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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Pangaea
		In the Cambrian the independent continent of Laurentia on what would become North America sat on the equator, with three bordering oceans of Panthalassic Ocean to the north and west and Iapetus Ocean to the south, and Khanty Ocean to the east.
		Baltica collided with Laurentia by the end of Ordovician, and northern Avalonia collided with Baltica and Laurentia.
		Laurentia, Baltica, and Avalonia formed to create a minor supercontinent of Euramerica or Laurussia, closing the Iapetus Ocean, while the Rheic Ocean expanded in the southern coast of Avalonia.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Pangaea (1715 words)

	Clinton Goveas :: Wikipedia Reference
		In the Cambrian the independent continent of Laurentia on what would become North America sat on the equator, with three bordering oceans of Panthalassic Ocean to the north and west and Iapetus Ocean to the south, and Khanty Ocean to the east.
		Baltica collided with Laurentia by the end of Ordovician, and northern Avalonia collided with Baltica and Laurentia.
		Western Kazakhstania collided with Baltica in the Late Carboniferous, closing the Ural Ocean between them, and western Proto-Tethys in them (Uralian orogeny), causing the formation of the Ural Mountains, and the formation of the supercontinent of Laurasia.
	www.clintongoveas.com /wikipedia/?title=Pangaea (1687 words)

	Baltica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Baltica is a Late Proterozoic-Early Palaeozoic lithospheric plate that now includes the East European craton of northwestern Eurasia.
		Occasionally, Baltica was a continent itself or part of earlier supercontinents.
		Baltica was part of the minor supercontinent Laurasia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baltica (269 words)

	Caledonian orogeny - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To the southeast, the Baltic Plate with the continent Baltica was separated from Gondwana by the Iapetus Ocean.
		A small archipelago-like continent, Avalonia (containing today's New England, Nova Scotia, and a part of Western Europe including the British Isles) was located west of Baltica, separated from it by the Tornquist Ocean.
		The Rheic Ocean lay between Avalonia and Baltica to the north and Gondwana to the south.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caledonides (347 words)

	Geologic History of Georgia: Overview
		Between 630 and 700 million years ago, the rifting (or splitting apart of the continent) began, which led to the opening of the Iapetus Ocean (or proto–Atlantic Ocean) along the eastern margin of North America.
		A volcanic island arc and possibly a small continent collided with North America in the Middle to Late Ordovician period, resulting in the formation of a large mountain range to the east.
		This event, the Alleghanian orogeny, was caused by the collision of Africa (part of the continent of Gondwana) with North America, resulting in the complete closure of the Iapetus Ocean and the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/ArticlePrintable.jsp?id=h-3510 (2494 words)

	Pangaea Encyclopedia Article @ 216.92.11.26 () (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Kazakstania microcontinent had collided with Siberia (Siberian continent has been a separate continent for millions of years since the deformation of the supercontinent Pannotia) in the Middle Carboniferous.
		Western Kazakstania collided with Baltica in the Late Carboniferous, closing the Ural Ocean between them, the formation of Ural Mountains, and the formation of the supercontinent of Laurasia.
		Baltica remained east of Laurentia, and Siberia sat northeast of Laurentia.
	216.92.11.26 /encyclopedia/Pangaea (1242 words)

	Baltica - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Baltica, ancient land mass or terrane (crustal block geologically distinct from its surroundings) that consisted of about two-thirds of the present...
		The Ordovician was a time when continents were as widely dispersed as they are at the present day.
		Kremerata Baltica was launched in 1997 by Gidon Kremer and is already a prominent musical force on the international...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Baltica.html (135 words)

