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Topic: Baltic tribes

	LATVIA Travel to Latvia
		In approximately 2000 BC, Baltic tribes came into Latvia, and are regarded as the ancestors of present day Latvians and Lithuanians.
		In 1700, the army of Czarist Russia confronted Sweden for the sole purpose of conquering the ice-free harbors of the Baltic sea.
		Two years later, on August 23, 1989 the world view on the issue of the Baltic states was strongly influenced by the formation of a live chain around the Baltic states, that reminded the world of the anniversary of Stalin - Hitler pact.
	www.scantours.com /latvia.htm (3085 words)

	Balts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Balts or Baltic peoples (Latvian: balti, Lithuanian: baltai), defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family, are descended from a group of Indo-European tribes who settled the area between lower Vistula and upper Daugava and Dneper.
		The prehistoric cradle of the Baltic peoples according to archeogenetic research and archaeological studies was the area near the Baltic sea and central Europe at the end of ice age and beginning of the Mesolithic period.
		In the first centuries of the 1st millennium AD, the Baltic tribes settled the area between the Vistula and the Daugava.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Balts (838 words)

	Estonia - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		They had early contacts with Baltic tribes (later the Latvians and Lithuanians) to the south, Scandinavians to the west, and Slavs to the east.
		Given their memory of independence in the 1920s and 1930s, Estonia and its Baltic neighbors were in the best position among the Soviet republics to take advantage of reforms introduced by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s.
		The three Baltic states were internationally recognized as independent countries later that month with their admittance to the United Nations (UN).
	encarta.msn.com /text_761563693___34/Estonia.html (2127 words)

	History of Lithuania Balts Slavs Slavonic Sarmatia Sarmatian Prussia East Nord Scandinavia Nation book
		The remaining Kaunas-Smolensk complex of Baltic tribes was to a lesser degree infiltrated by the Balts that lived in the West, therefore between the Nemunas and the Dnepr sources and in the South Pripet in the 6th c.
		The Lithuanian tribe that formed in the lower and upper reaches of the Neris basin, between the Nemunas and the Daugava, managed to stand out by their specific ethnosocial structure in the central world of the Balts.
		Map of Baltic Tribes in 7 - 9 A.D. Relations between the primary Lithuanian confederation and the eastern and southern neighbouring Balts could not differ in the least from relations with the northern and western tribes.
	www.lietuvos.net /istorija/east_balts/balts.htm (3692 words)

	ETHNIC PROCESSES IN BALTIC-INHABITED TERRITORIES AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE LATVIAN NATION IN THE 6th TO THE 16th CENTURY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		If the territory of the Baltic peoples was threatened from the East and South by eastern and western Slavs, then on the West, the Baltic tribes (Prussians and Curonians) where the object of attempted conquest by the Scandinavians.
		Baltic residents in Latvia from the 6th to the 12th century oriented men and women in opposite directions, but each separate tribe did so in a different direction.33 In this respect the Curonians and Semigallians operated similarly, as did the Lettigallians and Selonians.
		The local tribes are mentioned in several Livonian chronicles from the 14th century34 -- the Curonians (curones) are mentioned in the chronicle of Herman of Wartberg, while the Curonians (Curen), Semigallians (Semegallen), Lettigallians (Litten) and Livs (Liven) are mentioned in the Chronicle of New Rhymes.
	vip.latnet.lv /hss/mugur.htm (4038 words)

	The origins of the Grand Duchy of Litva (Lithuania)
		Baltic elements are still recognizable in the folklore (dances, songs, costumes, folk ornaments, etc.) and toponymics (place names) of the present-day Belarus.
		The duchy of Novaharodak was virtually surrounded by unassimilated Baltic tribes: the Jacviahi(Yatvegians) in the west (who were later belarusianized), the Nalscany in the north, the Litva in the east and Northeast, and the area called Aukstota in the south-eastern part of modern Lithuania.
		The adjoining Baltic areas of Litva and Nalscany were subdued by force; whereas the old Belarusian principalities of Pinsk(see also Pinsk), Polacak(see also Polacak), Viciebsk and others joined the new state voluntarily.
	www.belarusguide.com /as/history/jermal1.html (1085 words)

