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Topic: Balance theory

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	Congruity Theory
		He declares that balanced triads have an odd number of plus signs and are more pleasant; imbalanced triads have an odd number of minus signs and are unpleasant, encouraging us to change one of our thoughts to make the triad balanced.
		One simple advantage is that Balance Theory recognizes that people sometimes notice inconsistent cognitions and that this inconsistency can lead to attitude change.
		Balance theory predicts that imbalance is unpleasant and that I probably will do something to restore balance -- but it can’t predict which thoughts or cognitions I will change.
	www.cios.org /encyclopedia/persuasion/Ccongruity_theory_2heiders.htm (973 words)

	Congruity Theory
		Balance theory makes no specific predictions about attitude change, so Congruity Theory’s ability to predict the direction and amount of attitude change is a definite improvement.
		However, congruity theory ignores everything about the message except whether the source is favorable or unfavorable toward the attitude object.
		The theory does not explain why messages that do not appear genuine (Eisenhower praising communism) are ignored and unpersuasive.
	www.cios.org /encyclopedia/persuasion/Ccongruity_theory_4strengths.htm (467 words)

	balance
		Balance theory, which was originated by Heider (1946), analyzes systems consisting of two or three persons (or two persons and an object), with any two of these entities related to each other by either positive or negative sentiments, or not related at all.
		In the balance state, the set of cognitive elements is accepted as it is; in the second state, modification will be attempted; and in the third state, indifference between acceptance and modification may prevail.
		All of the discussions of balance seem to equate these, but they seem to be quite different, for the complement of a relation is expressed by adding the word "not" while the opposite is indicated by the prefix "dis" or its equivalent.
	www.ciadvertising.org /studies/student/97_fall/theory/cognitive_coc/balance.htm (1144 words)

	The IR Theory Knowledge Base
		Constructivist theory rejects the basic assumption of neo-realist theory that the state of anarchy (lack of a higher authority or government) is a structural condition inherent in the system of states.
		There are further nuances to the theory: for instance, the sources of power transition vary in their volitility, population change being the least volatile and political capacity (defined as the ability of the government to control resources internal to the country) the most volatile.
		No general theory of the social construction of reality is available to be borrowed from other fields and international relations constructivists have not as yet managed to formulate a fully fledged theory of their own.
	www.irtheory.com /know.htm (7473 words)

	[No title]
		Festinger's (1957) well-known theory of cognitive dissonance is one of several theories that deal with the human need for consistency and balance between their beliefs or attitudes and their behaviors or decisions.
		All these theories of cognitive consistency share the principle that any inconsistency or imbalance among attitudinal elements generates a tension that is the driving force for some cognitive change.
		Balance theory posits that attitudes that reflect deeply held values or beliefs are less likely to change than ones that tend to be more transient.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~bfmalle/sp/vassilis2.html (1270 words)

	Balance Theory - Persuasion Context
		Balance theory states that when tensions arise between or inside people, they attempt to reduce these tensions through self-persuasion or trying to persuade others.
		Balance theory presents analytic consistency in that the theoretical assumptions fit together.
		Balance theory proposes that there are three ways in which a person can feel balance.
	www.uky.edu /~drlane/capstone/persuasion/bal.htm (429 words)

	balance1
		Balance theory is a theory of action which says that individuals work to avoid dissonant or uncomfortable relations.
		Balance theory says that people like to be in transitive triads.
		Balance theory says that people don't like to be in intransitive triads, because they make us uncomfortable.
	www.unc.edu /~lpalmer/syllabi/spr00/balance1.html (857 words)

	VAWFV: Publications
		An ideal theory of violence should be able to predict with a high degree of precision the form and amount of violence, as well as its likelihood, from one situation to the next.
		The goal of control balance theory is to move more people into a balanced control ratio, but individuals who advance along the control ratio continuum from large control deficits to small control deficits may have a greater probability of violence.
		Theories are distant from what she does, she said, but the ideas presented have enabled her to think of the application of a variety of sociological theories to different forms of violence.
	www.ojp.usdoj.gov /nij/vawprog/theory.html (9572 words)

	Robert J. Sternberg's Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The theory suggests that successfully intelligent people are those who have the ability to achieve success according to their own definition of success, within their sociocultural context.
		The theory is based on the extent to which someone or some organization (a) wishes to change, (b) wishes to appear to change, and (c) believes he or she or it is capable of change.
		According to this theory, from early in life, people are exposed to various love stories, and as a function of this exposure and their personalities, they create a hierarchy of preferred stories.
	www.yale.edu /rjsternberg (1335 words)

	Balance theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Balance Theory is a motivational theory of attitude change proposed by Fritz Heider, which conceptualizes the consistency motive as a drive toward psychological balance.
		Heider proposed that "sentiment" or liking relationships are balanced if the affect valence in a system multiplies out to a positive result.
		For example: a Person who likes an Other person will be balanced by the same valence attitude on behalf of the other.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Balance_theory (237 words)

