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	POLAND - LoveToKnow Article on POLAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Poland, indeed, was far less able to cope with the Turks than compact, wealthy Hungary, which throughout the 15th century was one of the most efficient military monarchies in Europe.
		Poland had established a sort of suzerainty over Moldavia as early as the end of the I4th century; but at best it was a loose and vague overlordship which the Hospodars repudiated whenever they were strong enough to do so.
		Poland, as the next neighbor of Hungary, was more seriously affected than any other European power by this catastrophe, but her politicians differed as to the best way of facing it.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PO/POLAND.htm (18908 words)

	Baptism of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Baptism of Poland (Polish: Chrzest Polski) was the event in 966 that signified the beginning of the Christianization of Poland, commencing with the baptism of Mieszko I, who was the first ruler of the Polish state.
		The next significant step in Poland's adoption of Christianity was the establishment of various ecclesiastical organs in the country during the 10th and 11th centuries.
		He saw Poland's baptism as a way of strengthening his hold on power (through the use of the religion's medieval divine right doctrine), as well as using it as a unifying force for the Polish people.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baptism_of_Poland (226 words)

	Encyclopedia: Baptism for the dead (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Baptism for the dead by proxy (or "vicarious baptism") is an ordinance practiced by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (and schism churches), the Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran, some of the Neo-Apostolic congregations of Europe, and some Native American religions.
		The prayer accompanying the baptism differs from typical wording in that it states that the baptism is being performed for and in behalf of a deceased person whose name has been submitted for that ordinance.
		Baptism for the Dead allows this saving ordinance to be offered to all those who have previously passed on without hearing of the Gospel of Jesus (A teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity (circa 4 BC - AD 29)).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Baptism-for-the-dead (652 words)

	Polish History - Part 1
		Poland of the 10th through 12th centuries, as many other states of the early Middle Ages, was a monarchy treated by the ruler as a dynastic property and heritage--a patriarchy.
		Thanks to the decision of Mieszko I, Poland was provided with the foundations of her development and participation in the commonwealth of the states and nations of Europe.
		Poland's independence was manifested by the royal coronations of her rulers (Boleslaus the Brave in 1025 and Mieszko II in 1025.)
	www.poloniatoday.com /history1.htm (1373 words)

	Society of Medieval Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Baptism would have meant vassalage for Lithuania against the Orthodox faith as the Duke of Moscow demanded that Jogaila should call himself the “junior brother” of the father-in law.
		Poland was threatened by the rule of Sigismund of Brandenburg, husband of the daughter Maria of King Louis of Hungary and Poland (1382) or William of Habsburg, fiancée of his other daughter Hedwig.
		For Lithuania, in turn, baptism was long overdue because of the unstable situation in the east of the country, the rivalry among the Gediminians and the fast rise of Moscow.
	viduramziu.lietuvos.net /socium/krikscionybe-en.htm (2104 words)

	Polish History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Poland under the reign of the Piast dynasty (966-1370) was an average-sized country, whereas Rzeczpospolita (the Polish Noble Republic) which was born with the Polish-Lithuanian union (1385) was the most powerful country of continental Europe at the turn of the 15th and the 16th century.
		Indeed, it was the "baptism of Poland" which put the country on the cultural map of Europe in 966.
		Poland has regained her sovereignty and is developing a liberal democracy with a free market economy.
	www.polandembassy.org /Virtual_Tour/polish_history.htm (1024 words)

	Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was one of the first attempts at reconciliation after the tragiedies of the Second World War, in which Germany invaded Poland and both Poland and Germany lost millions of people and additional millions were expulsed from their homes.
		Władysław Gomułka saw it as clearly aimed at countering his propaganda, which saw West Germany as the main external enemy of Poland and hostility between Poland and FRG as one of the main warrants of social order in the so-called Recoverred Territories.
		Primate of Poland was denied a passport for his trip to Rome and on January 15, 1966 Gomułka announced preparations for state celebrations of the 1000 years of the Polish state, intended as a counter measure against the church-sponsored celebrations of 1000 years of baptism of Poland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Letter_of_Reconciliation_of_the_Polish_Bishops_to_the_German_Bishops (388 words)

	BAPTISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Since adult baptism by immersion is prominently practiced by the largest denomination in the Protestant world, the Baptists, the assumption often is that it was also practiced by their precursors, the Anabaptists, from whom they borrowed much theology and religious practice.
		Scriptural explanations for baptism such as Rom 6:3–4, 1 Cor 10:1–2 (“baptized into Moses under the cloud and sea”) and 1 Pet 3:21 (baptism, “not a cleaning of the flesh,” thus clearly indicating a bath/submersion in water) demonstrated the literal meaning of the term.
		Infant baptism by immersion remained a common practice in England long after it had lost vogue on the Continent, although many historians mistakenly assume that the English baptismal practice was the same as that of the Continental experience.
	www.centerce.org /BAPTISM/RQHarrison.htm (6844 words)

	The Warsaw Voice - Travel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Poznañ, capital of the Wielkopolska region of Poland, is where the Trail of the Piasts begins, leading to sites which witnessed the rise of the Polish state in the early Middle Ages.
		Moreover, the baptism of the common people was a drawn-out process-the last pagan in neighboring Lithuania reportedly died in 1910.
		Baptismal basins found by archaeologists have confirmed this theory-also fueling theories about Mieszko and his court being baptized here and not elsewhere.
	www2.warsawvoice.pl /old/v428/travel.html (959 words)

	inSPEYERed \| Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The ceremonial act of baptism most probably took place in Gniezno in the year 966 on Easter Saturday, The medieval city, playing the role of the national capital, became the center of a new faith and religion at the same time.
		The basilica of Mieszko was raised to the rank of cathedral and capital of the archbishoprics.
		Gniezno, however, remained the main worship center of Poland for a long time, and in the period of the regional division, the residence of the archbishopric here symbolized the unity of the country.
	www.inspeyered.de /home/participants/poland (2685 words)

	Timeline Poland
		Poland was given Pomerelia and West Prussia, and the knights retained East Prussia, with a new capital at Königsberg (Kaliningrad).
		Poland was partitioned along the rivers Narev, Vistula and San.
		Poland’s partition line was moved eastwards from the Vistula line to the line of the Bug.
	timelines.ws /countries/POLAND.HTML (14109 words)

	Poland and the Baltic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In central Poland, a primary division of the Duchy of Mazovia.
		In 1569, Poland was converted from a hereditary to an elective monarchy, and in fact the state was self-described as a rzeczpospolita, a republic.
		The Baltic coast from the island of Rügen in Germany, to the mouth of the Vistula in Gdansk Bay in Poland.
	www.hostkingdom.net /baltic.html (2715 words)

	Poland Adoption - Local and Regional Adoption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A former state of the Soviet Union, Belarus is situated east of Poland and north of the Ukraine.
		The cost of a church baptism in Poland can come to more than a day's pay, while the average fee for a church wedding amounts to a week's wages, according to a report in a Polish newspaper...
		Frank was the daughter of the Jewish false messiah Jacob Frank (born Jacob Leibowicz) (1726-91), whose movement was an outgrowth of that of Sabbatai Zvi in the previous century.
	www.polandadoption.com (316 words)

	Nikolaos Martis: MACEDONIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		GIOVANNI PAOLO II The Baptism of Poland in 966, in the person of the first historical sovereign, Mieszko, who married the Bohemian princess Dubravka, took place principally through the Bohemian Church, and by this route Christianity reached Poland from Rome in the Latin form.
		But the fact remains that the beginnings of Christianity in Poland are in a way linked with the work of the Brothers who set out from distant Salonika.
		In a few years, in 1988 to be exact, the millenium of the baptism of Saint Vladimir, Grand Duke of Kiev, will be celebrated.
	www.hri.org /Martis/contents/doc18.html (459 words)

