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	Bell Labs: Ballistic Transistor Has Virtually Unimpeded Current Flow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Dubbed a "ballistic nanotransistor" for its virtually unimpeded flow of current -- similar to a bullet whizzing through the air -- the device is roughly four times smaller than today's transistors.
		However, one component of a transistor - its insulating layer - will limit the continued shrinkage because a short circuit will occur when it becomes too thin; the insulating layer lies between the transistor's gate, which turns the current on and off, and the channel, through which current flows.
		In today's silicon-based transistors, only 35 percent of the input current flows, via the channel, from a transistor's "source" to its "drain;" the remainder scatters as it collides with the rough edges of the insulating layer.
	www.bell-labs.com /news/1999/december/6/1.html (646 words)

	'Ballistic' Transistor Aims for Terahertz Chips
		Though today's transistor design has many years of viability left, the amount of heat these transistors generate and the electrical "leaks" in their ultra-thin barriers have already begun to limit their speed.
		A traditional transistor registers a "one" as a collection of electrons on a capacitor, and a "zero" when those electrons are removed.
		The BDT is "ballistic" because it is made from a sheet of semiconductor material called a "2D electron gas," which allows the electrons to travel without hitting impurities, which would impede the transistor's performance.
	www.hpcwire.com /hpc/823590.html (885 words)

	Microelectronic ballistic transistor - Patent 5289077 (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The vacuum microelectronic transistor is advantageous in that it operates at a high speed and allows a comparatively high electric current to flow from the emitter to the collector and it occupies a comparatively small area on the substrate because electrons emitted from the emitter flow straight over a comparatively small distance to the collector.
		In the transistor of the present embodiment, a pair of projected portions or ribs 22a and 23a each having, for example, a prism-like shape are formed on opposing faces of the emitter 22 and collector 23, respectively.
		In the transistor of the present embodiment, a pair of grooves 45 and 46 are formed adjacent the steps by two operations of oblique anisotropic etching, and the emitter electrode 42, collector, electrode 44 and base electrodes 43 are separated by very small distances from one another by the grooves 45 and 46.
	www.freepatentsonline.com.cob-web.org:8888 /5289077.html (8902 words)

	Ballistic transistor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A ballistic transistor is a high-speed electronic switching device through which electrons flow unimpeded, without being slowed down by collisions with atoms as they are in a conventional transistor.
		The ballistic transistor is (as of 2004) still in the experimental stage of development.
		This has been shown to produce ballistic conduction, but the performance of the resulting transistors has not been determined.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ballistic_transistor (204 words)

	United States Patent: 5,329,144 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The disclosed novel heterojunction bipolar transistor, to be referred to as the enhanced diffusion transistor (EDT), comprises a base of composition selected such that the base bandgap narrows from emitter towards collector in substantially step-wise fashion, resulting in N (N.gtoreq.2) substantially flat levels in the base bandgap.
		The coherent transistor employs the base transit angle and therefore is much less susceptible to the parasitic damping than previous proposals utilizing the collector transit angle.
		Although a transistor with CGB is not a EDT according to the instant invention, I have discovered that a transistor of the former type offers the possibility of enhanced high frequency performance in a region of the parameter space that is typically not of interest for prior art CGBs.
	www.ece.sunysb.edu /~serge/pat22.html (2714 words)

	Horizon : Weblog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Conventional transistors rely on the semi-conducting characteristics of silicon which provide the switches that change the flow of current in computers and other electronics.
		A ballistic transistor is where electrons can shoot through without collisions, like a bullet.
		Although they have not demonstrated a ballistic transistor yet, their experiments have shown that the material could, in theory, produce one.
	jroller.com /page/kshitij?entry=some_findings_on_nanotechnology (691 words)

	Transistor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Transistors may be packaged individually or as part of an integrated circuit chip, which may hold thousands of transistors in a very small area.
		Transistors are also used in digital circuits where they function as electronic switches, but rarely as discrete devices, almost always being incorporated in Monolithic Integrated Circuits.
		The transistor is considered by many to be one of the greatest inventions in modern history, ranking in importance with the printing press, car and telephone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transistor (4160 words)

	New Transistor Chip Bounces Electrons Like Billiards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Though today's transistor design has many years of viability left, the amount of heat these transistors generate and the electrical "leaks" in their ultrathin barriers have already begun to limit their speed.
		But the Ballistic Deflection Transistor (BDT) adds a new twist by bouncing the electrons into their chosen trajectoriesâ”using inertia to redirect for "free," instead of wrestling the electrons into place with brute energy.
		The BDT is "ballistic" because it is made from a sheet of semiconductor material called a "2-D electron gas," which allows the electrons to travel without hitting impurities, which would impede the transistor's performance.
	www.photonics.com /content/news/2006/August/18/83970.aspx (999 words)

	iTWire - Ballistic transistor could lead to terahertz chip speeds
		The new device developed at Rochester uses a radially different approach: by changing the direction of a free flowing electron slightly it is deflects the electron into one of two opposite directions, representing the one or the zero.
		The device has been named the "Ballistic Deflection Transistor," and according to its developers, it is as far from traditional transistors as they are from the vacuum tubes that preceded them.
		They claim that a chip built with their ballistic deflection transistors would use very little power, create very little heat, be highly resistant to the 'noise' inherent in electronic systems, and should be easy to manufacture with current technologies.
	www.itwire.com.au /content/view/5330/127 (637 words)

