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	Sudan - Livestock
		This breed was found chiefly in the western savanna regions and in fewer, although significant, numbers farther to the east from Aali an Nil to Kassala in Ash Sharqi.
		The majority of the Baqqara strain of cattle belonged to the Baqqara Arabs.
		The expansion of mechanized rainfed agriculture in the region used by the Baqqara, continued government efforts to enlarge the cultivated area, and pressures on the land from the growing population have gradually reduced grazing areas.
	countrystudies.us /sudan/56.htm (913 words)

	Chapter : Encyclopedia of the Palestine Problem
		The village of Baqqara is situated within the demilitarized zone on the western side of the Jordan River in the Huleh area.
		During the night of 5 April 195 1, several houses in the Arab villages of Baqqara, Ghanname, and Khoury Farm in the central sector of the demilitarized zone, and Nuqueib in the southern sector of the demilitarized zone, were destroyed by explosives or by fire.
		This hostile and inhuman act by Israel forces which had occupied the demilitarized zone was committed with the intention of hindering the Arabs of these villages from returning to their homes and with the intention of placing the United Nations authorities, in charge of assuring the return to normal civilian life, before a fait accompli.
	www.palestine-encyclopedia.com /EPP/Chapter15.htm (8925 words)

	sudan population
		The Baqqara, for example, who moved south and west and encountered the Negroid peoples of those areas were scarcely to be distinguished from them.
		A few had become much like Baqqara in language and in other respects, although they tended to retain their own breeds of cattle and ways of handling them.
		Northern populations fully arabized in language and culture, such as the Baqqara, however, could not be distinguished physically from some of the southern and western groups.
	www.geocities.com /forsudan/poulation.html (4847 words)

	SudanTribune article : W. Sudan: a complex ethnic reality with a long history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For example, once a successful Fur farmer had a certain number of cattle, he would ’’become’’ Baqqara, and in a few generations his descendants would have an ’’authentic’’ Arab genealogy.
		Historically, Darfur was a sultanate, established around 1650 and dominated by the Fur people, but ruled by a title-holding elite recruited from all the major ethnic groups.
		The situation disintegrated with the decision of the prime minister in the mid-1980s, Sadiq al-Mahdi, to give arms to the Arabic-speaking cattle nomads, the Baqqara, of southern Darfur, ostensibly to defend themselves against the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army, or SPLA.
	www.sudantribune.com /imprimable.php3?id_article=2948 (783 words)

	[No title]
		Southern Darfur State is inhabited by the cattle and camel nomads, the Baqqara, who claim Arab (Juhayna) origins, speak Arabic but are ethnically the result of intercourse with their surrounding African neighbors after arriving in southern Darfur in the eighteenth century.
		Riding their horses and brandishing their kalisnikovs the young Baqqara commandoes from the Missiriyya and Humr, known as the murahileen, wreaked havoc and death upon the Dinka of the Bahr al-Ghazal and the Upper Nile for the next ten years.
		The other large Baqqara group to the west in southern Darfur, the Rizayqat, also raided across the Dinka frontier to the south, but later turned this new and powerful weaponry against their northern African neighbors --the Fur, Massalit, and Zaghawa—with whom they had many ancient quarrels over space and water.
	ias.berkeley.edu /africa/Courses/Lectures/RCollins-DisasterInDarfur.doc (4967 words)

	Wikinfo \| Muhammad Ahmad
		During his travels he was struck by the hatred for the Ottoman-Egyptian rulers, and found that as soon as anyone educated and well-spoken appeared, the local populations would declare him Mahdi and hope for his deliverance.
		He was joined on his travels by Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, a Baqqara from southern Darfur, who's organizational capabilities proved invaluable.
		There he wrote to many Sudanese tribal leaders and gained their support, or at least neutrality, and he was also supported by the slave traders who were looking to return to power.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad (1947 words)

