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	Eureka Stockade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Australian colony of Victoria, a peaceful and sparsely populated region of farmers and graziers, was declared separate from New South Wales on 1 July 1851.
		At this meeting the "Ballarat Reform League" was created, under the chairmanship of Chartist John Basson Humffray.
		Timothy Hayes, Chairman of the Ballarat Reform League,
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eureka_Stockade (3354 words)

	Eureka Stockade - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It is often regarded as being an event of equal significance to Australian history as the storming of the Bastille was to French history or the Battle of the Alamo to the history of the United States, but almost equally often dismissed as an event of little long-term consequence.
		By 1854, the fields of Ballarat were occupied by 25,000 or more miners, mostly from Ireland, but also from Britain, other parts of Europe, China and North America (many had come to Australia from the California gold rush).
		This raid prompted a breakdown in the leadership of the Reform League, and in the rising tide of anger and resentment amongst the miners a more militant leader, Peter Lalor, took control.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Eureka_Stockade (2391 words)

	Eureka Flag - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Eureka Flag was flown for the first time on Bakery Hill, Ballarat, Australia as a symbol of the resistance of the gold miners during the Eureka Stockade rebellion.
		During the battle of the Eureka Stockade on December 3, 1854, Henry Ross was mortally wounded near the flagpole and the Eureka flag was torn down, trampled, hacked with sabres and peppered with bullets.
		Although the flag is designed as a representation of the Southern Cross, a constellation located in southern skies and thus only visible to viewers in the southern hemisphere, the stars are arranged differently to the arrangement of stars in the constellation itself.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eureka_Flag (736 words)

	Ballarat History
		Due to this population explosion, Ballarat was proclaimed a town in 1852.
		By 1855, Ballarat was a municipality, a borough by 1863 and a city in 1870.
		On November 11, the Ballarat Reform League was formed with the view of abolishing licences and having the miners released.
	www.ballarat.com /history.htm (1192 words)

	Walkabout - Ballarat
		Ballarat West was declared a city in 1870 and Ballarat East followed suit in 1872 (they were merged in 1921).
		However, at Ballarat, these resentments became highly focused when they were entangled with a series of local incidents which culminated in the Eureka Rebellion: one of the most famous events in the history of colonial Australia.
		Ballarat is a beautiful and historic city with wide, tree-lined streets that are replete with elegant heritage buildings.
	www.walkabout.com.au /locations/VICBallarat.shtml (7577 words)

	Eureka Centre Ballarat \| EUREKA
		The Ballarat Reform League, known initially as the Diggers' Reform League, had assumed an embryonic form by October 1854, which indicates that its leaders, in a period of public calm, were already reacting to the maladministration apparent at Ballarat.
		The League was convinced that, although every citizen had an ‘inalienable right… to have a voice in making the laws he is called upon to obey', the goldfield communities had been ‘hitherto unrepresented' in Parliament and had been subjected to bad and unjust laws.
		The League reminded the monarch that there was another and higher source of power in a prerogative which was ‘the most royal of all'.
	www.eurekaballarat.com /index.php?option=content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=93 (2727 words)

	Politics and Culture
		On Sunday 3 December 1854, at 4 am in the morning, near Ballarat in Victoria, 300 state troops (two regiments of soldiers, followed by mounted and foot police) attacked the Eureka stockade, an area of about one acre, barricaded by timber slabs and dirt, which was defended by about 150 lightly-armed independent gold miners.
		If they were granted, the League would not attempt 'to effect an immediate separation of this Colony from the parent country.' If not, the League would assert 'the Royal Prerogative of the People' who are 'the only legitimate source of all political power'.
		The BRL also sent a deputation to see governor Hotham, and requested the release of the miners who were charged with arson.
	aspen.conncoll.edu /politicsandculture/page.cfm?key=362 (4806 words)

	The Eureka Rebellion
		The Ballarat Reform League had been in existence before 11 November 1854, as can be evidenced by personal accounts, as well as by the fact that that a government board of inquiry received a statement dated 10 November 1854 from the committee of the Ballarat Reform League.
		However, although the League committee was previously in existence, the 11 November mass meeting of 10,000 diggers was the official, or public, founding of the Ballarat Reform League.
		J.B. Humffray, the original secretary of the Ballarat Reform League, and other members of the "moral force" section of the Eureka movement withdrew from what was becoming an armed rebellion (on or before Friday, 1st December 1854), as they advocated constitutional means of obtaining the diggers' aims.
	pandora.nla.gov.au /pan/13409/20031126/members.ozemail.com.au/_natinfo/2eureka.htm (4345 words)

