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Topic: Baltic Finnic

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Chudes

Ethnic Finns

Karelia

Karelian people

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Gulf of Finland

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Livonians

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	Baltic-Finnic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Major languages in the part of Europe surrounding the area of the Baltic-Finnic languages, are from the Baltic, Slavic or Germanic subgroups of the Indo-European family, and very importantly in terms of historical linguistics, the Sami languages.
		This is because of the Slavic expansion, which isolated the Baltic-Finnic and Sami languages from the rest of the Finnic language group, confining the Finno-Saamic group to the Baltic Sea area.
		Therefore, it is found in East Finnish and Estonian, and their descendants, but not in originally West Finnish dialects.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baltic-Finnic_languages (881 words)

	Baltic countries - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The histories of today's Baltic countries took a first "common turn" in the 13th century when Christianity and feudalism were effectively introduced to the region by the invasion of the crusaders from the west (German Sword Brethren, Denmark) and the conversion of Lithuania's rulers from Paganism to Christianity.
		In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Baltic provinces (Curonia, Livonia, Estonia and Ingria) and Lithuania in the 19th century, albeit with names and borders different from the present-day countries, were part of the Russian Empire.
		After the Baltic states achieved independence in 1991, while German made a comeback as a language of study it was English that became the most commonly studied foreign language, and the role of Russian language in education fell sharply.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baltic_countries (1985 words)

	Baltic Americans: Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Estonia is on the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea.
		Morbidity rates in the Baltic countries show that the leading causes of death are heart disease and cancer, which are similar to the general population in the United States (Latvju Enciklopedija, 1955).
		Baltics who have immigrated to America in the past 5 years may have different values because they lived under a communist regime where the government "took care" of their medical needs in a health-care system very different from that of the United States.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~efhayes/baltics.htm (8147 words)

	Contribution of the small Finnic languages...
		The goals of traditional lexicological research in the Finnic area are beautifully illustrated by the fact that there is only one great etymological dictionary for Finnic, that is, the Finnish etymological dictionary SKES together with its synchronised and modernised successor, the SSA.
		As there is extremely little research on Finnic historical syntax that could enable us to evaluate the relative age or “originality” of different constructions, and as there is very little known of the general tendencies to stability or change in morphosyntax, the contact explanation very often seems the most obvious choice.
		The use of “Finnic” in its older meaning(s), that is, denoting a smaller or larger subpart of the Finno-Ugric language family, is genetically misleading, as it over-emphasizes the dichotomy between Ugric and “Finnic” (i.e.
	homepage.univie.ac.at /Johanna.Laakso/paris.html (4935 words)

	FINLAND: Uralic Languge Family (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		They were children of the North, born under the Northern Lights and expert hunters and fishers who lived and/or traveled between the Baltics and Mongolia in search of food.
		Finnic is divided into the Baltic-Finnic, Volga-Finnic, and Permian languages; Ugric comprises Hungarian and the Ob-Ugric languages.
		Whereas the Finnic languages are more or less geographically contiguous, the Ugric languages lie at opposite ends of the Finno-Ugric area.
	www.geocities.com /ojoronen/LANGCLAS.HTM (1115 words)

	The Guild - View Single Post - Fury of the Northmen Mod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In pre-feudal Baltic and Finnic society, nobles were composed of the wealthy regional strong men and the males of their families.
		Soon, it was the Baltic people’s who had their go against the former aggressors, and the Scandinavians were on the defensive for a while.
		Around the turn of the millennia, The Finnic and Baltic Tribes were able to control the Baltic Sea, and the Curonians in particular had a reputation of being skilled raiders, much like the Vikings.
	forums.totalwar.org /vb/showpost.php?p=612005&postcount=642 (3035 words)

	RECONNECTING FINNIC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A hundred years ago, in the "golden age" of comparative historical Finno-Ugristics, knowledge of the minor Finnic languages was an essential part of Finnish or Estonian philology and closely linked to the most central fields of contemporary linguistic studies.
		This symposium seeks to reestablish the connections between the study of the minor Finnic languages and the most vigorously developing approaches and subfields of modern linguistics.
		The symposium "Reconnecting Finnic" invites all researchers of the Finnic languages as well as all linguists interested in Finno-Ugric and Circum-Baltic languages, to discuss the various perspectives of Finnic studies and the possible contribution of Finnic studies to general linguistics - or vice versa.
	www.helsinki.fi /hum/sugl/proj/recfin (321 words)

	Baltic
		The Baltic languages are more closely related to Slavic, Germanic, and Indo-Iranian (in that order) than to the other branches of the family.
		The quite close historic relationship of the Baltic, Slavic, and Germanic languages is shown by the fact that they alone of all the Indo-European languages have the sound m in the dative plural ending (e.g., Lithuanian vilká-m-s “wolf,” Common Slavic *vilko-m-u, Gothic wulf-am).
		Baltic has very few early loanwords from Finnic, but Finnic has many early loans from Baltic.
	www.rkp-montreal.org /en/05baltic (3519 words)