	The Origins and Growth of Baltic Nationalism as a Force for Independence - Gary Hartman
		The steadfast Baltic drive for autonomy and independence is rooted in the intense nationalistic identity of the Baltic people, born of centuries of a unique interplay of factors contributing to this strong sense of nationalism.
		The Baltic tribes who spoke the first language subgroup settled into what is today Estonia, and those of the second subgroup established themselves to the south along the coastline of what is now Latvia.
		Baltic industry was sluggish under Soviet control, however, and in 1957 Kruschchev allowed the formation of National Economic Councils to give the states much greater administrative control of the industrial sector.
	www.lituanus.org /1992_3/92_3_04.htm (5751 words)

	Baltic
		The Baltic languages are more closely related to Slavic, Germanic, and Indo-Iranian (in that order) than to the other branches of the family.
		The quite close historic relationship of the Baltic, Slavic, and Germanic languages is shown by the fact that they alone of all the Indo-European languages have the sound m in the dative plural ending (e.g., Lithuanian vilká-m-s “wolf,” Common Slavic *vilko-m-u, Gothic wulf-am).
		One of these Baltic tribes, the Galindians (Goljadi), is mentioned in a chronicle as late as the 12th century.
	www.rkp-montreal.org /en/05baltic (3519 words)

	Central Europe Review - A Brief History of Latvia
		The Baltic tribes that later became Latvians and Lithuanians have lived along the coast of the Baltic Sea for some two to three millennia.
		It was also during this period that the Baltic tribes living on Latvian soil slowly emerged as a collective Latvian nation.
		Tribes not connected with ethnic kin Lithuania, alongside the slowly disappearing (or assimilated) Livonians, became more of a unified people, although as the province of Latgale remained under Polish-Lithuanian rule, it remained a bit more separate than the others and thus retained its Catholic faith.
	www.ce-review.org /00/27/latvia27_history.html (2158 words)

	Baltic Crusaders - in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia
		Veterans of the Crusades in the Middle East invited to stop the invasion by pagan Prussians (a Baltic cousin of the Lithuanians-the name was later adopted by their Germanic conquerors) into Christian lands.
		They asserted that it was better to go to death gloriously for Christ than, to the confusion of their tribe, to take flight dishonorably.
		It was a devastating blow and soon all of the Estonians were under the subjugation of either the Germans or the Danes, who grabbed northern Estonia.
	www.balticsww.com /Crusaders.htm (2407 words)

	A Military History of Belarusian Lands Up to the End of Twelfth Century A
		The starting point is the late 5th century when Slavic tribes began to massively infiltrate the territory of modern Belarus and interact with local Baltic tribes in both peaceful and hostile ways.
		The warband stood beyond the traditional family structure of a tribe, was headed by the chief and consisted of outlaw warriors personally devoted to him.
		Based on their force local Slavic, Baltic and Finno-Ugrian chiefs were in a good position to overcome the influence of family aristocracy but ultimately lost to the Norsemen whose military prowess by far surpassed that of Slavs, Balts and Finno-Ugrians.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/articles/novikou.htm (10835 words)

	Poland and the Baltic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		According to the chroniclers Gallus Anonymus, Jan Dlugosz and Marcin Kromer, as a consequence of bad rule Popiel was banished from the capital of Gniezno and died eaten alive by mice (or rats) in a tower in the Kruszwica settlement.
		The Baltic coast from the island of Rügen in Germany, to the mouth of the Vistula in Gdansk Bay in Poland.
		The Bishops of Riga were the overlords of several Livonian tribes in addition to the city itself, and maintained their power often at the expense of their neighbors and ostensible allies, the Livonian Order (see Latvia).
	www.hostkingdom.net /baltic.html (2715 words)

	Forts
		To the Scandinavians the territory of the eastern Slavs was known as the land of forts (Gardarike).
		Several forts of the Slavs and the Baltic tribes have been excavated, and it has been possible to gain an understanding of their construction and function.
		Inside them the whole wealth of the tribe, as well as the private treasure of the rulers, was concentrated, and they were the objects of repeated attacks by warrior bands from Scandinavia.
	www.rkp-montreal.org /en/02forts.html (1544 words)

