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Topic: Balkan language union

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	Balkan linguistic union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Balkan linguistic union or Balkansprachbund is a name given to the similarities in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology found in the languages of the Balkans, which belong to various Indo-European branches, such as Albanian, Greek, Romance and Slavic.
		The Roman Empire ruled all the Balkans and it would be possible that a local variation of Latin left its mark on all the languages of the Balkans, which later were the substrate to the Slavic newcomers.
		In the Balkan languages, the genitive and dative cases (or corresponding prepositional constructions) undergo syncretism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Balkan_linguistic_union (1950 words)

	Language Kinship vs. Language Union: an article by Cyril Babaev
		According to Trubetskoy's definition, a language union first influences the syntax and morphology of languages which have to communicate closely, develops a similar phonetic structure, the true similarity of which is actually only in appearance.
		But while the Balkan union was forming, Albanian gradually lost all its Celtic-like traits, and its Illyrian origins can now be proven only with the use of lexical similarities of modern Albanian words with what was found of the Illyrian glossary.
		But their morphology, especially that of nouns and verbs, changed so greatly since Slavs reached the Balkans in the 6th century, that nowadays they are strange to look at: none of the two, for example, preserved the basic noun declension which used to be quite rich in the Common Slavic language.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article20.html (2481 words)

	II Journal: The Spectre of Balkan
		So Balkan is always the Other: it lies somewhere else, always a little bit more to the southeast, with the paradox that, when we reach the very bottom of the Balkan peninsula, we again magically escape Balkan.
		Then there is the perception of Balkan as the terrain of ethnic savagery and intolerance, of the primitive irrational warrior passions, which stand opposed to the post-nation state liberal-democratic procedure of resolving conflicts through rational compromise, negotiation and mutual respect.
		And insofar as the name "Balkan" figures in the Western political fantasy space as the main embodiment of this inherent transgression, I am tempted to rephrase Lacan's well-known dictum that the Unconscious is structured like a language.
	www.umich.edu /~iinet/journal/vol6no2/zizek.htm (1572 words)

	New Balkan Politics - Issue 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A comparison of Russian policies towards the two Balkan states Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, shows, to what extent a policy that was directed specifically to the region found itself in a cul-de-sac in the past decade due to the persistence of Great Power thinking and the economic crisis of the country.
		With respect to the Balkans, however, a response to regional heterogenety was on the agenda.
		So it seems that the Balkans will in the years to come lose their significance as the stage for simulation of Russian international policy; the 'Great Game' for the distribution of the remaining energy resources, in which the Balkans comprise a region that should not be overlooked, has only begun.
	www.newbalkanpolitics.org.mk /OldSite/Issue_3/bonin.eng.asp (5357 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Balkan Leaders Urge Powell to Retain U.S. Role in Region
		All the Balkan leaders urged the United States to keep its military forces in the region to guarantee stability.
		Although the State Department said Powell had a tight schedule, some Balkan experts saw it as a message of disapproval for the Montenegrin's aspirations for rapid independence from Yugoslavia.
		There was little sign that the Balkan leaders were going to work out their differences on their own.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A19714-2001Feb2?language=printer (836 words)

	Balkan Repository Project - Kosovo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It was the Serbs who were the first in the Balkans to take advantage of the possibility provided for various non-Islamic communities by the structure of Ottoman system: to unite religious and ethnic affiliations through a semi-autonomous church organization.
		The dawn of nationalism in the Balkans was announced by the Serbian uprising led by Karadjordje in 1804.
		Their nationalism was secularized, derived from a cultural matrix (the common language and the folk tradition), whose aim was to overcome the religious differences, with clear desires for liberal solutions coming from the population's social homogeneity.
	www.balkan-archive.org.yu /politics/kosovo/papers/DB-kosovo2.html (4646 words)

	The Balkans
		For a complete understanding of the term Balkans, one needs to know more than just which countries and languages are located in the region (Peoples).
		The Balkans: The Balkans is a geographical term, which designates the large pensinula in the southeastern part of the European continent, connecting Europe to Asia Minor (Anatolia).
		Balkan Wars: Wars occurring between 1912-1913 where the small Balkan states teamed up to seize land from the declining Ottoman Empire and then fought amongst themselves as they divided up the territory.
	www.cotf.edu /earthinfo/balkans/BKdef.html (2393 words)