	Radical 'Ballistic Computing' Chip Bounces Electrons Around Like Billiards
		But the Ballistic Deflection Transistor adds a new twist by bouncing the electrons into their chosen trajectories—using inertia to redirect for "free," instead of wrestling the electrons into place with brute energy.
		The regular transistors have a latency (when opening, closing) but in this scheme, the electron flys freely through many gates and won't be stopped until it needs to be read.
		The deflection part is real and is the principle used to sweep an electron beam across a television screen or monitor (though in that case they have two pairs of deflection lpates for both horizontal and vertical deflection).
	www.physorg.com /news74966638.html (1526 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Radical fabric is one atom thick
		Their unusual electronic, mechanical and chemical properties at the molecular scale promise ultra-fast transistors for electronics, as well as incredibly strong, flexible and stable materials.
		A ballistic transistor is one in which electrons can shoot through without collisions, like a bullet.
		Although they have not demonstrated a ballistic transistor yet, the latest experiments have shown that the new material could, in theory, produce one.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/3944651.stm (601 words)

	Texas A&M Engineering ~ Engineering Works
		Transistors have been around since 1949, and they’ve changed the way we do electronics.
		Transistors are tiny solid-state switches that turn electricity off or on, or change it in some way.
		Transistors work by allowing electricity to flow through them, or blocking that flow.
	engineeringworks.tamu.edu /wp/index.php?paged=4 (236 words)

	Novel Transistor Design Blasts Single Electrons Through Circuits
		While current transistor designs are still viable, the amount of heat they generate and the electrical "leaks" created by their size have already begun to limit their speed.
		The Ballistic Deflection Transistor differs significantly in this functionality, as it works by bouncing the electrons into their chosen trajectories - using inertia to redirect for "free," instead of wrestling the electrons into place with brute energy.
		Computer engineers at the University of Rochester have thrown out the rulebook on transistor design and put together a prototype nano-scale transistor that is radically different from any other type of semiconductor.
	www.scienceagogo.com /news/20060718020247data_trunc_sys.shtml (998 words)

	New Chip Design Promises Terahertz Processors - Windows News by InformationWeek
		Proponents of the new Ballistic Deflection Transistor technology say it will produce computers that are faster, more powerful, and more efficient at using power.
		Scientists at the University of Rochester have come up with a new "ballistic computing" chip design that could lead to 3,000-gigahertz — that's 3-terahertz — processors that produce very little heat.
		The heat generation for early versions of the design should be around a few microwatts per transistor, Feldman estimates, orders of magnitude less than current high-frequency transistors.
	www.informationweek.com /windows/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=192201856 (456 words)

	Cirent Semiconductor - Where Technology Begins
		For example, we began the microelectronics industry when we invented the transistor over 50 years ago, and we have continued our pioneering efforts.
		Just recently, we invented a new vertical transistor, a plastic transistor, and a ballistic transistor.
		In 1997, Lucent announced the creation of a new $300 million facility dedicated to the research and development of the next generation of semiconductor manufacturing processes.
	home.ptd.net /~sobefli/Cirent/researchdev.html (213 words)

	Boffins go ballistic over next-gen transistor design - vnunet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Computer designers at the US University of Rochester are going ballistic over a "radical" transistor design which they claim will revolutionise semiconductor development.
		According to the scientists, today's transistor design still has many years of viability, but the amount of heat these transistors generate and the electrical 'leaks' in their ultra-thin barriers have already begun to limit their speed.
		The Ballistic Deflection Transistor adds a new twist by bouncing the electrons into their chosen trajectories, using inertia to redirect for "free" instead of wrestling the electrons into place with brute energy, the researchers explained.
	www.vnunet.com /vnunet/news/2162698/boffins-ballistic-gen (673 words)

	Carbon goes ballistic - Advanced Physics Forums
		Geim and colleagues made the films by mechanically peeling layers of graphene -- two-dimensional sheets of carbon atoms -- from the surface of a thick crystal of graphite, and then used a combination of optical, electron-beam and atomic-force microscopy to separate out the thinnest films.
		Electrons in the device were able to travel ballistically -- that is, without being scattered -- from the source to the drain electrode at room temperature.
		\"Graphene shows ballistic electronic transport at submicron distances, which is more than enough to make ballistic transistors.\" Although the team has not demonstrated that its transistors are fast, they have shown that they are ballistic.
	www.advancedphysics.org /forum/showthread.php?t=1034 (325 words)

