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	Estonian Institute www.einst.ee
		Baltic noblemen were efficient managers of their estates, often having been trained in natural sciences or agronomy at Tartu University.
		Rising national and cultural enthusiasm among the Baltic Germans was interrupted with the outbreak of World War I. Although almost all Baltic Germans of military age served as Russian officers, the Russian authorities became increasingly suspicious of possible collaboration between Baltic Germans and the enemy.
		An autonomous Baltic German state consisting of the three provinces in union with Prussia or the dukedom of Mecklenburg was proposed, but the German authorities were divided and no formal ties were established before the defeat of Germany in November 1918.
	www.einst.ee /factsheets/factsheets_uus_kuju/baltic_germans.htm (2982 words)

	History of the Baltic states
		As far as the bourgeoisie of the three Baltic provinces was concerned, independence became a vital necessity only with the success of the October Revolution.
		The provinces were used by both the tzarist generals like Yudenich and by the British to attack and harass the Red Army.
		The communist movement in the in the three Baltic states, as well as in Poland, Finland, and throughout Europe was further weakened due to errors and mistakes in the leadership of the Comintern.
	web.mit.edu /fjk/Public/essays/baltics.html (2692 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Baltic
		Baltic states BALTIC STATES [Baltic states] the countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, bordering on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.
		Baltic provinces BALTIC PROVINCES [Baltic provinces] historic regions of Courland, Livonia, Estonia, and Ingermanland bordering on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.
		Baltic Shield BALTIC SHIELD [Baltic Shield] the continental core of Europe, composed of Precambrian crystalline rock, the oldest of Europe.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Baltic (753 words)

	Estonica : History : From the Baltic Landesstaat to the Diet of Estonia (1721 - 1917)
		Estonia, and the other Baltic provinces had belonged to the Russian Empire from as early as 1721, but their situation was markedly different from that which existed elsewhere in Russia.
		The Baltic provinces, though incorporated into greater Russia, were governed in accordance with the Treaty of Nystadt, which required that a so-called ‘special regime’ should continue to apply.
		Baltic German circles did not envisage that separation would lead to independence, their views leaning more towards separation of the Baltic states from Russia and their union with Germany.
	www.estonica.org /eng/lugu.html?kateg=43&alam=80&menyy_id=1142 (659 words)

	[No title]
		Although in one portion of the country - the Suvalki province, which had belonged to Napoleon's Grand Duchy of Warsaw - the peasants were freed during the first decade of the nineteenth century, emancipation with the right to limited landholding came to the rest of the country only in 1861.
		In August 1979, 45 Baltic activists issued a declaration in connection with the 40th anniversary of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in which they called for a restoration of the independence of the Baltic states.
		CONCLUSIONS - The Baltic region has been under domination for most of recorded history by either pre-Russian elements of what is now the Soviet Union, Russia in one permutation or another, various groups of knights of primarily Germanic origin, or the Poles in one form or another.
	history.eserver.org /baltic-history.txt (6942 words)

	Baltic provinces
		The Baltic Provinces were the provinces of the Russian Empire on the territory which is now Baltic States.
		The Baltic Provinces consisted of the historic regions of Courland, Livonia, Estonia, and Ingermanland, and border on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.
		Sometimes, the province of Kovno in the present-day Lithuania is also included among Baltic Provinces.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/b/ba/baltic_provinces.html (151 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - BALTIC PROVINCES: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The three Russian governments bordering the Baltic sea—Courland, Livonia, and Esthonia; belonging formerly to Sweden, with the exception of Courland, which was a dependency of Poland and came into possession of Russia, in part at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and the remainder in 1809.
		While the legal status of the Jews of the Baltic Provinces has varied under different rulers, they are not included in the list of governments issued by Russia in 1890, but belong to the Pale of Settlement.
		The Jews of the Baltic Provinces are fond of emigrating, and are occupied as artisans, teachers, clerks, bookkeepers, and small traders all over the world.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=185&letter=B&search=Livonia (534 words)

	Baltic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Baltic provinces, former provinces of the Russian Empire
		Baltic Ridge, hilly landscape at the southern coast of the Baltic Sea from Denmark through Germany and Poland to the Baltic countries
		Baltic Russians ethnic Russians associated with the Baltic region
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baltic (203 words)

	Courland, Livonia and Estonia
		The Provinces possessed in the fourteenth century connection by land as well as by sea with Germany and the German population was thus freely reinforced.
		The Baltic Revolution of 1905 and its Consequences During the first decade of the reign of Nicholas II (1894-1917) the policy of Russification of the Baltic Provinces in the main continued.
		The hope of many Germans within and without the Baltic Provinces that Germany would in the future regain her lost colonies had been evident for generations, but proof of any disloyal intrigue against the reigning Tsar appears to be lacking.
	www.jewishgen.org /Courland/foreignoffice.htm (2992 words)

