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Topic: Bantu expansion

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	bantu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Bantu languages are spoken over half the African continent extending from Cameroon in West Africa through the Congo region to the Coast of East Africa and the tip of South Africa.
		A survey of Bantu and related languages indicates that the most probable location of Proto-Bantu, the common origin language is in Nigeria/Cameroon in the northwest corner of the current distribution.
		Accordingly, prehistorians hypothesize that the Bantu expansion is related to the spread of agriculture, which was not practiced in the areas now occupied by Bantu.
	www.umanitoba.ca /faculties/arts/anthropology/courses/122/module2/bantu.html (311 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Bantu
		Bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, united by a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.
		Before the Bantu, the southern half of Africa is believed to have been populated by Khoisan speaking people, today relegated largely to the arid regions around the Kalahari and a few isolated pockets in Tanzania.
		It could be that the southward expansion of the Bantu into tsetse fly country had to wait until their cattle evolved to be resistant to the nagana disease.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Bantu (637 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, united by a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.
		Wilhelm Bleek first used the term "Bantu" in its current sense in his 1862 book A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages, in which he hypothesized that a vast number of languages located across central, southern, eastern, and western Africa shared so many characteristics that they must be part of a single language group.
		Before the Bantu, the southern half of Africa is believed to have been populated by Khoisan speaking people, today occupying the arid regions around the Kalahari and a few isolated pockets in Tanzania.
	stron.frm.pl /wiki.php?title=Bantu (691 words)

	Bantu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, united by a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.
		Wilhelm Bleek first used the term "Bantu" in its current sense in his 1862 book A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages, in which he hypothesized that a vast number of languages located across central, southern, eastern, and western Africa shared so many characteristics that they must be part of a single language group.
		It could be that the southward expansion of the Bantu into tsetse fly country had to wait until their cattle evolved to be resistant to the nagana disease.
	www.wikipedia-mirror.co.za /b/a/n/Bantu.html (637 words)

	Zanzibar resource site : Zanzibar history : Bantu expansion into the land of the Punt, Zanzibar Island and Pemba ...
		It is believed that the Bantu originated from a region of West Equatorial Africa, perhaps in the Benue Valley of Eastern Nigeria or in Cameroun.
		By manufacturing tools, the Bantu were able to improve the efficiency with which they could farm, whilst by manufacturing weapons, they made their armies invincible.
		The Northern Bantu expansion was thus halted in the region of Northern Kenya, where the two races lived side by side, intermarrying and eventually producing the Nilotic tribes such as the Maasai and Luo.
	www.allaboutzanzibar.com /indepth/history/id-01-01-12-bantu.htm (442 words)

	African Languages - MSN Encarta
		Bantu, a single offshoot of the seventh subgroup, is spoken in most of the southern half of Africa.
		Some historical linguists and archaeologists have theorized that the rapid expansion of Bantu languages from the proto-Bantu homeland in Cameroon and eastern Nigeria occurred in three major waves of migration, from 3000 to 4000 years ago.
		Bantu languages and other languages in the Benue-Congo subgroup form verbs by adding prefixes and suffixes to a verb stem.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761565449/African_Languages.html (1782 words)

	History of Africa - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Bantu populations used a distinct suite of crops suited to tropical Africa, including cassava and yams.
		The traditional Bantu range goes from the northern deserts right down to the temperate regions of the south, in which the Bantu crop suite fails from frost.
		In South Africa the struggle with Napoleon caused the United Kingdom to take possession of the Dutch settlements at the Cape, and in 1814 Cape Colony, which had been continuously occupied by British troops since 1806, was formally ceded to the British crown.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/History_of_Africa (7374 words)

	The Story of Africa\| BBC World Service
		There is evidence that the Bantu ancestors of the modern Swahili peoples mastered sailing technology and possessed canoes and boats so they could make their way along the Zambezi river.
		The Bantu were armed with superior weapons and their iron implements allowed them to cultivate land and clear forests efficiently.
		The Bantu proved enormously successful at adapting to their new environments and it has been argued by some historians that they brought not only new methods of survival but the development of the system of statehood that we still find today.
	www.bbc.co.uk /worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/2chapter5.shtml (683 words)

	Reference Encyclopedia - History of South Africa
		The Bushmen and the Bantu lived mostly peacefully together, although since neither had any method of writing, researchers know little of this period outside of archaeological artifacts.
		The type of contact remains unknown, although linguistic proof of integration survives, as several Bantu languages (notably Xhosa and Zulu) incorporated the click consonant characteristic of earlier Khoisan languages.
		After this victory, which resulted from the possession of superior weapons, the Boers felt that their expansion really did have a long suspected stamp of divine approval.
	referenceencyclopedia.com /?title=History_of_South_Africa (8642 words)