	Ballarat Australia History - Eureka Part 4
		There was a massive movement for political reform sweeping England to give voice to the working classes, who rallied at large meetings to denounce the governing classes and to assert the solidarity of the workers.
		Black pointed out that its use had been requested by the Reform League Committee, and he reiterated that all the diggers felt that they were guilty of arson but were justified in their actions as the magistrates had failed to dispense justice.
		Back in Ballarat Father Smyth, acting somewhat as a mediator, secretly visited Commissioner Rede at night warning that the situation on the diggings was far worse than those in the Camp realised.
	www.ballarathistory.org /eurkfour.html (1155 words)

	Dawn of a democracy - National - www.theage.com.au
		The league claimed that every citizen had an inalienable right to have a voice in making the laws he is called upon to obey and that the goldfield communities had been tyrannised because they were not represented in Parliament.
		Not content with a mere statement of the principles that underpinned the league's proposed actions, the charter moved to the ultimate source of the diggers' discontent, the British monarchy.
		Second, the league reminded the monarch that it was prepared to invoke a higher power than her own, for the people were "the only legitimate source of all political power".
	www.theage.com.au /news/National/Dawn-of-a-democracy/2004/11/25/1101219664837.html (2556 words)

	visitmytown.com Travel Guides Backpacker Information Ballarat Australia Visit my Town
		Ballarat, located 100km west of Melbourne is steeped in history.
		Resentment grew among the miners and in 1854 a Ballarat Reform League was established to represent the diggers against increasing aggravation by officials on the fields.
		Today Ballarat is a thriving community of around 80,000 people, and is a communications and industrial centre for a large area of western Victoria - of course the occasional nugget is still found floating around the backyard.
	www.visitmytown.com /vic/ballarat (255 words)

	Reclaiming the Radical Spirit of the Eureka Rebellion and Eureka Stockade of 1854
		The owner and editor of the Ballarat Times Henry Seecamp, the same Henry Seecamp who was publicly horsewhipped by Lola Montez in the United States pub in Ballarat for criticising her exotic dancing in the Ballarat Times, had been found guilty of sedition and jailed for 3 months a few months earlier.
		Timothy Hayes became chairman of the Ballarat Reform League and was chairman at the monster meeting at Bakery Hill on Wednesday the 29th of November which set the scene for the Eureka rebellion.
		He was one of the 3 delegates from the Ballarat Reform League that was involved in a meeting with Governor Hotham in Melbourne on Monday 27th November 1854.
	www.takver.com /history/eureka.htm (18152 words)

	Diary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		On November 11 the diggers formed the Ballarat Reform League to petition the authoritarian lieutenant governor Charles Hotham for redress of their grievances.
		The Ballarat Reform League was formed electing a moderate leader, J. Humffray, and a seven man committee.
		Throughout the next month, the League sought to negotiate with Commissioner Rede and Governor Hotham, both on the specific matters relating to Bentley, the men being tried for the burning of the hotel and on the broader issues of abolition of the licence, democratic representation of the gold fields, and disbanding of the Gold Commission.
	www.australiahistory.com.au /Eureka/eureka_diary.htm (2723 words)

	[No title]
		The population on Ballarat was far from being an unruly, reckless and improvident mob.
		The Ballarat Reform League was started in an embryonic form by September 1854 and therefore well before the events that had begun with the killing of Scobie.
		The League claimed that every citizen had an ‘inalienable right to have a voice in making the laws he is called upon to obey’ and that, because the goldfield communities had been ‘hitherto unrepresented’ in Parliament they had been subjected to bad and unjust laws and thus ‘tyrannised over’.
	www.aph.gov.au /Senate/pubs/occa_lect/transcripts/230404.doc (4102 words)