	Short Tectonic History of the North Sea Area
		Avalonia is a minor continent or terrane that covers the present areas of southern England, the Benelux, northern Germany and northwestern Poland.
		It is delimited by the Caledonian Deformation Front (CDF) to the North, the Tornquist zone to the Northeast, the Variscan (Rheno-Hercynian) orogeny to the South and western boundary of Europe's continental crust offshore southern Ireland to the West.
		Its Lithosphere was subducted under Baltica, and Avalonia moved closer to the continent during the Ordovician.
	ulmo.stud.slu.se /~schmidt/diss/node6.html (895 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ural Mountains (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Color-coded regions of the world based on the seven commonly-recognised continents Dymaxion map by Buckminster Fuller shows land masses with minimal distortion as nearly one continuous continent A continent is one of several large landmasses on Earth.
		They were formed in the late Carboniferous period, when a continent consisting largely of Siberia collided with eastern Baltica (~connected to Laurentia (North America) to form the minor supercontinent of Euramerica) and Kazakhstania to form the supercontinent of Laurasia.
		Baltica (green) Baltica is a Late Proterozoic-Early Palaeozoic continent that now includes the East European craton of northwestern Eurasia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ural_Mountains (1644 words)

	Museum "Villa Heidelberg" - Klimpfjäll
		The Middle Allochthon and the Seve units of the Upper Allochthon were derived from similar quartz-rich sedimentary complexes of late Proterozoic-early Palaeozoic (?) age, probably deposited along the western edge of the continent Baltica, and metabasic rocks which represent intrusions and extrusions related to the opening of a late Proterozoic-early Palaeozoic ocean (Proto-Atlantic).
		These units, which derived from the continental terrane of Baltica and its passive margin are distinct from overlying "exotic" oceanic, island-arc and continental terranes building up the upper, Köli part of the Upper Allochthon and the Uppermost Allochthon.
		During the orogenic procecces, the Baltica margin was "subducted" to high-pressure dephts, as documented by the eclogites and other indicators such as diamond at the present Norwegian coast (Western Gneiss Region).
	www.villaheidelberg.vilhelmina.com /intro.htm (613 words)

	Ebook More Info -Caledonian mountains - Free For You. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		488-444 Mya, the largest continent, Gondwana, containing the plates of the future Africa, South America, and Antarctica, was located between the South Pole and the Equator.
		To the northeast was the Siberian Plate, separated from Gondwana by the Palaeotethys Ocean; to the southeast, the Baltic Plate, or Baltica, separated from Gondwana by Iapetus Ocean.
		It was divided from Gondwana by an oceanic rift.
	lmoney.org /en/Caledonian+Mountains (2966 words)

	Baltica Definition / Baltica Research (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Occasionally, Baltica was an independent continentA continent (Latin continere, "to hold together") is a large continuous mass of land on the planet Earth.
		There is no single standard for what defines a continent, and therefore various cultures and sciences have different lists of what are considered to be continents.
		In general, a continent must be large in area, consist of non-submerged land, and have geologically significant borders.
	www.elresearch.com /Baltica (114 words)

	Freeman-Lynde GLY116 Paleozoic Tectonics Questions
		Matching: Match the modern continents or parts of continents in the column on the left with their equivalent Paleozoic continent in the columns on the right and enter your choice on the computer answer sheet.
		A _________________ is the ancient geologically-stable central nucleus of a continent.
		(#1 is the ancient geologically-stable nucleus of a continent, and #2 is an elongate zone of intense deformation and igneous activity).
	www.arches.uga.edu /~rfreeman/Paleozoic_tectonics_questions.html (2727 words)

	Earth Science: Plate Tectonics Present to Cambrian
		Most of these blocks were assembled by a series of plate collisions into the super continents of Laurussia [the Old Red continent] by the Devonian and Laurasia by the Pennsylvanian.
		Meanwhile the remains of Rodinia, Gondwana, rotated clockwise and moved northward to collide with Laurasia -- the result was the super continent Pangaea [all land].
		Baltica and the attached micro continent Avalonia begin colliding with North America in scissors fashion [north to south] to form the Caledonian-Acadian orogeny.
	geowords.com /lostlinks/j01/1.htm (710 words)

	Caledonian orogeny at AllExperts
		To the southeast, the Baltic Plate with the continent Baltica was separated from Gondwana by the Iapetus Ocean.
		A small archipelago-like continent, Avalonia (containing today's New England, Nova Scotia, and a part of Western Europe including the British Isles) was located west of Baltica, separated from it by the Tornquist Ocean.
		The Rheic Ocean lay between Avalonia and Baltica to the north and Gondwana to the south.
	en.allexperts.com /e/c/ca/caledonian_orogeny.htm (408 words)