	Graph-Theoretic Formalization of Balance Theory
		Note, however, that balance and a preponderance of positive sentiment are not the same.
		Structure Theorem: Every balanced stucture can be broken down into two mutually exculsive subsets (one of which may be empty, in which case the theorem is trivially true), such that each positive tie joins two points of the same subset, and each negative tie joins two points from different subsets.
		In Figure 1 (which is balanced), the subsets are: {PQ} and {R} In complex structures, the Structure Theorem can identify the formation of cliques.
	www.uiowa.edu /~c034220/balance.html (590 words)

	GameDev.net - Techniques for Achieving Play Balance
		Although balance math is of dubious usefulness in perfecting the balance of a system because it is hard for it to correctly take into account more subtle issues, it is still useful for applying a baseline to various game elements.
		Balancing monopoly is doable, but trickier than risk, because the random element (dice rolling) can produce much more widespread effects than it does in risk, and also because monopoly has a much larger number of distinct game elements (chance cards, mortgage rules, jail, etc).
		Balance math is particularly potent when used in symmetrical games, such as games like Warcraft 2 or Homeworld, in which the opposing sides are more or less the same when it comes to game functionality.
	www.gamedev.net /reference/articles/article1765.asp (4304 words)

	Alliance Theory: Balancing, Bandwagoning, and Détente (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Thus the study of balancing, détente, and bandwagoning behavior is in the context of relations between these four states and the three major powers (but only in their role as power projectors within the region, not in their global geopolitical roles), and in the case of India and Pakistan, also with each other.
		Walt stresses that his balance-of-threat theory “should be considered as a refinement of balance-of-power theory,” that it subsumes balance-of-power theory by incorporating capabilities as one of the components of threat (Walt 1988, 281).
		Balancing is the behavior of satisfied, status quo states that value what they have more than they value what they covet.
	pweb.jps.net /~gangale/opsa/ir/Alliance_Theory.htm (4384 words)

	Implicit Assocation Experiment
		Social balance theory as proposed by Fritz Heider (1946) is the theory that people strive for cognitive balance in their network of likes and dislikes.
		The strong theory is that when you and another person (Bill) have an attitude toward a 3rd person John, the degree to which you like John is the product of how much you like Bill and how much Bill likes John.
		The test of the theory requires comparing predicted values to observed values for each of the 25 means obtained in the 5 x5 factorial design.
	psychexps.olemiss.edu /InstrOnly_Page/SocialBalance.htm (743 words)

	Jedi Council Forums - The "chosen one" theory
		So Yoda's misinterpretation of the prophecy could mean that (a) Anakin is not the chosen one (we know he is), (b) the pathway to reach that "balance" is not the pathway they hoped for or (c) the concept of balance is not what they wanted.
		Balance can only be achieved if the dark side prevails for a time.
		The "balance" suggested is the meeting of Yoda (PT) and Qui-Gon's differing views of the Force--or, to put it another way, the "management" of Dark Side tendencies by Light Side ideals.
	boards.theforce.net /message.asp?topic=20032987 (1014 words)

	Evolution - A-Z - Shifting balance theory
		The shifting balance theory of evolution was an attempt by Wright to model evolution using both drift and selection.
		Wright's full shifting balance theory also included subdivided populations, multiplying the chance that one of them within the whole population would find the global peak.
		Wright's theory is a possible means by which populations can cross valleys and thereby reach the optimum fitness.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /ridley/a-z/Shifting_balance_theory.asp (241 words)

	Helicopter track and balance theory - February 1999 Issue - (Aircraft Maintenance Technology)
		Rotor track and balance is the process of smoothing vibrations in the airframe, which are caused by the main rotor.
		It is important to note that balancing is performed in the primary rotational frequency of the main rotor.
		A static balance device utilizes a "bubble" type level and balance arbor assembly suspended from a fixture to adjust the main rotor span- and chord-wise mass distribution.
	www.amtonline.com /publication/article.jsp?pubId=1&id=844 (3402 words)

	Flywheel Theory
		Balancing is apparently a tuning procedure for simple single crankpin motors, whereas opposed or multiple throw motors require accurate factoring to prevent them from pulling themselves apart.
		The "balance factor" is the percentage of the reciprocating masses being balanced by flywheel counterweight.
		The rod is balanced upon a knife edge and marked at its center of gravity.
	virtualindian.org /Flywheeltheory.htm (2199 words)

	WHO DOES THE CHANGING? A LOOK AT GENDER EFFECTS ON ROLE DESIGNATION
		According to his theory the relationship can be balanced (or the strain can be removed) by either changing their view about the other person, changing their view about the conflicting issue, or convincing the other person that their view is wrong.
		The research I found using Heider’s balance theory concentrated heavily on the issue of actually balancing the dyad and discovering new ways and coping mechanisms to adhere to removing the strain placed on relationships because of the unbalanced state.
		I was interested in using Heider’s balance theory to discover whether a person would designate their friend as the one that must change or place the responsibility upon themselves in order to eliminate the strain on the relationship.
	clearinghouse.missouriwestern.edu /manuscripts/337.asp (2263 words)