	Bantu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wilhelm Bleek first used the term "Bantu" in its current sense in his 1862 book A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages, in which he hypothesized that a vast number of languages located across central, southern, eastern, and western Africa shared so many characteristics that they must be part of a single language group.
		Black South Africans were at times officially called "Bantus" by the apartheid regime.
		The term "Bantu" is considered pejorative in South Africa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bantu_expansion (646 words)

	Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Another point of interest in the Bantu expansion lies in the correlation many have found between the spread of the Bantu and the spread of agriculture and the Iron Age cultural traditions.
		The correlation between the spread of the Bantu and the spread of agriculture is clear.
		The Bantu expansion between 5000 BC and 5 AD is of interest to many researchers.
	www.public.asu.edu /~csteiner/summary.htm (817 words)

	James L. A. Webb Jr. \| Malaria and the Peopling of Early Tropical Africa \| Journal of World History, 16.3 \| The History ...
		This interpretation of the archaeobotanical evidence for the expansion of the oil palm holds that it is a proxy for the increased human presence in and exploitation of the rainforest biome.
		She argues from cultural and linguistic evidence that the relationship between Bantu-speaking immigrants and Batwa-speaking hunting and gathering authochthons that began with the first Bantu migration (5000–4000 B.C.E.) was profoundly changed with the introduction of the banana/plantain complex and iron working during the second Bantu expansion, in the late Stone to Metal Age (1500–500 B.C.E.).
		The expansion of the zone of Bantu language speakers appears to be based upon the demographic advantages of high-yielding yam and plantain/banana cultivation, in conjunction with a tropical falciparum malarial "immunological gradient." In this light, the processes of the Bantu expansions are direct analogues to the expansions of the disease-experienced peoples of early village Eurasia.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/16.3/webb.html (7992 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		The Bantu are African agriculturalists who speak a group of related languages and occupy the southern third of Africa starting from their putative origin in the Nigeria-Cameroon border in the west, to the Kenya-coastline in the east and as far south as Port Elizabeth in South Africa (Hrbek et al.
		The age and gender of the Biaka and Bantu adults tested for JC viruria is given in the Table.
		Due to the close interaction between the Pygmies and their Bantu or Nilotic neighbors in equatorial Africa, it may be speculated that Type 6 strains were transmitted to the Biaka during their later interactions with Bantus while the Type 3 strains were brought along during their migration from southern Sudan and East Africa.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?oc98118 (4876 words)

	Bantu
		In South African contexts, the term Bantu in reference to people is considered offensive due to its tie with apartheid, and its linguistic connotation prevails.
		The Bantu languages are very closely related considering the vast territory they cover, leading historians to believe the Bantu came to dominate sub-equatorial Africa relatively recently and quickly.
		The food acquisition of the Bantu was primarily limited to agriculture and hunting, where generally the women were responsible for agriculture and the men drew for the hunt.
	www.governpub.com /Languages-B/Bantu.php (2495 words)

	The structural articulation of generations in Africa
		It is accepted that the initial expansion of Bantu languages took place in the northwestern corner of the present Bantu-speaking area, in the borderland between Cameroon and southeastern Nigeria.
		Turning to the eastern Bantu languages, it is generally agreed, also, that they can be traced in their origins to a nucleus of Bantu speakers who lived in the southern interlacustrine area, somewhere is the region of presentday southwestern Uganda.
		For the Bantu there is a clear pattern of adoption: generation classes are found among some peoples (Kuria and their southern congeners, also Kikuyu, Embu and Meru) and not amongst others otherwise related (Gusii in the case of Kuria, Kamba in the case of Kikuyu).
	etudesafricaines.revues.org /document135.html (10290 words)

	Bantu - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Bantu
		They are usually divided into the southern Bantu (Zulu, Swazi, Xhosa, Tswana, Basuto, Venda, Ndebele or Matabele, Pondo, Pedi), the central Bantu (Shono, Bemba, Lozi); the western Bantu of the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) and Angola; and the northeastern Bantu of East Africa (Kikuyu, Kamba, Chagga, Ganda).
		It is possible that they originate from the equatorial rain forests of the Cameroon-Nigeria border;; alternatively it has been suggested that they spread from the area that is now the southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire).
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Bantu (192 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		These Khoisan speakers lost their predominance in southern Africa as a result of the southward expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples during the first millennium A.D. The Bantu speakers were a Negroid people, adept at farming, hunting, and gathering, who probably began their migrations from the rain forest near what is now the Nigeria-Cameroon border.
		Bantu expansion was carried out by small groups that made a series of short relocations over time in response to economic or political conditions.
		In either case, the Bantu settled in Angola between 1300 and 1600, and some may have arrived even earlier.
	www.palo.org /palo/precolonial-angola.html (515 words)

