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Topic: Banyamulenge

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	Zaire: IRIN Briefing, 1
		It soon became clear that at the same time a conflict between the Banyamulenge and the army was taking place, and as refugees began to arrive in Rwanda and Burundi, the Governments of Zaire and Rwanda traded accusations over responsibilities for the escalating crisis.
		He claimed that the infiltrators were being commanded by Banyamulenge who had been officers in the Zairean Army but had gone to Rwanda after the victory of the RPA in July 1994.
		Banyamulenge in Mwenga zone protested against the decision by burning ballot boxes being used in the elections.
	www.africaaction.org /docs96/zair9610.1.htm (2944 words)

	Green Left - Zaire-sponsored ethnic cleansing behind crisis
		Rather than admitting the Banyamulenge revolt is an indigenous rebellion against oppression, Kinshasa continues to claim Rwanda's ruling Rwandan Patriotic Front, which overthrew the genocidal interahamwe-dominated government in 1994, is behind the uprising, a claim denied by the Rwandan government.
		Banyamulenge leaders say that other Zairean opponents of Mobutu may join forces with them to overthrow the dictator, reported to be on his deathbed in Switzerland.
		Exiled Banyamulenge leader Muller Ruhimbika told the BBC on October 26, ``we are not fighting for the Kivu region, but for the whole of Zaire.
	www.greenleft.org.au /1996/253/13099 (1100 words)

	CNN - Archbishop killed as rebels rout Zairian army - Oct. 30, 1996
		At the crux of the fighting in Zaire is the Banyamulenge, Tutsi descendants who immigrated to eastern Zaire centuries ago.
		The Banyamulenge are also fighting Hutu refugees who were pushed into eastern Zaire from Rwanda by that country's Tutsi-led government after the 1994 genocide.
		But the Banyamulenge, a resourceful people familiar with the region's rugged terrain, have held their own and with the aid of Rwandan troops have recently scored significant military victories.
	edition.cnn.com /WORLD/9610/30/zaire.pm/index.html (741 words)

	Continuing Instability in the Kivus: Testing the DRC transition to the limit - Paper No 94, October 2004
		This ethnic insecurity was amplified by the massacre of Congolese Banyamulenge refugees at the Gatumba camp in Burundi in August.
		Leaders of civil society report that certain important members of the Banyamulenge community have declared their unwillingness to be repatriated, have adopted an extremist attitude and have taken hostage the rank and file members of the Banyamulenge refugee community, who stand to gain nothing from remaining in exile.
		As a result, the Banyamulenge leader demanded that certain minimum security conditions should be guaranteed, that the community’s houses and those of their landlords should be reconstructed, that there should be an independent inquiry into the events, and that those found guilty should be brought to justice.
	www.iss.co.za /pubs/papers/94/Paper94.htm (14175 words)

	ASA 2000 Conference on "Participating in Development: Approaches to Indigenous Knowledge" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Banyamulenge must set an ultimatum to the Lucifers who are now wanting to exterminate or expell them from their own country.
		According to B. Muchukiwa [n.d.], Banyamulenge notably augment their economic powers: these old "volontaires" recruited by the Congolese army to track down the [Muleliste] rebels "now have the means to impose themselves on the local populations and begin to claim lands, as well as tribute and taxes in a number of markets within Itombwe.
		Following a shoot-out between Banyamulenge and the FAZ on the last day of August 1996, which left several FAZ soldiers dead, Uvira's local authorities declared that only 14 Banyamulenge families could now be called zaïrois, which led to officials calling for the expulsion and return to Rwanda of all other Banyamulenge.
	www.asa2000.anthropology.ac.uk /poittier/poittier.html (10536 words)

	ROAPE: Article - Citizenship/Identity Formation/Conflict in S Kivu: Banyamulenge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		While the Banyamulenge in Uvira were undoubtedly subject to exclusion, widespread ethnic resentment and violence, their marginalised position is also due to a lack of coherent leadership and internal division.
		An inquiry into the reasons why the Banyamulenge community, even today, still lacks any coherent leadership that is capable of improving the position of their community is crucial.
		In the case of the Banyamulenge, it seems that their claims to political participation not only had the effect of hardening the boundaries between different identity groups, but also had facilitated the shift to massive violence as an enticing strategy of control and resistance.
	www.roape.org /cgi-bin/roape/show/9309.html (298 words)

	DR Congo's Tutsis face longroad to acceptance -DAWN - International; 03 October, 2004
		Samuel was furious that the Congolese ethnic Tutsis, known as the Banyamulenge, had turned on their community.
		Now, with tensions running high, attempts by several hundred Banyamulenge to return from Burundi caused riots in the nearby town of Uvira, where angry villagers hurled rocks and erected blockades on the road to the border.
		Though the term Banyamulenge technically refers to the people that live near Mulenge, a mountain in Congo's South Kivu province, the term is used loosely, often to describe all Tutsis living in the former Zaire.
	www.dawn.com /2004/10/03/int4.htm (570 words)

