

	The New York Review of Books: BAKHTIN THE 'OUTSIDER'
		Bakhtin lived and wrote in the cruel and stifling atmosphere of the Soviet Union until his death in the 1970s.
		His thought was rooted in a tendency as common among Russian as among Western thinkers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, to reformulate fundamental questions of epistemology in the light of new versions of the mind and models of the world then emerging in the natural sciences.
		Bakhtin's own reformulation of the nature of the self can be seen as part of a movement stretching back to Hegel, away from Enlightenment universalism toward the current "postmodern" insistence on the biological and cultural context-dependence of all knowledge.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/2534 (1075 words)

	Bakhtin on Language
		There has been a belief that this work was actually written by Bakhtin; whether it was or not, Bakhtin seems to share Volosinov's sense of the nature of language.
		Bakhtin's position consequently sorts well with poststructuralist conceptions of the de-centered self.
		One might ask the extent to which Bakhtin's understanding of language leads to ideological reading, and the answer is, I think, that it enables ideological reading substantially.
	www.brocku.ca /english/courses/4F70/bakhtin.html (1259 words)

	Responding in Kind: Down in the Body in the Undergraduate Poetry Classroom
		In Bakhtin’s terms, the poet turns to the/a reader in anticipation of response, and this turning is in fact so integral to the utterance that the reader in a sense co-authors the poem.
		Bakhtin views self and other, author and reader as real and separate entities which do not and should not merge, and likewise he doesn't believe in dialectical synthesis.
		And if the decision as to when and where and how the text ends is determined instead by the reader, then the reader is, once again, encountering not a real outside voice in dialogue; she is rather encountering only her own choices, her own shaping of a text.
	enculturation.gmu.edu /4_1/responding (6249 words)

	phaxda.com: the mikhail bakhtin manuscript smoking page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Bakhtin was forced to leave Leningrad for an exile in Kazakh town of Kustani (Dentith 7) shortly after the publication of the book.
		Bakhtin became a pig farm accountant to conceal his class identity: he sneakily changed "Count" to "Accountant" on an official document (an act of "carnivalization," according to his biographers).
		Summary: Bakhtin provides Auster with material for one of several anecdotes which are used to show that true stories can appear fictional but find their sole meaning in their authenticity.
	phaxda.com /bakhtin/index.html (2364 words)

	Narrative Psychology: Theorists and Key Figures A-B-D-C
		There he and a group of intellectuals who are commonly refered to as the "Bakhtin Circle" (Pavel Medvedev, Valentin Voloshinov, and others) held vigorous discussions and formulated a set of concepts and theories about the nature of art and literature which remained influential throughout B's life.
		Todorov was instrumental in bringing Bakhtin to the attention of the West where he now stands, as Leitch et al.
		Since the 1980s, Bakhtin has also come increasingly to notice by psychologists and other social scientists who find his understanding of literature congenial and generative of new approaches to a conception of human personhood and its activity, e.g., Hermans in his conception of the dialogical self or Mark Tappan in his research on moral development.
	web.lemoyne.edu /~hevern/nr-theorists-abcd.html (3921 words)

	Amazon.com: The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays (University of Texas Press Slavic Series): Books: M.M. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		These essays reveal Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975)—known in the West largely through his studies of Rabelais and Dostoevsky—as a philosopher of language, a cultural historian, and a major theoretician of the novel.
		Bakhtin uses the category "novel" in a highly idiosyncratic way, claiming for it vastly larger territory than has been traditionally accepted.
		Bakhtin inserts here also a discussion of the "Rabelaisian Chrontope", the role of the clown, etc. Special emphasis is also given to the Blidungsroman.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/029271534X?v=glance (1885 words)

	SAGE Publications - Mikhail Bakhtin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Gathered together here are papers by Bocharov on conversations with Bakhtin; Holquist on the life of Bakhtin; Steinglass on the authorship debate; Parrington on Voloshinov in the history of politics and ideas; and Shevtsova on Medvedev's sociological poetics.
		Bakhtin was indeed a seminal thinker and the sheer range of his influence over twentieth century theorists is astounding.
		Michael E Gardiner has published extensively on Bakhtin and social and cultural theory, and is widely recognized as an important voice in the field of Bakhtin studies.
	www.sagepub.com /book.aspx?pid=8507 (296 words)

	Handout on Bakhtin and Voloshinov
		Mikhail Bakhtin, who spent most of his life as a Soviet citizen, did his major work in the nineteen-twenties, -thirties, and -forties.
		He was part of a study group, now famous as the "Bakhtin circle," which included such figures as P. Medvedev (1891-1938), and V. Voloshinov (1884/5-1936).
		Bakhtin fans are often excited by the claim that every utterance "makes response to something and is calculated to be responded to in turn" (35).
	www.lawrence.edu /dept/english/courses/60a/handouts/bak1.html (634 words)

	What Hath Bakhtin Wrought? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The growing influence of critical theory in English studies has produced a host of difficult and confusing ideas about philosophy of language as applied to written texts.
		This thesis demonstrates how Bakhtin's dialogic theory of language counters deconstructive thought and restores harmony to Aristotle's rhetorical triangle by placing the author on equal footing with his or her texts and readers.
		In doing so, it traces Bakhtin's influence in literary criticism and composition studies during the past decade and demonstrates how a dialogic philosophy of language can lead us toward a unified theory of literature and composition and help define the course of English studies during the electronic information age.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~honeyl/bakhtin/thesis.html (186 words)

	The Bakhtin Centre
		Welcome to the home page of the University of Sheffield's Bakhtin Centre.
		The Centre's website is undergoing a thorough reconstruction to bring it in line with the University's visual identity.
		Registration is now open for the conference 'Sociological Theories of Language in the USSR, 1917-1938', which will take place from 9 to 11 September 2006.
	www.shef.ac.uk /bakhtin (96 words)

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