	Media Guide: The Big Book: Post-Communist Developments in the Media in Latvia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The term "Baltic" used today is purely for geographic convenience, as the Estonians are not descendants of the original Baltic tribes, but are rather of Finno-Ugric origin.
		During the Crusades, invaders from Western Europe were much better armed and organized than the Baltic tribes, and the German Brothers of the Militia of Christ (later known as the Teutonic Knights) quickly gained control of the region.
		For example, Baltic Germans, who comprised 3.2 per cent of the population and had played a role in several governments in the 1920's, were completely excluded by the mid-1930's.
	www.mediaguide.hu /book/bookID10.html (5213 words)

	ETHNO-LINGUISTIC CONTACTS BETWEEN LETTIGALLIANS AND SELONIANS AND BALTIC FINNS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Eastern Baltic Finns of eastern Latvia had a broad-faced, subbrachycranic physical type which particularly resembled the physical type of Vots and Ižorians but which was quite different from the broad-faced subbrachycranic physical type of the Ugals (Deņisova 1968: 100-101; 1970: 13-14; 1973: 9; 1975: 186; 1977: 114, 131-174).
		the etnonym of the successors of Baltic Finns in this region -- leivi < Livs) (Stepermanis 1960:232; Ancītis and Jansons 1963: 44).
		This examples show that in the Baltic Finnish languages, there was a tendency to revoice the diphthong ai to the diphthong ōi when it appeared after the occlusive k, and it is not impossible that this tendency found full voice in some idiom of the Baltic Finns which has now been lost.
	vip.latnet.lv /hss/breidaks.htm (3800 words)

	excerpt from Janis Endzelins' Comparative Phonology and Morphology of the Baltic Languages
		Comparing the East Baltic languages with each other, one can say that the Lithuanian language is more conservative than Latvian; the greater part of the sounds and forms of Latvian have developed from sounds and forms similar to those even now used in Lithuanian.
		The majority of features which now separate the Slavic languages from the Baltic could for the greater part have developed after the period when the Balts and Slavs lived together; in addition it is necessary to keep in mind that Baltic language texts begin only in the 16th century.
		In all of the Baltic languages one finds the influence of the Slavic and Germanic languages, but in Latvian the influence of Livonian and Estonian is noted also.
	www.suduva.com /virdainas/excerpt.htm (1427 words)

	Latvia: Constitution
		The Pope initiated a crusade to the Baltics, whcich was considered to be equal before God as the crusade to Jerusalem.
		The price paid for the preservation of national identity was high: The German inhabitants, during the 15th anf 16th centuries, managed to raise themselves to the status of feudal lords and the local inhabitants became their serfs.
		Two years later, on August 23, 1989 the world view on the issue of the Baltic states was strongly influenced by the formation of a live chain around the Baltic states, that reminded the world of the anniversary of Stalin-Hitler pact.
	www.eunet.lv /VT/history.html (3252 words)

	Pagan
		The Baltic culture development of those centuries have been achieved culture level that even neighbouring nations was inspired by them.
		Bertold was nominated as the new bishop, who forced tribes to baptise with help of crusaders, but in 1198 year some tribe member called Imauts killed him in fight.
		When tribe leader Viestards was informed by this step he declared war against Mezotne, because he understood how danger it was if Germans were present in territory of Semigallia.
	www.theoldpath.com /website/iceheart/page5.html (2434 words)

	New Page 1
		The first mention of Baltic-Finnic tribes within Finland in historical sources was in 98 AD by the Roman historian Tacitus, in his study Germania he calls them the Fenni (It is possible that he was referring to the Lapps).
		Also during 900 AD the trading settlement of Koroinen was established where the present day city of Turku is now located, the settlement traded with several different European peoples, known because of the Byzantine, Anglo-Saxon and Germanic coins found at site.
		Finnish is not one of the original Baltic-Finnic languages, rather it is a combination of the languages that the Baltic-Finnic tribes spoke in the area of Finland.
	members.tripod.com /Daniel_Kravin/Baltic-Finnicb.htm (2414 words)