	Cognitive Dissonance
		Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance theory suggests that humans are motivated by a desire to remain in a state of psychological balance (and as such, belongs to the family of theories called Balance Theory).
		Another major critique of the theory is that it is not predictive in nature.
		The theory is also widely used in the field of psychology and that adds some credibility.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/Speech/rccs/theory24z.htm (554 words)

	Gerard Keegan's Psychology Site: Glossary B
		Balance theory is concerned with how relations between the three entities, POX, are organised in terms of the person's (P's) cognitive structure.
		Balance theory is quite good with our intuitions about harmony and disharmony between people and the significant things in life.
		Learning by association is attributed to Ivan Pavlov and his theory of classical conditioning, while operant conditioning, or learning by way of reward and unpleasant consequence, is credited to BF Skinner.
	www.gerardkeegan.co.uk /glossary/gloss_b.htm (1326 words)

	Theories of Attitude Change
		Basically it is an interpersonal theory of consistency.
		Balance exist when you like a person you are associated with (+1 x +1), or dislike a person you are not associated with (-1 x -1).
		This theory was proposed by Leon Festinger, and has generated more research and controversy than any other cognitive consistency theory because of its ability to make non-obvious predictions.
	www.a2zpsychology.com /psychology_guide/attitude_change.htm (534 words)

	Zhigang Wang and Warren Thorngate: Sentiment and social mitosis
		Using assumptions of Balance Theory (Heider 1958), random starting combinations of liking, disliking and no relations among 9, 16 or 25 people were iteratively adjusted to determine if the relations ever settled to a steady state and what subgroups might emerge.
		In simplified form, Heider's Balance Theory (1958, Chapter 7) states that sentimental relations between two people tend toward a homeostatic state of symmetry or balance in which the sentiments are the same, either both positive (+) or both negative (-).
		The tendency to alter sentiment bonds is likely to be inversely proportional to their strength, and the implications of this tendency for social mitosis is important to determine (see Rosenberg and Abelson 1960).
	jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk /6/3/2.html (6328 words)

	A Synthesis and Formalization of Heiderian Balance and Social Exchange Theory - Questia Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Principles of social exchange and Heider's balance theory are combined to arrive at a predictor variable called an "exchange ratio." Two actors and an exchange item are treated as a threepoint structure consisting of three dyads.
		Implied in the studies employing exchange theory is that variation in the exchange distribution between partners is what brings about variation in a dependent variable.
		Whether a structure is balanced is determined by the combination of positive and negative relations among the three sets of two points.
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&d=95249156 (451 words)

	Balance - Oh Word
		This “balance” theory is that once upon a time, rap was a perfectly harmonious form of music where most rappers were model citizens and the few gangsters that got airplay served as social critics.
		From what I gather, “balance theory” is simply that there used to be a much wider variety of styles, sounds, topics, and personae in popular rap.
		“Balance theory” may be simplistic and its proponents may spout tired cliches, but I think you’re misrepresenting it.
	www.ohword.com /blog/523/balance (1313 words)

	Cognitive Dissonance
		It is important to take notice of theories, such as the balance theory, the congruency theory and the cognitive dissonance theory so that one’s self-persuasion occurs knowingly.
		The first of the major consistency theories, the balance theory, was proposed by Fritz Heider (1946, 1958) and was later revised by Theodore Newcomb (1953) (Larson, 1995).
		This theory suggest that we want to have balance in our lives and there is a systematic way to numerically figure it out.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/39/pko112.shtml (2119 words)

	Wright's shifting balance theory: an experimental study -- Wade and Goodnight 253 (5023): 1015 -- Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Experimental confirmation of Wright's shifting balance theory of evolution, one of the most comprehensive theories of adaptive evolution, is presented.
		The theory is regarded by many as a cornerstone of modern evolutionary thought, but there has been little direct empirical evidence supporting it.
		The results indicate that the interdemic phase of Wright's shifting balance theory can increase average fitness and suggest that gene interactions are involved in the observed response.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/253/5023/1015 (421 words)

	Gene Expression: THE SHIFTING BALANCE
		To refresh memories about the Shifting Balance theory, Sewall Wright believed that evolution in large, randomly-mating populations would be slow and ineffective.
		The theory has been widely influential in American biology, notably on Ernst Mayr’s view of speciation, the Eldredge-Gould theory of punctuated equilibrium, and D.S. Wilson and Michael Wade’s theories of group selection.
		The underlying problem with the Shifting Balance is that populations will not diverge by genetic drift if there is, on average, more than one migrant between them per generation, regardless of the size of the populations.
	www.gnxp.com /MT2/archives/000629.html (1226 words)

	T.C. HALİÇ ÜNİVERSİTESİ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Relations between the cost theory and the costs.
		Balance in the full competition market (short and long term).
		The concepts of management theory and its practices.
	www.halic.edu.tr /isl_ingilizce2.asp (981 words)

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