	Geek.com Geek News - 3.0 terahertz transistor concept discovered
		But a two-dimensional type of transistor that is predicted to operate at that speed--and at room temperature--is what researchers at the University of Rochester believe they have discovered.
		The device is called a "ballistic deflection transistor," and it allows electrons to flow in a straight line without having to make the 3D hops up and down through layers of semiconductor material as they do today.
		This would decrease the number of electrons required to "fire" a transistor and switch it from 0 to 1, which means it would be much, much faster.
	www.geek.com /news/geeknews/2006Aug/bch20060829038295.htm (1116 words)

	Soft32.com News » Print » Fasten Your Seatbelts, We’re Cruising At 3,000 GHz
		Ever since, the transistor has massively influenced our lives as there is no electronic component that doesn’t use at least one.
		At the present, up to 1.6 billion transistors can be squeezed on a single silicon chip with a approximately one inch area.
		Soon, the continuous shrinking of the transistors will have to stop as the universal law of physics cannot be broken.
	news.soft32.com /print.php?p=2160 (541 words)

	'Ballistic' nanotransistors?
		We are far away from real chips manufactured with this technique, but it's interesting to note that this "ballistic design bounces individual electrons off deflectors as if playing a game of atomic billiards." And such nanotransistors would use less power and create a tiny fraction of the heat generated by current transistors.
		This 'imprecise' definition of 'ballistic' was intriguing, as was this introduction from the UR news release.
		This might be true, but 'ballistic' nanotransistors are not completely new, as you can see by visiting a site designed by Richard Taylor, an Associate Professor of Physics, Psychology, and Art at the University of Oregon, "Electronic and Optical Billiards."
	www.primidi.com /2006/08/17.html (723 words)

	Chip researchers go ballistic for faster transistors - ZDNet UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Known as the "ballistic deflection transistor" (BDT), the device uses individual electrons that are fired through a polarised gate towards a wedge-shaped block.
		Today's commercial transistors typically involve the flow of large numbers of electrons within silicon and their statistically significant changes when electric charges are applied.
		Because the ballistic method only involves a single electron, each transistor should take up much less space and be much faster to operate.
	news.zdnet.co.uk /emergingtech/0,1000000183,39281145,00.htm (359 words)

	Seed: Mark Your Answers with a Number 2 Relativistic Pseudo-Particle
		A ballistic transistor made from graphene would be wildly useful for its ability to send strong signals extremely quickly—as well as its stability under ambient conditions.
		According to Novoselov, it is too early to determine exactly what applications the ballistic transistor will have, but it could improve the performance of mobile phones and satellites.
		After proving relativity, giving an ego boost to the string theorists, and entering the ballistic transistor arena, the two-dimensional crystal has already proved fairly useful—at least in theory.
	www.seedmagazine.com /news/2005/11/mark_your_answers_with_a_numbe.php (596 words)

	[No title]
		While modern transistor technology has many more years of useful life in everyday computing use, it is starting to reach its limits in terms of raw speed.
		As transistors become both smaller and more powerful, researchers are having to find ever newer creative ways to deal with the inherent problems that come with the small sizes demanded by today's applications.
		Traditional transistors are a sandwich of two materials; the center material is controlled via current/voltage so as to either permit electrons to flow across the sandwich, or to halt their flow across the sandwich.
	arstechnica.com /journals/science.ars/2006/8/17/5022 (2673 words)

	Scientists design an advanced transistor
		Although current transistor design has many years of viability left, researchers say the amount of heat they generate and the electrical "leaks" in their ultra-thin barriers have begun to limit their speed.
		The Ballistic Deflection Transistor adds a new twist by bouncing electrons into chosen trajectories -- using inertia to redirect for "free," instead of wrestling the electrons into place with brute energy.
		Such a chip, said the scientists, would use very little power, create very little heat, be highly resistant to "noise" inherent in electronic systems, and should be easy to manufacture with current technologies.
	www.softcom.net /webnews/wed/ap/Ub-us-transistor.RRuG_GaH.html (191 words)

	Transistor Approaches Terahertz \| Technology News Daily
		Made from indium phosphide and indium gallium arsenide, “the new transistor utilizes a pseudomorphic grading of the base and collector regions,” said Milton Feng, the Holonyak Chair Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of.
		For example, the transistor’s base is only 12.5 nanometers thick (a nanometer is one billionth of a meter, or about 10,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair).
		Operated at room temperature (25 degrees Celsius), the transistor speed is 765 gigahertz.
	www.technologynewsdaily.com /node/5439 (282 words)

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