	Baqqara
		baqqara abu rish hill - kirad el baqqara abu rish hill.
		Back To Kirad al-Baqqara Home Page...; - The Baqqara, for example, who moved south and west and encountered the Negroid peoples of those areas were scarcely to be distinguished from them.
		The Baqqara and two subvarieties constituted about 80 percent of the country's total...; Formato file: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - Versione HTMLinhabited by the cattle and camel nomads, the Baqqara, who claim Arab (Juhayna)...
	xoomer.alice.it /fdapotino/images04/jlibenqbo (304 words)

	My Career Redeeming Slaves - Middle East Quarterly
		The Baqqara nomadic cattlemen are among the poorest Arab tribes of northern Sudan; they have a long tradition of raiding the cows and goats of their sedentary neighbors.
		When the Baqqara won access to automatic weapons from the state at that time, the balance of power between them and the Dinka was fundamentally changed.
		Bands of Baqqara militiamen, known as murahhilin (resettlers) began to attack Dinka villages and cattle camps, stealing cows, goats, grain, women and children, removing them as booty, killing adult males, and burning in their wake the huts and property they could not carry away.
	www.meforum.org /article/449 (6389 words)

	Sudan THE MAHDIYAH, 1884-98 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		His planning capabilities proved invaluable to Muhammad Ahmad, who revealed himself as Al Mahdi al Muntazar ("the awaited guide in the right path," usually seen as the Mahdi), sent from God to redeem the faithful and prepare the way for the second coming of the Prophet Isa (Jesus).
		To avoid arrest, the Mahdi and a party of his followers, the Ansar, made a long march to Kurdufan, where he gained a large number of recruits, especially from the Baqqara.
		From a refuge in the area, he wrote appeals to the shaykhs of the religious orders and won active support or assurances of neutrality from all except the pro-Egyptian Khatmiyyah.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/sudan/sudan_history_the_mahdiyah_1884_98.html (1130 words)

	[No title]
		For example, a successful Fur farmer would invest in cattle; once the cattle reached a certain number, it would be more profitable to cross the ethnic frontier and ”become” Baqqara and in a few generations his descendants would have an ”authentically” Arab genealogy.
		Historically, Darfur was a sultanate, established in around 1650 and heir to a very old tradition of state formation, dominated by the Fur people from whom the ruling dynasty came, but ruled by a title-holding elite recruited from all the major ethnic groups.
		No one was very surprised when they started to turn the guns on their northern neighbours, the Fur, Masalit, etc. The SPLA exarcebated the situation by trying to open a ”front” in southern Darfur under Daoud Bolad, an Islamist turned Darfurian nationalist.
	www.haverford.edu /relg/sells/reports/DistantGenocideDarfur.doc (1090 words)

	Sudan - Northern Arabized Communities
		The ancestors of the Baqqara tribes began as nomadic camel herders.
		Their environment permitted cultivation also, and most Baqqara grew some of their food.
		The smallest unit, which the Baqqara called usrah, was likely to consist of a man, his sons, their sons, and any daughters who had not yet married.
	countrystudies.us /sudan/43.htm (1653 words)

	Terrorism and Violence in the Sudan: The Islamist Manipulation of Darfur
		For centuries the camel-raising Arabs of north Darfur and the cattle-owning Arabs of South Darfur (the Baqqara) were reluctant subjects of the African Muslim Fur Dynasty.
		Determined to eliminate the Sultan during WWI, the British began arming the Arab tribes of southern Kordofan and Darfur in preparation for an invasion of the Sultanate.
		In the south, where Baqqara tribes had historically acknowledged land-claims the system worked satisfactorily, but the Arabs of the north, who wandered with their herds in the pastures between farming communities, were never granted their own dar-s.
	www.jamestown.org /terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2369723 (1939 words)

	Rethinking Darfur \| TPMCafe
		Indeed, other forces of Baqqaras provided the pre-coalition Khartoum government with ethnic cleansing services against the Nuer, Dinka, and Shilka peoples (all non-Arab and significantly Christian and animist), who inconveniently occupied oil-producing areas.
		Ironically, while the Baqqara are Arabs, they are relatively low in the social structure of the Arab leadership.
		The elite, often of Egyptian origin, are perfectly willing to use Baqqara for killing, but wouldn't want their sisters to marry one.
	www.tpmcafe.com /node/30351 (15119 words)