	Staskiewicz / Szulc Family History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Baptism #112 in the year 1864: Marianna Magdalena, legitimate daughter of Johann Kiedrowski and Anna Lemanczik, was born in Kielpin on 13 Jul 1864 and was baptized in the Konarczyn Parish on 24 Jul 1864.
		KRUSA was born in 1798 in Borowy Mlyn, Chojnice, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
		KRUSA was born in 1812 in Borowy Mlyn, Chojnice, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
	members.aol.com /merrytiller/stask/d1.html (3278 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Since the baptism of Poland in the tenth century we have been part and parcel of a community enveloped by Christian civilisation.
		Experience accumulated by Poland - and I address these words to the Ladies and Gentlemen who have the honour to represent Poland on the Convention - prompts a solution respectful of the national factor, supportive of a Europe of homelands, drawing upon the fundamentals which have nurtured the growth of our civilisation.
		Poland was a co-architect and leader of that breakthrough and had contributed immensely to the collapse of both the ”iron curtain” and the Berlin wall.
	home.btclick.com /polishembassy/foreign_policy/Poland_eu/fp_main_doc_stat_ak_for.html (2356 words)

	Poznan - Sightseeing - Essential Poznan Poland - In Your Pocket
		This island is where the city originated and ‘where Poland began’ according to Pope John Paul II.
		A castle was built on the island in the 9th century, and by the 10th century it had become a major centre of the Piast state.
		This is the spot where Poland adopted Catholic baptism and where the first bishopric was established in 968.
	www.inyourpocket.com /poland/poznan/en/category?cid=4646 (631 words)

	Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		There are, however, some Protestants in Poland: about 150,000 Lutherans and about 4,000 within the Reformed Church going back to the times of Reformation.
		It is a quarterly called “Reformation in Poland,” touching on various aspects of life from the Reformed perspective.
		The summer semester of 2003 is dedicated to the survey of the OT from Pentateuch through 1 and 2 Kings.
	www.lpcr.org.uk /poland.htm (927 words)

	Outstanding Marians : Fr. Wyszynski, MIC
		When he was two, he and his family had to flee from the Swedish Army's devastation of Poland.
		After returning to Poland, he entered the novitiate and in 1725 made his religious vows.
		This process, interrupted during the partition of Poland in the 19th century and the political turmoil in Portugal, was reopened in 1953 in Rome.
	www.marian.org /marians/history/wyszynski.html (896 words)

	Pope John Paul II and Communism
		Solidarity is the labor movement against Communism that took place in Poland in the 1980s and eventually brought democracy to Poland and the downfall of communism in eastern Europe, including Russia.
		Here, as in Poland in 1979, the Pope was restoring to a people it authentic history and culture.
		In doing so, he was also calling for a reinsertion of Cuba into history and into the hemisphere, asking the Cuban people to stop thinking of yourselves as victims (the theme of Fidel Castro’s welcoming address), and start thinking of themselves as the protagonists of their own destiny.
	religion-cults.com /pope/communism.htm (1082 words)

	Our Lady of Czestochowa - Stained-Glass Windows
		The background depicts the settlement in Biskupin, while in the foreground is a scene of the Baptism of Poland in which the pagan gods have been overthrown and the Western tribes of the Slavs [Lechici] are kneeling before Bishop Jordan, who is administering to them the Sacrament of Baptism.
		The next scene is the martyrdom of St. Wojciech, a fragment of the famous Gniezno Doors, and the spear of St. Maurycy, brought to Poland by Emperor Otto III when he made a pilgrimage to the grave of St. Wojciech in the year 1000.
		The "Miracle on the Wisla" defended Warsaw and Poland from the invasion of the enemy.
	www.czestochowa.us /stained_glass_us.php (10303 words)