	Ballarat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		At its peak, in 1868, the Ballarat goldfield supported 300 companies and the population of the settlement was estimated at 64,000.
		Ballarat was proclaimed a township in 1852, created a municipality in 1855, a borough in 1863, and was proclaimed a City on 9 September 1870.
		The discovery of gold at Ballarat in 1851 changed this district from a quiet pastoral settlement to one of the most prosperous, enterprising and cosmopolitan urban areas in the world.
	www.australia-about.com /ballarat.html (3086 words)

	Reclaiming the Radical Spirit of the Eureka Rebellion - conference paper
		The League was born as a result of ordinary people taking matters into their own hands and directly making decisions about what was important to them.
		Between the formation of the Ballarat Reform League at Bakery Hill on the 11th of November 1854 and the destruction of the movement in a sea of blood on the 3rd of December 1854, the mass meeting played a pivotal and central role in the Eureka movement.
		The ability of the Ballarat miners to challenge the state was based on the need of citizens of a frontier society who were actively pursing a policy of dispossessing the local indigenous population through the use of force to have access to firearms.
	www.takver.com /history/eureka2004paper.htm (3144 words)

	Why celebrate Eureka?
		In Ballarat the surface and alluvial gold was long gone and the diggers had become miners, toiling down 30 to 50 metre wet shafts.
		On November 11, a mass meeting launched the Ballarat Reform League, under the leadership of two Englishmen, a Welshman and a Scot, all Chartists (an English working class movement that was active between 1838 and 1858).
		The concessions were carefully crafted to address the demands of the goldfields reform movement that had so infected the population of the colonies, whilst maintaining the sovereignty of the British Crown and legal advantage for the landholding squatters and the developing commercial class.
	www.greenleft.org.au /back/2004/608/608p14.htm (1791 words)

	League of Historical Cities 2006 Ballarat :: Ballarat, your host city (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A regional city in the state of Victoria, Australia, Ballarat is a snapshot of the diversity and richness of Australian life.
		Ballarat is one of the largest inland cities in Australia, with a population of almost 90,000.
		Ballarat first came into being in 1838 when a squatter called William Yuille camped on the shores of the Black Swamp, now known as Lake Wendouree.
	www.leaguehistoricalcities-ballarat.com /ballarat (1023 words)

	Ireland Information Guide , Irish, Counties, Facts, Statistics, Tourism, Culture, How
		The Eureka Stockade was a miners' revolt in 1854 in Victoria, Australia against the officials supervising the gold-mining regions of Ballarat.
		On Monday November 27 1854 a delegation from the Ballarat Reform League: John Humffrey, George Black and Thomas Kennedy; met with Governor Hotham.
		The pace of reform was so rapid that within a year, the rebel leader Peter Lalor was representing Ballarat in the new Legislative Council, and a few years later was elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Victoria.
	www.irelandinformationguide.com /Eureka_Stockade (2072 words)

	Anne Beggs Sunter \| Contested Memories of Eureka : Museum Interpretations of the Eureka Stockade \| Labour History, 85 \| ...
		The possibilities of interpreting Ballarat's history were first grasped in 1967, with the opening of Sovereign Hill, a manifestation of the new socially conscious museum.
		The historian of Ballarat, Weston Bate, in describing the birth of Sovereign Hill, observed a union of entrepreneurial businessmen with local people possessing a deep sense of Ballarat's history, who came together in the mid-1960s to lay plans to 'cash in on great beginnings', Ballarat's nineteenth century goldfields history.
		Such a new development was important for the regional city of Ballarat as its traditional manufacturing base was beginning to succumb to the winds of globalisation and the end of government protection of industry.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lab/85/sunter.html (8722 words)

	Ballarat * eureka! \| Eureka Stockade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ballarat became the new frontier, where tens of thousands of diggers worked their claims.
		It was an important step in the establishment of democratic principles including "taxation with representation" and the right of each person to have a say in how they are governed, along with the Australian notion of "a fair go for all".
		Visit the Eureka Centre, the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery and experience Blood on the Southern Cross for greater insight into the Eureka Rebellion.
	www.visitballarat.com.au /articleZone.jsp?articleZoneID=512 (519 words)

	Australia Post Stamps -- Eureka 1854-2004
		The Ballarat Times reported that “there is no flag in Europe, or in the civilised world half so beautiful".
		He joined the Ballarat Reform League when political tension on the fields was high, and later emerged as the leader of the diggers.
		He was in hiding in Geelong for a time, but within a year he returned to Ballarat and was elected unopposed as a Member of the Legislative Assembly for North Grenville, a Ballarat seat.
	www.auspost.com.au /philatelic/stamps/index.asp?link_id=2.788 (612 words)