	:: The Balkan Pages ::
		Albanian or Gjuha shqipe is a language spoken by more than six million inhabitants of the western Balkan peninsula (Albania, Serbia-Montenegro, Macedonia, Greece) and by a small number of people in Calabria and Sicily, southern Italy.
		Some of these words have cognates in Romanian and there is a theory that the language spoken by the Dacians before the Romanization was a language related to proto-Albanian.
		After the Slavs arrived in the Balkans, another source of Albanian vocabulary were the Slavic languages, especially Bulgarian.
	www.angelfire.com /blog2/balkanpages/albania.htm (1893 words)

	Institute for European Studies - Special Initiatives- Balkan Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The first of a series of Balkan workshops was organized at Cornell in October 1993 by Gail Holst-Warhaft, then Acting Associate Director of IES, on the subject of Folklore and National Symbols.
		The course, Introduction to the History, Language, and Culture of the Balkans, (History 295) was first taught in Spring, 2000 and has been co-taught by John Weiss, Wayles Browne and Gail Holst-Warhaft.
		His application, which described a set of courses with a format closely similar to the format used at Cornell, was approved at the end of July by TEMPUS and by the cantonal assembly of Tuzla.
	www.einaudi.cornell.edu /europe/initiatives/balkan.asp?textonly=true (357 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Balkan linguistic union
		The earliest scholar to notice the similarities between Balkan languages belonging to different families was the Slovenian scholar Jernej Kopitar in 1829, but only in the 1920s and 1930s was the theory developed, with important contributions Gustav Weigand and Kristian Sandfeld-Jensen (Linguistique balkanique, 1930).
		Du Nay, André The Origins of the Rumanians: Balkan Linguistic Union.
		Tomić, Olga Mišeska The Balkan Sprachbund properties: An introduction to Topics in Balkan Syntax and Semantics.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Balkan_linguistic_union (1928 words)

	Balkan politics in the Cold War years
		Nevertheless, Balkan leaders often managed to pursue local and national interests, and the resulting variety of policies and trends is overlooked in stereotypical histories.
		The Balkan problem for the Russians can be summed up in this phrase: "national roads to Communism." Russia could help Communist Parties seize power during the 1940s, and keep them in power under the "Brezhnev Doctrine" in the 1960s, but it could not eliminate the impact of local national interests on those socialist regimes.
		The Soviet Union was firmly in control of the country at the end of the war.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lect22.htm (4120 words)

	The Balkan in 2003
		Macedonia is a useful microcosm of the post-communist countries of the Balkan (self-importantly renamed by its denizens "Southeast Europe").
		The new union of Serbia and Montenegro is a recipe for instability and constant friction.
		The Balkan in 2003 will be an immeasurably better place than its was in 1993, both politically and economically.
	samvak.tripod.com /brief-balkan01.html (1687 words)

	Balkan League - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Balkan League - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Balkan League, military alliance, formed in 1912, of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria.
		The purpose of the Balkan League was to end Ottoman...
	encarta.msn.com /Balkan_League.html (97 words)

	Join Club Balkan - Comment news (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The purpose of the club is to serve as a forum where political figures from across the region can share their views for the future and work towards not only eradicating Balkan conflict, but the reasons behind this conflict.
		The initial focus of the Union was on one area alone and from that point stability in Western Europe was built.
		The EP is directly elected with constituencies throughout the EU’s member states and a similar approach would lead to all major groups in the Balkans being represented.
	www.sofiaecho.com /article/join-club-balkan/id_1992/catid_27 (586 words)

	[No title]
		The Balkan geopolitical knot is made of: a) peoples and states, their relations and connections, b) exterior states and organizations which are active politically, economically and in some other ways in the Balkans.
		During the "cold" war (1945-1989) the main rivals on the Balkan peninsula were the U.S., the leader of the western bloc, and the USSR, the leader of the eastern bloc.
		Upon this gesture of the foreign factors, the Balkan peoples and states should arrange their internal relations in such a way that they are compatible with requirements and needs of the contemporary world of culture, civilization, science and technology, with full respect for domiciliar ethnic, historical, and other specifics.
	members.tripod.com /Balkania/resources/history/ilic_balkan_knot.html (11537 words)