	Baltic provinces - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		BALTIC PROVINCES [Baltic provinces] historic regions of Courland, Livonia, Estonia, and Ingermanland bordering on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.
		A Baltic province's story, in one man's life: German Konigsberg, later Russian Kaliningrad, would be isolated again in the EU's expansion east by 2004.(World)
		The European Union faces a Russian-controlled enclave of smugglers and industrial decay in the Baltic.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-balticpr.html (246 words)

	Baltic History - Chronology
		Baltic diplomats consider dozens of different treaties and alliances in a desperate effort to keep both powers at bay.
		Increasingly, the Baltic states address their appeals to the West-where some governments encourage them, others tell them to back down from outright independence, and most tell them to be patient.
		The United States and Iraq are on the verge of war and Baltic leaders warn that the attempted overthrow of their governments could coincide with the start of war in the Persian Gulf, much as the start of World War II allowed Stalin to subjugate the Baltics fifty years before.
	www.balticsww.com /timeline.htm (5270 words)

	Revelations of the Diplomatic History of the 18th Century by Karl Marx
		It is, then, not the mere conquest of the Baltic provinces which separates the policy of Peter the Great from that of his ancestors, but it is the transfer of the capital which reveals the true meaning of his Baltic conquests.
		The gentleman hinted at is Admiral Norris, whose Baltic campaign against Peter I seems, indeed, to be the original pattern upon which the recent naval campaigns of Admirals Napier and Dundas were cut out.
		The restoration to Sweden of the Baltic provinces is required by the commercial as well as the political interest of Great Britain.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1857/russia/ch05.htm (2831 words)

	The Cinema of Witness. Roger Sandall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A distinguished and original work honoring Baltic independence, his film celebrates the choral rising which took place in 1990, a form of cultural politics which contributed more than a little to securing the new-won freedom of the Baltic States.
		In one year of Soviet occupation, June 1940-June 1941, the total Baltic population executed, deported, or conscripted by force into the Russian army has been estimated at 124,467; (this being those for whom there are definite names).
		Baltic men who were not yoked for service in the Army were suborned into dirtier jobs.
	www.the-rathouse.com /RS_Cinema_of_Witness.html (5761 words)

	AllRefer.com - Baltic states (CIS And Baltic Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Baltic states, the countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, bordering on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.
		They regained their independence in Sept., 1991, and virtually all Russian troops were withdrawn by Aug., 1994.
		Finland is usually classed with the Scandinavian rather than with the Baltic states.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/Balticst.html (191 words)

	Baltic governorates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Baltic Provinces were the provinces of the Russian Empire on the territory of what in 1918 became, and is now, independent Estonia and Latvia.
		The Baltic Provinces consisted of the historic regions of Courland, Livland, and Estland which border on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.
		In some context, the province of Ingermanland on the far-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea or, more rarely, the province of Kovno in the present-day Lithuania is also included among Baltic Provinces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baltic_provinces (250 words)

	Baltic Duchy (1918)
		Baltic Duchy would have consisted of old provinces of Estonia, Livonia and town of Riga.
		It is unclear whether or not the newly "merged" state was actually called the Baltic Duchy or retained the name of its largest predecessor, the Baltic State.
		Baltic Duchy was proclaimed officially 5 November 1918 and then was established the Regency Council, which president was baron Adolf Pilar von Pilchau-Audern.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/bal_duke.html (1732 words)

	Review: Defender of Minorities. Paul Schiemann, 1876-1944
		John Hiden’s book on Paul Schiemann, the Baltic German ‘defender of minorities’, is a highly welcome contribution not only to the history of Baltic Germans or the Baltic States, but also to European twentieth-century history as a whole.
		Schiemann was one of the most prominent liberal journalists in Riga, a politician fully devoted to the interests of the German minority and his home country, and, as one of the leaders of the European Nationalities Congress, an important spokesman for a peaceful solution to the minority question in the 1920s and 1930s.
		This understanding of national relationships in the Baltic region was crucial for Schiemann’s contribution to nationality theory later in his career, and it was just a consequence of his convictions that he backed Latvian claims for national independence in late 1918.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/bruggemann.html (1660 words)

	Estonia - IBWiki
		Petseri became a province in 1924, when after the Treaty of Tartu Estonia aquired this area from Russia.
		In 1819, under the Russians, the Baltic provinces had serfdom abolished, and the nobility allowed peasants to own their land or move to the cities.
		The most important was land reform, as large estates of Baltic landowners were disowned and redistributed among peasants and volunteers in the Independence Army.
	ib.frath.net /w/Estonia (1629 words)

	Baltic Wizards: Interesting Things: The Tiny Dictionary of Strange East Baltic Things
		BALTIC PROVINCES: Before the World War, the three countries, Courland, Livland, and Estland, were called the Baltic Provinces of Russia, the country that ruled them then.
		LATVIAN REPUBLIC: Because of the charming, romantic scenery in some parts of Latvia, the country is called, "the Baltic Riviera." Another section of the country is known as "the Livonian Switzerland." Picturesque scenery, castle ruins, lakes, and lovely landscapes delight the traveller.
		But unlike their Baltic neighbors, they were once mighty warriors.
	www.sacred-texts.com /neu/bw/bw43.htm (2789 words)