	The Eureka Rebellion
		In early October 1854 a Ballarat publican, James Bentley, was charged with the murder of a miner, James Scobie.
		A deputation was sent to Lieutenant-Governor Charles Hotham to demand political reform, land reform, abolition of the miners' license, and the release of the three "ringleaders" of the hotel burning incident.
		Instead, the reforms that sprang from the Goldfields Commission gave the possessors of a 12 month Miner's Right (costing £1) the right to vote; and, instead of having to wait for a new constitution, 8 new elected positions for the Legislative Council were created (rather than just 1 as Hotham had spoken of).
	home.alphalink.com.au /~eureka/eukand.htm (2848 words)

	THE EUREKA STOCKADE, Ballarat Tourist Information and Travel Guide at InfoHub.com
		Protest meetings calling on diggers to refuse to pay drew huge crowds at Ballarat, Bendigo and Castlemaine; in response, in November 1853 the government made a small reduction in the fee.
		The administration at Ballarat was particularly repressive, and in November 1854 local diggers formed the Ballarat Reform League, demanding full civic rights and the abolition of the licence fee, and proclaiming that "the people are the only legitimate source of power".
		The diggers are held up as a classic example of the Australian (male) ethos of mateship and anti-authoritarianism, while the goldrush in general is credited with overthrowing the hierarchical colonial order, as servants rushed to make their fortune, leaving their masters and mistresses to fend for themselves.
	www.infohub.com /Destinations/Australasia-&-South-Pacific/Australia/Ballarat/94393.htm (319 words)

	Ballarat Fine Art Gallery - Eureka
		This flag, with its bold design of white on blue based on the constellation of the Southern Cross, was first flown in Ballarat during the ‘troubles’ of 1854, when the diggers made a concerted effort to resist the despotic and corrupt local arm of the colonial Government.
		The flag was made as a banner for the Ballarat Reform League at some point in time after the first meeting of this group on 11 November 1854.
		The descendants of Trooper King formally deeded the Eureka Flag to the people of Ballarat in 2001 on the condition that it be kept in the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery where it can be provided with stable display conditions and security.
	www.balgal.com /?id=eureka (611 words)

	Ballarat Fine Art Gallery - The Goldfields & Eureka (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Eureka flag made its first appearance at a meeting of the Ballarat Reform League on Bakery Hill, Ballarat, in November 1854.
		Protesting goldminers, incensed at the oppressive and corrupt system of the administration of the goldfields, met to express their anger and demand reform.
		Alongside the gallery displaying the Eureka flag is an area where art of the goldfields is displayed, both historical and contemporary, as gold and Eureka continue to inspire our emotions and imaginations.
	www.balgal.com /index.php?id=thegoldfieldseureka (159 words)

	(Text-only) Chartists in Australia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Just as the Chartist movement drew its early strength from campaigns against wage cuts and the poor laws, so the gold miners who initiated the “ Eureka affair” of 1854 were goaded into action initially by poverty and a desire to resist the petty tyranny they saw in the licensing system that governed their claims..
		But it is undoubtedly true that several leading members of the Ballarat Reform League were Chartists – and among the thousands of miners, many of them recent immigrants, there must have been large numbers who had been involved in the Chartist cause in earlier years.
		That a meeting of the members of the Reform League be called at the Adelphi Theatre, on next Sunday at 2 o'clock, to elect a central committee, and that each 50 members of the League have the power to elect one member of the Central Committee.
	text.chartists.net /Chartists-in-Australia (2167 words)

	Ballarat * eureka! \| Discover Ballarat's rich history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In the year 1858 the second largest gold nugget ever found in Australia, the "Welcome Nugget" was found at Bakery Hill, Ballarat.
		Official government documents used the double "a" spelling and successive local councils varied the number of "a's" according to the prevailing fashion of the time.
		When the new single Ballarat City Council was gazetted in 1994 the single "a" version was adopted for the corporation, to align it to the area's place-name.
	www.visitballarat.com.au /articleZone.jsp?articleZoneID=467&themeId=2 (1102 words)

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