	AFRICA - Explore the Regions - Sahel
		Zebu cattle make up the majority of the cattle herds that dominate the Sahel's landscape.
		Zebu in the Sahel are usually named according to the ethnic group that herds them (Fulani, Tuareg, Baqqara,) and come in multiple varieties of weight, shape and horn size.
		Along with elephants, the giraffe is one of the most frequent browsers of the Sahel.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/africa/explore/sahel/sahel_animals.html (329 words)

	ZNet \| Activism \| Darfur: Rwanda Next Time?
		The insurrection and genocide has its roots in the complex milieu of inter-ethnic relations where ecological niches of the Fur, Zagawa, Massalit farmers, and Baqqara pastoralists were stressed due to famine and competition over space and water.
		Second was the 1986 decision of the prime minister of Sudan, Sadiq al-Mahdi, an important leader of the Umma Party, to launch an offensive to crush the secessionist Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) in the south led by the late Dr. John Garang.
		Eventually, the Baqqara and the Fursan used state-sponsorship to turn their full fury against their old neighbors in Darfur, with whom they had past conflicts.
	www.zmag.org /content/print_article.cfm?itemID=11130&sectionID=2 (3064 words)

	The Fur of Sudan and Chad -- A Cultural Profile
		They are an active agricultural people and may also herd cattle.
		Some Fur families who have accumulated a substantial cattle herd developed a more nomadic lifestyle like that of their herding neighbors, the Baqqara (Baggara) Arabs.
		Culturally, those cattle-herding Fur are now considered to be Baqqara.
	orvillejenkins.com /profiles/fur.html (1843 words)

	1. Introduction
		Conscious of these facts, the Government of Sudan, soon after independence, created a number of livestock research stations in various parts of the country to study and improve the productivity of native breeds.
		Livestock stations related to the principal breeds of cattle in northern Sudan were set up at Um Banein in Blue Nile Province (Kenana), at Atbara in Northern Province (Butane) and at Ghazala Gawazat in South Darfur (Western Baqqara).
		Stations to study the productivity of the Sudan Desert sheep and its sub-breeds have also been set up, notably at El Huda in the Gezira.
	www.fao.org /Wairdocs/ILRI/x5532E/x5532e04.htm (705 words)

	Amnesty International USA: Make a Donation and Join Amnesty International
		Ghazi Salah al-Din Atabani – Challenged Taha for leadership in the secretive “Islamist Movement” that forms the core of the ruling establishment.
		Sadiq al-Mahdi – Prime Minister of Sudan in the 1980s (ousted by Omar el-Bashir in a 1989 coup) who was the first to give arms to the Arabic speaking cattle nomads, the Baqqara, of southern Darfur, ostensibly to defend themselves against the SPLA.
		Sharif Harir – Exiled political activist who acted as coordinator for the SLA team during the cease fire negotiations.
	www.amnestyusa.org /countries/sudan/characters.html (907 words)

	6,100 words; 21 pages
		Southern Darfur State is inhabited by the cattle and camel nomads, the Baqqara, who claim Arab (Juhayna) origins, speak Arabic but are ethnically the result of intercourse with their surrounding African neighbors after arriving in southern
		In the Arab-Israel War of 1967 the Sudanese battalion sent to Sinai to help the Egyptians refused to retreat, disdained to surrender, and had to be annihilated before the Israeli advance could proceed.
		The other large Baqqara group to the west in southern Darfur, the Rizayqat, also raided across the Dinka frontier to the south, but later turned this new and powerful weaponry against their northern African neighbors – the Fur, Massalit, and Zaghawa – with whom they had many ancient quarrels over space and water.
	www.african-geopolitics.org /show.aspx?ArticleId=3779 (6115 words)