	II Journal: Convergent Catastrophes in Central Africa
		In fact, by the early 1980s Rwanda-speakers were denied citizenship rights in Zaire in most cases, a policy which effectively disenfranchised up to 85 percent of the population in some locales.
		It is important to note that although historically the Banyamulenge were largely composed of people of Tutsi origin (who had fled to this area to escape expanding Rwandan state structures in the 18th century), the same Zairean policy had earlier affected hundreds of thousands of Rwanda-speaking Zaireans of Hutu descent.
		But in the recently "ethnicized" context of Central Africa, the term "Banyamulenge" has taken on new connotations to apply to all Rwanda-speakers of Tutsi identity in Zaire, a new, more expansive meaning.
	www.umich.edu /~iinet/journal/vol4no2/cenaf.html (1664 words)

	[No title]
		Benjamin Munanira a fait des déclarations capitales qui montrent que beaucoup de Banyamulenge se sont opposés dès le 2 août 1998 à l'agression rwandaise et qu'actuellement une guerre de grande envergure a lieu sur les Plateaux de Minembwe.
		Munanira affirme que les Banyamulenge n'ont jamais accepté que Kagame s'occupe de cette affaire qui est purement congolaise, qu'ils ont compris dès le début qu'ils étaient " utilisés " comme prétexte à l'agression, l'occupation et le pillage du Congo et qu'ils ont rejoint la résistance armée des autres patriotes congolais contre les agresseurs.
		Les militaires banyamulenge avaient raison en février 98 en disant que les Rwandais devaient rentrer chez eux.
	www.congo-mai-mai.net /juin02/11juin_02.html (3274 words)

	Flashpoint! Electronic Magazine
		The roots of the Banyamulenge rebellion lie in the fate of Tutsi during the Rwandan genocide of 1994 and in the mass slaughter of other Tutsi in eastern Zaire over the past two years.
		The Banyamulenge's real problems begall after the arrival of Hutu refugees in 1994.The young militiamen among them exploited simmering resentments in Zaire over past grievances and the Banyamulenge's relative prosperity.
		The Banyamulenge rebels claim that their success is inspiring those in other provinces to take up arms.
	www.webcom.com /hrin/magazine/july97/zaire.html (1536 words)

	aire: IRIN Briefing on the conflict in South Kivu, 10/7/96
		On 9 September local people in Uvira town mounted a demonstration against Banyamulenge, declaring Uvira a `ville morte', calling on the `foreigners' to leave the country and attacking their homes and property.
		The Banyamulenge lived in relative peace and harmony with their neighbours for most of this century.
		The immediate precursor to the events of September was the banning of Groupe Milima, the non-governmental organization run by Mr Ruhimbika, on 9 August, again at the instigation of the District Commissioner for Uvira.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Hornet/irin_10796.html (2907 words)

	Great Lakes Policy Forum—Meeting Summary—April 11, 2002 - Council on Foreign Relations
		The Banyamulenge, who are probably the oldest part of the Congolese Tutsi community, live in a homogeneous fashion in the high plateau of South Kivu near Fizi.
		The primary goal of the Banyamulenge, and in general the Congolese Tutsis, was what it had always been – to be accepted as Congolese, as citizens, and to be accepted by their neighbors.
		Currently the Banyamulenge are now in greater cohesion because the FRF are backing Masunzu, Masuzu represents the FRF position, and substantial numbers of Banyamulenge RCD soldiers have deserted and joined Masunzu.
	www.cfr.org /publication.html?id=4526 (2814 words)

	drctuts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Banyamulenge (Congolese Tutsi), who are concentrated in the Kivu region of the DRC (GROUPCON = 3), were initially incorporated into the Belgian Congo when part of the historical Rwandan Kingdom was divided by the drawing of colonial borders.
		The Banyamulenge and Congolese Hutus (together referred to as Banyarwanda) both experienced political and social discrimination upon independence and the eventual rise to power of Mobuto Sese Seko.
		As a result of this negative, differential treatment, the Congolese Tutsis began to rebel against their oppressors in the east, and they became the foundation for the rebellion that would be led by Laurent Kabila and eventually overthrow Mobutu.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/drctuts.html (10360 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| Profile: General Laurent Nkunda
		The general says he went to Bukavu to protect civilians, in particular the Banyamulenge ethnic group, who he claims were being attacked.
		The Banyamulenge are Congolese Tutsis most of whom arrived in the country from Rwanda more than a century ago.
		Now that the general has dropped his key demands and admitted that the extent of attacks against the Banyamulenge were exaggerated, he says he is going back north to the town of Goma.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/3786883.stm (459 words)

	Pan African Movement
		BANYAMULENGE - An estimated 300,000 ethnic Tutsis who moved to what is now eastern Zaire from Rwanda generations ago but were denied Zairian citizenship in 1981.
		Banyamulenge say their fighters are protecting their people from genocide planned by Zairian politicians and the army.
		Its troops, particularly when they suffer a military defeat or lose comrades, frequently go on the rampage in civilian centres, shooting in the air, looting aid agency vehicles and stealing to augment their small and rarely paid salaries.
	www.panafricanmovement.org /Banyamul.htm (622 words)