	Bantu languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bantu is a major language family of Africa, belonging to the Niger-Congo group.
		Bantu languages are spoken in south Cameroon, and in the south-eastern region of Nigeria close to the Cameroonian border, in Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya and the southern tip of Somalia, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa.
		Bantu words are typically made up of open syllables of the type CV (consonant-vowel) with some languages having a vocabulary exclusively of this type.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bantu_language (1008 words)

	Shona language - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		However, all Shona dialects are officially considered to be of equal significance and are taught in local schools.
		Shona is a member of the large family of Bantu languages.
		In Guthrie's zonal classification of Bantu languages, zone S10 designates a dialect continuum commonly called Shona, including Shona proper, Manyika, Nambya, and Ndau, spoken in Zimbabwe; Tawara and Tewe, found in Mozambique; and Ikalanga of Botswana.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Shona_language (412 words)

	Angola
		Although the first efforts at inland expansion from Benguela failed, the Portuguese eventually penetrated the Ovimbundu kingdoms and subjected their people to the same treatment that had earlier befallen the Mbundu.
		Expansion began in 1838 with the conquest and establishment of a fort at Duque de Bragança (renamed Calandula), in an area east of Luanda.
		By 1861, therefore, the Portuguese lacked the resources for continued military expansion or economic development, and most of the interior remained in the control of African traders and warriors.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/angola/all.html (17969 words)

	Sepedi Translation - Translate Sepedi Language Translator
		Bantu is a language group that belongs to the Niger-Congo group.
		Bantu languages are spoken in South Cameroon, in Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana and South Africa.
		The word Bantu was first used by W. Bleek (1827-75) with the meaning people as this is reflected in many of the languages of this group.
	www.translation-services-usa.com /languages/sepedi.shtml (653 words)

	A Survey Report for the Bantu Languages
		That is, nearly a third of all Africans speak a Bantu language as their native language.
		The result is that the northwestern languages have become less like their Bantu siblings and more like their Niger-Congo cousins, to the point where it is hard to draw an unambiguous line between them.
		These linguistic splits lead to the historical interpretation that the original Bantu community first split into the northwestern languages versus the remainder, and later the remainder split into a western and an eastern group.
	www.sil.org /silesr/2002/016/SILESR2002-016.htm (1621 words)

	"The Pygmies Were Our Compass": Bantu and Batwa in the History of West Central Africa, Early Times to c. 1900 C.E.(Book ...
		Furthermore, because Batwa is a generic Bantu language label for any original inhabitant, oral traditions about the Batwa (even those in the rainforest) could refer to any prior settler, whether Pygmy or Bantu.
		While plausibly suggesting that early Bantu and Pygmies might have coexisted cooperatively, these appealing deductions are heuristic, not probative.
		When chronicling the role of the Batwa after the initial Bantu settlements, Klieman relies on oral traditions and mythologies that portray Batwa in a positive light and regard them as valued links to the supernatural world.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-158156319.html (928 words)

	Baxter's EduNET - Time Machine
		But the Khoi themselves are now under pressure from European expansion in the south and Bantu expansion from the north.
		There was some cultural mixing with the Bantu, as both Sotho and Nguni languages have the "click" sounds typical of the Khoi.
		Khoi clans not assimilated by the Bantu are conquered by the trekboers by the 1760s.
	www.edunetconnect.com /cat/timemachine/250saf.html (587 words)

	Congo, Democratic Republic of the HUMAN ORIGINS - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current ...
		It was apparently after these movements that Bantu speakers spread south and southeastward across the southern Zairian savanna as far as present-day Angola and Zambia, thereafter continuing to expand into eastern and southern Africa.
		The Bantu speakers were better able to exploit an area's resources through the practice of agriculture, based on yam and oil palm cultivation, and, as time went on, by adopting iron tools and technology.
		A.D. Cereal cultivation, hunting, and herding were much better adapted to conditions in the savannas than the oil palm and yam farming that the Bantu speakers had brought from western Africa, and, hence, spread rapidly, especially in the southern grasslands.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/congo_democratic_republic_of_the/congo_democratic_republic_of_the_history_human_origins.html (621 words)

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