	The Saddest Balkan War
		Slobodan Milosevic, that ur-perpetrator of the Balkan evil, is now in prison.
		At the same time, that the Albanian population, empowered with the Kosovo outcome, became more vocal in their, many times, justified demands, the new Macedonian government became more recalcitrant in rejecting them, almost as such a rejection became the only means of asserting the government’s legitimate power.
		But they also cannot use force to keep Montenegro in the Union against the will of Montenegrin citizens - that would be contrary to their pledges that they made to the world and to their own electorate.
	balkansnet.org /usenagic.html (1139 words)

	New Page 2
		On the other hand, lecturers from the Balkans could introduce the participants, among whom there could also be students from Western Europe, to the specifics of Balkan political culture and the Balkan media phenomena.
		Their education together could be the basis for forming working contacts and friendships which in the future might turn out of great importance for the development of trans-border communication and understanding on the Balkans, and in particular about cooperation between print and electronic media in different Balkan countries and also in an Euro-Balkan context.
		Besides, in the case of some specific courses, we can consider also simultaneous translation from Western languages into one of the Balkan languages (as this was the case in the courses on media management held by Balkanmedia Association and KulturKontakt and realized since 1995).
	www.balkanmediaacademy.bg /balkmedac_en.htm (1392 words)

	Amazon.com: Imagining the Balkans: Books: Maria N. Todorova (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Based on a rich selection of travelogues, diplomatic accounts, academic surveys, journalism, and belles-lettres in many languages, this work explores the ontology of the Balkans from the eighteenth century up to the present, uncovering the ways in which an insidious intellectual tradition was constructed, became mythologized, and is being transmitted as a discourse.
		The author, raised in the Balkans, is in a unique position to bring both scholarship and sympathy to her subject.
		As befits the obsession of present Western academic culture with language, the Balkan specter that haunts it is not a character but a name, a signifier.
	www.amazon.com /Imagining-Balkans-Maria-N-Todorova/dp/0195087518 (1802 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY
		Croatian President Stjepan Mesic told RFE/RL's South Slavic and Albanian Languages Service in Prague on November 14 that the destruction of the Croatian Danube port town of Vukovar 15 years ago was part of then Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic's plans to establish a Greater Serbia by force.
		Ceku argued that "the biggest problem in the western Balkans is economic malaise....
		Belgrade is not interested in investing in the development of Kosova, and Kosova is not interested in a political union with Serbia.
	www.rferl.org /reports/balkan-report (1591 words)

	National revival in Romania, 1848-1866
		Greeks filled the upper ranks of the clergy and the monasteries, but there were not enough Greek-speaking priests to fill all the rural parishes, and so the new rule led to wider use of the Romanian language as a replacement for Slavonic.
		In 1847 the two provinces became a Customs Union and it became easy for citizens of one area to become citizens of the other.
		Austria also opposed too much Russian influence in the Balkans, partly for reasons of trade rivalry and partly to reduce the attraction of Russia for the Slavic minorities in the Habsburg Monarchy.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lect08.htm (4308 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Back to the Balkans
		One trigger of a Balkan reengagement is the scheduled review of Kosovo's government by the U.N. Security Council this summer.
		That internationally supervised administration has performed poorly; its latest prime minister recently was obliged to surrender to the Balkan war crimes tribunal at The Hague.
		Such an official could also work on a concrete plan to lift Bosnia from its continued status as an international protectorate and on the means to encourage Serbia to pursue a future of integration with Europe and NATO, rather than a nationalist agenda.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A61685-2005Mar23?language=printer (483 words)