	Palaeos Earth: Geography: Baltica
		Baltica was one of a number of continental blocks that broke away from the supercontinent Rodinia, but refused to get involved in the whole Gondwana thing (the others non-conformists being Laurentia, Siberia, and Kazakh).
		During the Ordovician, Baltica and Siberia drifted toward Laurentia (Baltica drifting mostly west), creating a loose collection of large land masses separated by shallow coastal seas.
		The Devonian meeting of the continents Laurentia and Baltica to form Euramerica (or Laurussia) caused the Acadian / Caledonide Orogeny (mountain building period), with the usual belching of volcanos, messy climate changes, etc. that generally accompany this sort of collision.
	www.palaeos.com /Earth/Geography/Baltica.html (253 words)

	Prelude
		To the north was the original continent of Ur, very much expanded after 2 billion years of growth and often referred to East Gondwana.
		Baltica and Siberia, are nearby, to the southeast and northeast of Laurentia, respectively.
		When Gondwana formed, Laurentia and Baltica were nearby, and some authorities have suggested that they may have been united with Gondwanda in an even larger supercontinent, Pannotia.
	www.jamestown-ri.info /prelude.htm (1541 words)

	In the beginning, there was Ur
		Traditionally, geologists determined the age of a continent based on the oldest exposed rock, which is some variety of granite.
		Rogers says Ur was the first continent, formed three billion years ago, followed by Arctica half a billion years later.
		The continents gained mass over time, Rogers says, because lighter material in the mantle has been slowly making its way to the surface, a process called "gravitational segregation." Through all of this, the original continents remained intact.
	research.unc.edu /endeavors/spr97/ur.html (987 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Baltica is a Late Proterozoic-Early Palaeozoic continent that now includes the East European craton of northwestern Eurasia.
		Baltica was created as an entity not earlier than 1.8 Ga. Before this time, the three segments/continents that now make up the East European craton were in different places on the globe.
		Baltica rode on top a tectonic plate, known as the Baltic Plate.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Baltica (217 words)

	Handprint : Geoevolution
		During the Silurian era, the continents of North America, Baltica and Siberia reassembled into the supercontinent of Laurasia [the Old Red continent].
		In Asia, a clockwise (southward) movement of Laurasia (Baltica and Siberia) caused complex patterns of subsidence and uplift across the European-Siberia land mass.
		Unseen on the other side of the globe are the continent of Australia (which lies at the other end of a single continental plate shared with India) and Antarctica, near the South Pole.
	www.handprint.com /PS/GEO/geoevo.html (3279 words)

	Scottish Geology Website
		Baltica The name given to a large ancient continent that existed around 400-500 million years ago and that consisted of present-day Scandinavia and England.
		Prior to the orogeny, Scotland formed part of the continent of Laurentia and England formed part of the continents of Avalonia and Baltica.
		It was formed by splitting of a continent called Laurentia about 600 million years ago and disappeared when other continents named Avalonia and Baltica collided with Laurentia between 500 and 400 million years ago.
	www.scottishgeology.com /glossary/glossary.html (3336 words)

	Re: Re: cool fossil link` by Alan Plante on 3/28/2002
		The continents were indeed quite different between 500 and 400 or so million years ago than they are today.
		But Baltica and Laurentia were not connected, or abutting one another.
		But on the other side of Iapetus, along the west coasts of both Baltica and Gondwanaland (Africa and several other proto-plates that had convereged by 420 mya) the floor of Iapetus was being obducted - driven down and over-ridden by the advancing continental plates.
	www.rockhounds.com /rocknet/archive/messages/17032.shtml (811 words)

	Student Resource Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An extensive accumulation of mostly detrital sediments eroded from and deposited adjacent to an uplifted area; clastic wedges are coarse-grained and thick near the uplift and become finer-grained and thinner away from the uplift, e.g., the Queenston Delta.
		The relatively stable part of a continent; consists of a Precambrian shield and a platform, a buried extension of a shield; the ancient nucleus of a continent.
		One of six major Paleozoic continents; composed of Russia east of the Ural Mountains, and Asia north of Kazakhstan and south of Mongolia.
	www.brookscole.com /cgi-brookscole/course_products_bc.pl?fid=M35&product_isbn_issn=0534375502&chapter_number=21&resource_id=10 (755 words)