	History of Lithuania
		The ancient Baltic culture evolved from the local inhabitants and Indo-Europeans.
		The union of the Baltic tribes created the state of Lithuania, which name first, appeared in the German chronicle "Annales Quedlinburgenses" (Annals of Quedlinburg) in 1009.
		Also in 1993 Lithuania became the first of the three Baltic States to be free of the Russian military presence.
	www.balticroads.lt /en/learn/history.asp (926 words)

	Europa: The History of the White Race : Chapter 33 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Polish tribes were still at this stage all still pagans, and it was only with the conversion of the Polish king Mieszko, who reigned from 962 to 992, that Christianity was introduced to the Poles.
		As was the case with all the Baltic states, the Soviets realized that the key to changing the society in any territory is to change the population make-up: a huge ethnic Russian resettlement program was launched by the Soviet Union, which was dramatically successful.
		The Prussi were related to the Lithuanians, and evidence of the contact between these two groupings is widespread, with the Prussi acting as go-betweens with the Baltic tribes to the north and the Celts of Western Europe in the lucrative trade in the semi-precious amber.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/fowles/500/hwr33.htm (5255 words)

	EUROPE: Central & Eastern Europe / The Baltic States
		What were these stories and how were they told?....The amount of data to be processed for all of Europe is far too large to be handled by an individual scholar, whereas the study of a small region might be too specific to reach conclusions valid for research in general.
		Due to this fact, many Baltic gods are described in folklore, chronicles and books which allows us to reconstruct details of the religion of ancient Balts....
		The Baltic Institute of Folklore (BIF) is founded by the academic folkloristic institutions of the Three Baltic states - Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania in 1995.
	www.mythinglinks.org /euro~east~baltics.html (1644 words)

	Language Kinship vs. Language Union: an article by Cyril Babaev
		First Baltic languages were touched in the beginning of the comparative era - in the middle of the 19th century when Rasmus Rask and Franz Bopp first attempted to write a comparative Baltic grammar.
		The statement of close origins of Baltic and Slavic founded a new wave in comparative linguistics - the theory of the common "Balto-Slavic language" was born in Europe.
		This is partly witnessed by archaeological research: Slavic and Baltic settlements in the 1st millennium BC and the 1st millennium AD were mixed in modern Belorussia, Poland and Eastern Russia.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article20.html (2481 words)

	tourist information for Riga breaks \| Baltic Travel experts
		The Baltic States are the most beautiful and exciting travel destinations in Europe, made up of 3 countries: Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.
		During the Iron Age, the lower parts of the Daugava River were densely populated by Baltic tribes, which took advantage of the superior geographical positioning of the area.
		As the local tribes resisted these different beliefs, German crusaders were sent by the Pope in Rome to change their belief systems.
	www.vamostravel.com /city_breaks/Riga/tourist_information.asp (1105 words)

	Baltic factions and tribes - Total War Center Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This thread is for discussion of the Baltic factions of the mod: Lithuanians, Prussians and other tribes like Samogitians, Semigallians, Yatvingians, Lettigallians, Curonians, and any other issues regarding their territories, settlements, units and buildings.
		We can assume that only baltic tribes are Lithuanians and Prussians which used this shield type at the start of mod, and Samogitians later.
		Here is the link to map of Baltic tribes early 13th century, I think this one is quite good.
	www.twcenter.net /forums/showthread.php?t=46816 (1919 words)

	My Prima Donna Swamp Princess: 31. POSTERIOR
		Still, there are a handful of postcard-perfect scenes, and you don’t have to have a drop of Baltic blood in your body to be enraptured by them.
		I watched her out of the corner of my eye, imagining what was going on in her mind, how she was probably trying to reconstruct the scenes she remembered when she was last here some 600 years ago.
		How she crossed through the fortress numerous times on her journeys, trying to unite the Baltic tribes in the struggle against the Teutonic invasion and its policy of forceful Christianization.
	www.baltictimes.com /news/articles/16194 (712 words)

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