	HaloScan.com - Comments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Baltic & Finnic are good examples: you see these common ideas about Finns as "Scandinavians + Siberians" that immediately reveal themselves to be garbage by being completely oblivious to what were likely the most intimate prehistoric non-Finnic/Finnic-speaking contacts in the area - southwestern Finnic and Baltic contacts.
		Finnic women would have similarily had trouble marrying the agriculturalists, if their own society believed in lesser dowry and didn't provide so much of it.
		The Finnic languages were also spoken on a much larger area, at least to the north and the east of the Baltic-speaking area and somewhat further to the south than today on the Baltic Sea.
	www.haloscan.com /comments/raldanash/114646422373187696 (4237 words)

	Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura
		The relationship between the Finnic languages and the peoples speaking them can be variously described, this being contingent on whether it is the native speakers themselves or the neighbouring Baltic, Germanic or Slavic tribes who are attempting to determine the ethnolingual picture.
		Finnic ethnonyms usually signify both the speakers of a language and the area inhabited by an ethnic group, although even a superficial analysis will reveal that either the ethnic or the geographic denotation was created by means of derivation or arose from a secondary meaning.
		According to this theory the proper noun was borrowed by Estonian from the Baltic languages, and became the name of an Estonian province situated in the northern part of present-day Tartumaa.
	www.sgr.fi /ct/ct51.html (3001 words)

	Self-Organization Versus Autocracy in Baltic Life, A.D. 1000-2000 - Clemens
		Baltic developments in the late 20th century are more remarkable if we compare them with other forms of social organization that existed on the Amber Coast in earlier times.
		The Finnic and Baltic peoples did not hold their ground against the Slavs and Germanic peoples who pushed them into narrow confines along the Amber Coast and then, in turns, dominated them for nearly 1000 years.
		Swedish kings understood that the Baltic provinces were very important to them: The provinces would be a granary for Sweden; a source of revenue and of manufactures; and a barrier to Russian expansion.
	www.lituanus.org /2000/00_1_02.htm (7044 words)

	De Proverbio - Electronic Journal of International Proverb Studies. Proverbs, Quotations, Sayings, Wellerisms.
		While preparing the material in the current revival stage, a special attention is directed to the geographical distribution of the recordings of a proverb type, and also to the correlation occurring between the wording pattern and the geographical origin of texts (the so-called redaction analysis).
		The third research aspect besides dissemination and type problems is the exploration of the poetic, structural and semantic similarities/differences of the proverbs of the Baltic Finns.
		Hopefully such synthesis might provide additional information about linguistic and cultural contacts in the Baltic Sea region, about the similarities and differences appearing in the mentality of different peoples, and it might assist in exploring the cultural-ecological factors that could have favoured or hindered the dissemination of particular proverbs to particular cultural territories.
	www.deproverbio.com /DPjournal/DP,4,1,98/CURRENT/BALTICPROJECT.html (5135 words)

	II
		Perhaps the foremost authority on the scholarly literature pertaining to the Baltic psalteries was a Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Oregon, Stephen Reynolds, who began collecting and studying these materials as a hobby.
		The Finnic theory originated in pre-revolutionary Russia among several scholars, the most important of whom were Mikhail Petukhov (1892) and N. Privalov (1908).
		The theory also proposed a Finnic etymology for the names of the instruments and held that there was no genetic relationship between the Baltic psalteries and the helmet-shaped gusli.
	www.people.iup.edu /rahkonen/kantele/diss/history.htm (1534 words)

	\\Ntwww\academic\History\urban\articles\Victims of the Baltic Crusade.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The term, the Baltic Crusade, is today understood to refer first of all to the crusading program in medieval Livonia (modern Latvia and Estonia) and secondarily to those in Finland, Prussia and Lithuania.
		On the other hand, the Baltic peoples were much more advanced politically and economically, and in the thirteenth century were able to reduce quickly the difference between their technological and organizational skills and those of the West.
		Consequently, it should be no surprise that Baltic society before 1200 represented a military culture in which young men and aspiring chieftains demonstrated their courage and ability through participation in or leading raids on the least powerful of their neighbors.
	department.monm.edu /history/urban/articles/VictimsBalticCrusade.htm (6831 words)

	FINNS: Uralic Languge Family
		Livonian, an acient Baltic Finno-Ugric language destroyed by the Soviets.
		Hungarian is in the extreme south-west, and the Ob-Ugric languages, Vogul and Ostyak, are situated in the extreme north-east.
		Finnish and Estonian texts survive from the Protestant Reformation, which swept over Scandinavia and much of the Baltic in the 16th century; the reformer of the Finns, Michael Agricola (1512-57), also translated the Bible into Finnish.
	uralica.com /langclas.htm (1611 words)

	UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page
		Estonian belongs to the Baltic Finnic group of languages that, together with the Ugric group to which Hungarian belongs, make up a major branch of the Uralic language family.
		Others closely affiliated are Baltic Finnic languages including Karelian (spoken by fewer than 10,000 in northwestern Russia west of Lake Onega) and other nearly extinct languages (Ingrian, Livonian, and Votic).
		The Baltic Finnic languages are mutually intelligible, and some experts consider them to be dialects of the same language.
	www.lmp.ucla.edu /Profile.aspx?LangID=28 (1153 words)

	Baltic and Slavic Revisited - Antanas Klimas
		Thus, according to Karaliūnas, the elements common to Baltic and Slavic arose as a result of the fact that at first they were completely separate (after the split of the Indo-European protolanguage) and that later they again became close for a certain period of time.
		Karaliūnas believes that immediately after the separation of the Baltic dialects from the IE protolanguage, the Baltic dialects were closer to the Germanic dialects, and only later did they move towards the Slavic dialects.
		In the so-called thematic verbs22 in Baltic, in very ancient times the IE first person singular ending -o was generalized as the basic ending.
	www.lituanus.org /1973/73_1_02.htm (4558 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Karelian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Geographical distribution of Samoyedic, Finnic, Ugric and Yukaghir languages The Uralic languages form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people.
		Olonets-Karelian (East Karelian, Livvi) is the variety of Karelian language spoken by Olonets-Karelians, traditionally inhabiting the area of the Olonka River.
		Ludic or Ludian is a Baltic Finnic language in the Uralic language family.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Karelian-language (2413 words)

	Weller
		By the twelfth century, western Baltic Finns were part of the Swedish realm, the eastern were subjects of Novgorod.
		Speakers of Baltic Finnic (BF) languages also view the heart as the seat of anger, but the data present variation.
		This innovation probably began in the tenth century when the cultures of the Baltic Finns and the Russians were clearly merging.
	aatseel.org /program/aatseel/2000/abstract-235.html (1006 words)

	Estonian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric languages.
		Estonian is thus related to Finnish, spoken on the other side of the Gulf of Finland, and is one of the few languages of Europe that is not Indo-European.
		An English-Estonian-English dictionary (Institute of Baltic Studies) — based on a common school dictionary
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Estonian_language (1908 words)

	Vot, ihminen tahtoo kotimaalle; English summary
		The informants are all over 60 years of age, since the younger generation has a command of Ingrian Finnish which at best consists of a few individual phrases.
		The Finnic languages and dialects of western Ingria survive only in the older generations, but they are still used to convey feelings, thoughts and human destinies.
		There are only a few remnants of the Finnic tribes and the overwhelming majority language of the area is now Russian.
	helmer.hit.uib.no /Ingrisk/western.html (3886 words)

	The Circum-Baltic Languages: Their Typology and Contacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Prospectus: In the Baltic Sea area, there are representatives of three major branches of Indo-European: Baltic, Germanic, and Slavic; in addition, there are Baltic-Finnic languages from the Uralic phylum and also a couple of languages from other language families.
		The circum-Baltic area has been a meeting-place for people of different ethnic origins for several millennia, and is an ideal place to study areal and contact phenomena and their influence on the structure of the languages involved over longer periods.
		General surveys are also given of the Baltic and Finnic languages, of the Swedish dialects in the Baltic sea area and of the Russian varieties in the Baltic states.
	www.ling.su.se /staff/tamm/CB-book.html (227 words)

	New Page 1
		Around the year 900 AD the Vikings established a trading route running through Finland to as far as the Middle East, as a result of this many Arab coins have been discovered in the Åland islands.
		The campaigns of the Vikings did not affect Finland directly although it strengthened the economy of Finland and around the Baltic.
		Also during 900 AD the trading settlement of Koroinen was established where the present day city of Turku is now located, the settlement traded with several different European peoples, known because of the Byzantine, Anglo-Saxon and Germanic coins found at site.
	members.tripod.com /Daniel_Kravin/Baltic-Finnicb.htm (2414 words)

	Finnish 101 > Finnish Language > History
		It is believed that the Baltic Finnic languages evolved from a proto-Finnic language, from which Sami was separated around 1500-1000 BCE.
		The Baltic Finnic languages separated around the 1st century, but kept on influencing each other.
		This sound was later lost and also suppressed in spelling, except if it appeared intervocalically, when it became 'v'.
	www.101languages.net /finnish/history.html (491 words)

	Skuodia - IBWiki
		Skuodia started to emerge in about the 4th or 5th century AD, when a group of Pomorian Slavs migrated across the Baltic Sea to approximately what is now Skuodia and the adjacent regions of Latvia.
		As a member of the Baltic League, Skuodia plays a part in all the developments in the region, and has been termed ‘The Jervaine of Eastern Europe’.
		Skuodia is delimited by Latvia (in the North), by Lithuania (RTC) in the South, and by the Baltic Sea in the West.
	ib.frath.net /w/Skuodia (962 words)

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