	CNN - Congo leader Kabila vows to crush rebels - August 4, 1998
		The uprising against Kabila is led by the Banyamulenge, ethnic Tutsis of Rwandan origin whose ancestors settled in the east several generations ago.
		Another Banyamulenge businessman who runs a retail company said troops had arrested members of his family and he feared for their lives.
		Three prominent Banyamulenge political leaders have fled the Congo, and one of them, Foreign Minister Bizima Karaha, is in South Africa, according to a Pretoria minister.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/africa/9808/04/congo.01/index.html (709 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Africa / Cease-fire in eastern Congo fails
		Laurent Nkunda, a former rebel commander whose troops marched on the airport in the town of Bukavu on Monday, had earlier declared an end to the conflict after the government set up arrangements in Congo's troubled South Kivu province to prevent the persecution of the minority Tutsi community.
		Banyamulenge residents fled Bukavu and others took shelter at U.N. compounds during the fighting after several were killed and detained by government troops.
		The conditions included the recovery of Banyamulenge killed during the clashes, the return of those forced to flee their homes and the release of those detained by the government, Nkunda told The Associated Press.
	www.boston.com /news/world/africa/articles/2004/06/01/cease_fire_in_eastern_congo_fails?mode=PF (563 words)

	June 2004 News Monitor - Prevent Genocide International
		Banyamulenge residents fled Bukavu and others took shelter at UN compounds during the fighting after several people were killed and detained by government troops.
		After taking control of Bukavu, the commander of the renegade troops said his troops were fighting to protect their fellow Banyamulenge tribesmen -- Congolese ethnic Tutsis who have long complained of attacks and killings by security forces.
		Preliminary results indicate that every community in Bukavu, especially civilians, suffered in the insurgency that started on 26 May and climaxed with the brief seizure of the town in the beginning of June, said Roberto Ricci, chief of the humanitarian section of the UN Organization Mission in the DRC (MONUC).
	www.preventgenocide.org /prevent/news-monitor/2004june.htm (19125 words)

	D.R. Congo: War Crimes in Bukavu (Human Rights Watch, 12-6-2004)
		The Banyamulenge are Congolese people whose ancestors migrated from Rwanda and Burundi generations ago to the high plateau area in South Kivu and are often referred to as Congolese Tutsi.
		Relations between the Banyamulenge and other Congolese groups have been strained and are frequently manipulated by politicians in both Rwanda and the DRC.
		Rwanda has often justified its presence in DRC in part as an effort to protect the Banyamulenge people, though this was challenged in 2002 when they attacked the Banyamulenge homelands killing scores of Banyamulenge civilians, shooting some of them from Rwandan helicopters.
	www.hrw.org /english/docs/2004/06/11/congo8803.htm (3403 words)

	"); NewWindow.document.write("IRINnews"); NewWindow.document.write(" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Rwandan President Paul Kagame has vowed to crush resistance by Masunzu's forces, most of whom are members of the Banyamulenge of South Kivu, the Tutsi community with the longest history in the DRC - and a group whose protection is one of the reasons for Rwanda's military presence in the country.
		A: Yes, the UNHCR is planning to transfer the Banyamulenge refugees from Bujumbura to the countryside.
		A: Of course, the agreement between the MLC and Kinshasa is not a guarantee for peace in the DRC.
	irinnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=27597&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes&... (1210 words)

	CNN - Zaire refugee camps site of new ethnic killing - Oct. 13, 1996
		Zairean troops are aligned with the Hutu ethnic group, and are fighting against a subgroup of the Tutsi ethnic group, the Banyamulenge rebels.
		The Banyamulenge Tutsi are said to be supported by government troops in neighboring Rwanda.
		But the Banyamulenge, a successful people who have lived in mountainous eastern Zaire for 200 years, are fighting back.
	edition.cnn.com /WORLD/9610/13/zaire/index.html (754 words)

	UNHCR - The Geopolitical Situation in the Great Lakes Area in Light of the Kivu Crisis
		The Banyamulenge had observed the fate of their fellow tribespeople in North Kivu, where Batutsi were hunted down, killed or forced to flee,[7] and felt the need for protection.
		Many young Banyamulenge had joined the RPF during the civil war in Rwanda and had subsequently remained as members of the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA).
		The Banyamulenge victory and the FDD debacle had given President Buyoya a certain military breathing space, while Léonard Nyangoma was unwilling to negotiate from a position of weakness.
	www.unhcr.org /cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.htm?tbl=RSDCOI&page=research&id=3ae6a6be0 (9307 words)

	monuc.org: DR Congo: Banyamulenge community divided over genocide claims ::: 17/06/2004
		Meanwhile, the Banyamulenge community does not agree on the subject of the massacre of the Banyamulenge.
		We demand all the Banyamulenge participating in the transitional institutions to suspend their participation, in case the government does not meet the demands.
		What we also deplore is that some compatriots attacked Banyamulenge people because a member of their community had misbehaved.
	www.monuc.org /news.aspx?newsID=2993 (486 words)

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