	Battle of Umm Diwaykarat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mahdists still controlled the territory of Kordofan, Darfur and lands bordering Ethiopia.
		In October 1899 the British obtained information that the Khalifa and his forces were among his native Baqqara to the west of Kusti (Kaka) in Kordofan.
		Kitchener dispached 8,000 soldiers under command of general F.R. Wingate to intercept him.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Umm_Diwaykarat (378 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Sudan - The Khalifa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Rivalry among the three, each supported by people of his native region, continued until 1891, when Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, with the help primarily of the Baqqara Arabs, overcame the opposition of the others and emerged as unchallenged leader of the Mahdiyah.
		After consolidating his power, the Khalifa instituted an administration and appointed Ansar (who were usually Baqqara) as amirs over each of the several provinces.
		The Khalifa also ruled over rich Al Jazirah.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/sudan/13.php (460 words)

	Darfur Understood/ Iraqis Press Ahead
		In early 2003, rebels from among these non-Arab Darfurians, calling themselves the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A), took up arms against the Khartoum government, demanding that it put an end to Darfur's chronic political marginalization, racial discrimination, economic deprivation and backwardness.
		The SLM/A also demanded that the Arab-Muslim elite in Khartoum, which has governed Sudan since independence in 1956, halt the unceasingly raids of the nomadic Arab Baqqara militias -- the Janjaweed -- on the non-Arab Darfurian farmers.
		Violent struggles over land and water resources have long ravaged the region but have intensified in recent years because the growing chaos in the war-plagued country has been aggravated by local circumstances, including accelerated desertification and the consequent loss of large grazing areas.
	www.aijac.org.au /updates/Aug-04/060804.html (2790 words)

	Anuak Justice Council, Anuak History
		Those who pushed north into southern Kordofan early in the seventeenth century soon came in conflict with the Nuer, precipitating intermittent warfare for the next three centuries.
		In the eighteenth century the Baqqara Arabs arrived from Wadai in Chad to settle in the region north and west of the Nuer and Dinka living along the Bahr al-Ghazal and Bahr al-Arab, the Dinka Kirr, rivers.
		No sooner had the Baqqara settled in the southern Darfur and Kordofan than they commenced raiding for cattle and slaves among the Dinka and Nuer that precipitated, in the mid-eighteenth century, a massive eastward flight of the Bul Nuer.
	www.anuakjustice.org /doc_history_to_1956.htm (13897 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In fact, the Sudanese themselves, particularly in racially mixed Darfur, distinguish between zurga, a pejorative term for Black Africans, and Arabs, a difference defined largely by facial features (the shape of the nose or the thickness of the lips) but also by ethnicity.
		The army was a rabble, more theologically correct than competent to fight an insurgency in Darfur, home to 40 percent of the troops.
		To stem the SLM/JEM offensive, the government armed and unleashed northern Baqqara Arab militiamen, the Janjaweed, to kill, pillage, and rape insurgent supporters just as Sudanese prime minister Sadiq al-Mahdi had armed and unleashed southern Baqqara Arab militias, the murahaleen, in 1985 to crush Dinka supporters of the SPLA.
	www.washingtoninstitute.org /templateC05.php?CID=2508 (1530 words)

	Muhammad Ahmad ibn 'Abd Allah, al Mahdi: The Divinely Guided One
		Before his death al Mahdi named three Khalifas to be his successors.
		One emerged as the dominant figure and ruled with the support of the Baqqara Arabs.
		About ten years later British forces under Lord Kitchener re-established British control over the region, including Khartoum.
	www.applet-magic.com /almahdi.htm (602 words)

	Livestock productivity and management
		Integrated development plans for several semi-arid areas in northeast Africa have been formulated using livestock data from these studies.
		These include plans for Darfur in western Sudan in which livestock data were obtained from transhumant Baqqara Arabs and indigenous sedentary cultivators; and for Tigre in northern Ethiopia with data from short-cycle transhumant Afar in the Rift Valley and sedentary Tigrean cultivators on the Ethiopian Plateau.
		In West Africa a study of agropastoral systems forming part of the ILCA semi-arid and arid programme used data obtained from transhumant Fulani and sedentary Bambara cultivators in central Mali.
	www.fao.org /Wairdocs/ILRI/x5542B/x5542b0b.htm (5705 words)

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