	Marine Geosciences in Bretagne - 2005
		This continent did not fragment until the boundary of the late Precambrian and the early Cambrian.
		During the Cambrian, the fragmentation of the super continent, Rhodinia, began.
		The convergence of Baltica, along with Avalonia, and Laurentia begins in the Ordovician and continues through the Devonian, resulting in the closure of the Iapetus Ocean.
	perso-sdt.univ-brest.fr /~jacdev/ens/pal_brit05.htm (988 words)

	UCMP Glossary: Paleogeography
		A relatively small ocean that existed between the continents of Laurentia, Baltica, and Avalonia from the Late Precambrian to the Devonian.
		A large ocean that originated between eastern Gondwana, Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Baltica in the Ordovician and finally closed in the Jurassic; replaced by the Tethys Ocean as eastern Pangea was assembled.
		A supercontinent that existed in the Late Precambrian and gave rise to the continents of Gondwana, Laurentia, Siberia, and Baltica in the Cambrian.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /glossary/glossary_9.html (533 words)

	Laurasia @AryanaSite.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Baltica comprised parts of the British Isles, Scandinavia, central Europe, and European Russia.
		Off the then southern coast (now the eastern coast) of North America was the Taconic island arc, which collided during the subsequent Ordovician period (about 450 million years ago) initiating the Taconic orogeny, the first of many mountain-building periods that created the Appalachian Mountains.
		The convergence of Baltica and Avalonia with the North American plates, was completed about 430 million years to 400 million years ago, during the Silurian period, initiating the Caledonian-Arcadian orogeny.
	www.aryanasite.com /afghanistan/relatedarticles/laurasia2.htm (269 words)

	Edinburgh Geological Society
		During the Silurian and Ordovician, the region lay near to the edge of the Laurentian continent, with the Iapetus Ocean lying immediately to the south.
		Sediment from the uplands filled the ocean, whilst much further south, the continent of Baltica (of which England formed a part) crept ever closer as the ocean closed.
		The final closure of the ocean led to the Caledonian Orogeny, and the formation of the Caledonian Mountains to the north.
	www.edinburghgeolsoc.org /o_home.html (808 words)

	Non-Marine Devonian - GCR block
		The Iapetus Ocean, which separated the northern (Laurentian) and southern (Gondwana) continents during the Ordovician Period closed throughout the Silurian Period as the smaller continent of Avalonia fragmented from Gondwana and drifted northwards.
		To the east, the continent of Baltica also drifted northwards and eastwards and the Tornquist Sea, an arm of the Iapetus between it and Laurentia, slowly closed.
		Baltica and the eastern part of Avalonia collided first, in Late Ordovician time, moving northwards together to make first contact with Laurentia in the early part of the Silurian Period.
	www.jncc.gov.uk /earthheritage/gcrdb/GCRblock.asp?block=60 (1406 words)

	www.myspace.com/allearth
		On the basis of geology, biology, climatology, and the alignment of the continental shelf rather than the coastline, he believed that during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras, about 275 to 175 million years ago, all the continents were united into a vast supercontinent, which he called Pangaea.
		The present continents began to split apart in the latter Mesozoic era about 100 million years ago, drifting to their present positions.
		They found that for each continent, the magnetic pole had apparently changed position through geologic time, forming a smooth curve, or pole path, particular to that continent.
	www.myspace.com /allearth (2861 words)

	When Continents Collide
		The exact sequence of events in a continent to continent collision depend on a large number of factors, and it is highly unlikely that any two collisions have ever occurred in exactly the same manner.
		Therefore in all continent to continent collisions, at the time of contact one continent must have a passive margin, the other an active one.
		The fact that continents rather than sea floor occupy the leading edges of two converging plates seems to have no effect on the forces driving the plates together.
	webspinners.com /dlblanc/tectonic/collide.php (1297 words)

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