	Tertio Millennio Adveniente
		In that same year, there was also the trip to Poland for the Jubilee of the nine hundredth anniversary of the death of Saint Stanislaus, Bishop and Martyr.
		Besides events of such wide-ranging impact, we may recall others which, although not of universal importance, are no less significant: for example, the millennium of the Baptism of Poland in 1966 and of the Baptism of Hungary in 1968, together with the six hundredth anniversary of the Baptism of Lithuania in 1987.
		There will soon also be celebrated the 1500th anniversary of the Baptism of Clovis (496), king of the Franks, and the 1400th anniversary of the arrival of Saint Augustine in Canterbury (597), marking the beginning of the evangelization of the Anglo-Saxon world.
	www.ewtn.com /jubilee/GJ2000/tertio9.htm (931 words)

	Pope John Paul II 6 July 1996 Moleben (Prayer Service)
		In 1988 we solemnly celebrated, here in Rome, the millennium of the Baptism; it was the occasion of a great Te Deum for your country, as it was for the Polish nation in 1966, the millennium of its Baptism.
		That Baptism was not only the beginning of the Church in your lands, but indeed the beginning of your nation's history.
		This also happened on other occasions, as was the case with the Baptism of Poland already mentioned, or that of Slovenia 1,250 years ago.
	www.motherofgodchurch.org /mog/documents/jp2-UNION_OF_BREST_WAS_WORK_OF_HOLY_SPIRIT.HTM (1218 words)

	Love and Responsibility Discussion Group
		This is the situation now that we are approaching the beginning of the second millennium since the baptism of Poland.
		But Poland is a unique entity, and if this other, second one wants to remain Poland, it must be born from the first, since we can never deny or suppress our national and cultural heritage in any aspect.
		Thus the people of Poland as they exist today in 1976 come to the Bethlehem crib, bringing their special heritage with their past, present, and future to the One who is born in a stable.
	www.catholicculture.com /christmas/christmas_day.html (4966 words)

	What is the meaning and purpose of baptism? -- The #1 most important website in the world
		For the purposes of the rest of the discussion it will be noted that the mode of baptism is used in the definition of full water immersion.
		We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, so that as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk in newness of life.
		This is a symbol of baptism, which now saves you also - not the removal of dirt from the body, but the answer of a good conscience toward God, it saves you by the resurrection of Jesus Christ.
	www.bebaptized.org (1375 words)

	Jacob Frank
		He was born in Podolia (then Poland, now a region of Ukraine), the son of a rabbi.
		On his return to Poland in 1755, he founded the Frankists, a heretical Jewish sect that was an anti-Talmudic outgrowth of the mysticism of Sabbatai Zevi.
		Subsequently, he claimed to be the recipient of direct revelations from heaven and exhorted his followers to espouse Christianity as an intermediate stage in the transition to a future messianic religion.
	www.kheper.net /topics/Kabbalah/Jacob_Frank.htm (378 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		(Zenit.org).- The Vatican's recent clarification that Mormon baptism is not Christian does not imply a judgment on the moral life of members of the Utah-based sect, L'Osservatore Romano reported.
		An article in the semiofficial Vatican newspaper referred to the recent document, published by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which explains that Catholic baptism is essentially different from Mormon baptism.
		"The congregation's decision is an answer to a particular question, which refers to the Mormons' doctrine of baptism and, obviously, does not mean a judgment on the people who adhere to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints," the article clarified.
	www.zenit.org /english/archive/0107/ZE010727.htm (2152 words)

	Birdwatching
		After the Baptism of Poland, a church and a monastery were built here by the monks of the Benedictine order from Hungary, in all probability settled here by King Boleslaw the Wry-mouthed in the l2th century.
		The Swietokrzyski National Park is one of the few national parks in Poland, which besides its beautiful nature and landscapes, boasts many architectural monuments.
		Nevertheless, the Park environment is threatened mostly by pollution, and the excessive penetration by a local population.
	www.geocities.com /polandbirding/folder/poland/parki/15.htm (1041 words)

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