	Svenska krig / Swedish Wars
		The Baltic countries (today's Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and Karelen (the area where St Petersburg is today) belonged to Sweden from 1617 to 1721.
		The aim for the Russians in the war was to capture the Swedish provinces in the Baltic region.
		At the end of June 1676 Denmark landed troops in province of Skåne and in August the province was in Danish hands.
	www.algonet.se /~hogman/slkrig_eng.htm (9665 words)

	Wikinfo \| Baltic
		Baltic sea countries - countries with access to the Baltic Sea
		The term Baltic countries is sometimes used more or less synonymously for Northern Europe (Russia not included)
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Baltic (247 words)

	NATO Chief Inspects Baltic States For Troops And Bases [WWW.STOPNATO.ORG
		Robertson, paying his first visit since NATO leaders invited seven ex-communist nations to join at a summit in November in Prague, is due to visit Lithuania on Thursday and Latvia on Friday, visiting Estonia later in March.
		The Baltic states, which gained independence from the former Soviet Union in 1991, said ahead of Robertson's visit that their membership talks had been plain sailing.
		However, with war with Iraq looming, the political nature of the expansion was underscored recently when 10 NATO hopefuls, including the Baltic states, signed a statement backing the United States on Iraq, highlighting the support eastern Europe has thrown behind Washington and highlighting EU divisions.
	www.mail-archive.com /antinato@topica.com/msg07832.html (1832 words)

	Central Europe Review - A Brief History of Latvia
		The Baltic tribes that later became Latvians and Lithuanians have lived along the coast of the Baltic Sea for some two to three millennia.
		But still, the Baltic Germans - who had remained the élite class since their arrival centuries earlier - controlled the lands on the Baltic coast.
		Still, the Baltic provinces became an experimental ground in some ways for the Russian Empire, with serfdom being abolished from the books decades before the rest of the empire.
	www.ce-review.org /00/27/latvia27_history.html (2158 words)

	James W. Gerard. Face to Face with Kaiserism. 1918. Chapters 24-27.
		The land in the provinces is held by great landowners, mostly of German blood---and the mass of the population belongs to the Lutheran Church.
		The students of the Baltic provinces passed several terms in the German Universities of the South and East of Germany and then returned to Dorpat to undergo their examinations to enter in the service of the Baltic or Russian State.
		Should Germany be allowed to seize these provinces, to increase her population and man power enormously, a second great war like this one will not be far off and Russia, deprived of what Peter the Great called "His window on the Baltic," will lose her place as an European Power.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/memoir/Gerard2/Kaiserism8.htm (12129 words)

	Russian Revolution and Bolshevik Navy 1918
		Troops soon occupy the Baltic provinces and later move into the Ukraine and Crimea.
		With the Germans ashore at Hango in Finland and moving on Helsingfors, the surviving submarines of the British Baltic Flotilla are taken to sea one at a time, blown up and scuttled off the port.
		British naval forces in the Baltic under the command of Rear Adm Sir Walter Cowan are given the difficult task of protecting the Baltic States, evacuating German forces, and operating against the Bolsheviks.
	www.naval-history.net /WW1AreaBaltic1918.htm (785 words)

	Germans. Overview
		The Baltic Germans, especially the nobility, frequently also had high positions in Tzar's government, which is not surprising, because all the Tzars of the Russia Empire during the 19
		According to this author, many German migrants considered the Baltic provinces as a temporary station before to migrate further eastward into Russia provinces, because there the situation in the labor market was better or seemed to be better.
		He was not the only Baltic German landowner with similar ideas and totally this migration added some thousands of ethnic Germans to the population of the region of Latvia.
	www.roots-saknes.lv /Ethnicities/Germans/German_Migrations.htm (1742 words)

	Editions de l'EHESS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The present article investigates the « Baltic question » as a problem pertaining to the government's domestic policy in the early 20th century.
		Particular attention is paid to the relations between the central authorities and Imperial Russia's Baltic provinces.
		The author studies the role of the Baltic German gentry in the life of the region and the juridical basis on which the particular status of the Baltic provinces in the composition of the state had been resting since the 18th century.
	www.ehess.fr /Editions/revues/cmr43_1_andreeva.html (481 words)

	Class Struggle, Volume 5 Number 11 - November 1935
		It was through these fragments from Finland, the Baltic Provinces, Poland and Czechoslovakia to the Danube and the Balkans that France and England tried to compensate for the loss of their ally Czarist Russia and to try to put up a wall against Bolshevism, and a ring around Germany.
		The Baltic countries themselves may be divided into two main groups: The Scandinavian countries, Norway, Sweden and Denmark on the one hand and the old Baltic provinces, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania on the other, with Finland and Poland standing somewhat apart of both groups.
		We deal first with the Baltic Provinces, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, which were hacked away from the Soviet Union by the Germans at Brest Litovsk and later made into independent republics by the Versailles Treaty.
	www.weisbord.org /FiveEleven.htm (21124 words)

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