	Amazon.com: Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History: Books: Robert D. Kaplan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A mere 10 years ago, when Robert Kaplan produced 'Balkan Ghosts,' he thought the Balkans would continue to be the seedbed of international conflict, as it was in the 20th century.
		Though the problems of the Balkans seem less urgent to outsiders than they may have in the late 1990s, 'Balkan Ghosts' is not fatally dated as a book.
		The impression left is that the Balkan economic, political, and historical landscapes are so immoveable -- because they are so bound to the past (past injustices, past failures and past wars) -- that no modern force of history, economy or war can move this nation forward.
	www.amazon.com /Balkan-Ghosts-Journey-Through-History/dp/0312424930 (2701 words)

	Greece, STOP oppression of the Macedonians in Greek Macedonia
		The bible was translated by the Macedonians to old-church-Slavic, that had the same influence on ecumenical language in eastern Europe as Latin had amongst the Catholics in western and central Europe.
		Of higher importance was the Slav's immigration to the Balkan area in the 6.
		After the Balkan wars of 1912 and 1913, Macedonia was split in three.
	www.macedoniainfo.com /docs/Greek_Balkan_Histery.htm (1592 words)

	:: The Balkan Pages ::
		The Slovenes living in the provinces of Carinthia, Carniola and Styria, lived under the rule of the Habsburg dynasty from the 14th century until 1918, with the exception of Napoleon's 4-year tutelage of parts of modern-day Slovenia and Croatia — the "Illyrian provinces".
		In the 19th century intellectuals codified Slovene into a literary language, and Slovene nationalist movements began to take hold, initially demanding Slovene autonomy within the framework of the Habsburg Monarchy.
		It became a member of NATO in March 2004 and joined the European Union on May 1, 2004.
	www.angelfire.com /blog2/balkanpages/slovenia.htm (1548 words)

	Balkan Media links
		AIM (Alternativna informativna mreza) is a project of independent journalists from former Yugoslavia and the European Civic Forum.
		AIM was established in 1992 and its network of journalists nowadays covers all the states of former Yugoslavia and Albania.
		AIM texts are available to users in Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and a choice of its texts in English language.
	www.delalb.cec.eu.int /en/links/links_balkan_media.htm (169 words)

	Mixed message for EU on Balkan expansion - Europe - International Herald Tribune
		BERLIN Olli Rehn, the European Union's enlargement commissioner, went to a closed-door meeting at the European Parliament on Monday night with a mixed message: Bulgaria and Romania are doing their best to prepare for EU membership next January, but the jury is still out on whether they will be ready to join.
		EU sources said Rehn would tell Parliament's foreign affairs committee that if the two former Communist Balkan countries were admitted, enlarging the bloc to 27 members, there would be plenty of safeguard clauses to prevent backsliding in key areas, like justice.
		With this enlargement, the EU Commission says it wants to close part of this fl hole, and at a later stage the rest of it when the west Balkan countries of Macedonia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia and Montenegro join the EU.
	www.iht.com /articles/2006/04/03/news/balkans.php (972 words)

	Balkan Baby: Ireland Invests is Rakija
		In the entire time I've been here in the Balkans I've only ever met one Estonian (he got arrested for climbing over the fence of the Romanian embassy and trying to evade the guards!).
		The Balkan Baby began as a way for Ed to chronicle the amazing time he was having whilst living in the Balkans.
		While there he spent his time learning the language and falling in love with Croatian culture as well as the whole of the Balkans.
	balkanbaby.blogspot.com /2005/11/ireland-invests-is-rakija.html (559 words)

	The Ethnic Ghosts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		For the reason of minimizing these ethnic and religious squabbling, and to preempt the separatist tendencies that were kept alive by few nationalistically oriented politician from the very first days of the union, several years after the formation of "The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovens," the name was changed to Yugoslavia.
		Although the Serbian royal house of Karadjordjevic reigned for those twenty three years, the desires of the Serbs were to show that the nationalities are not more important then the new union, hence deliberately non-ethnic administrative borders were formed.
		Ironically, the atheistic Communist government took such an active interest in the creation of a Church hierarchy--their eternal enemy and "the opium of the people." In addition, Macedonian scholars were encouraged to create a new alphabet and grammar for their new language.
	www.balkan-archive.org.yu /kosta/MIRRORS/bosnian.question/ethnicg.htm (2501 words)

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