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Topic: Baqt

	History of Sudan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They thus ceased their offensive and a treaty known as the baqt was signed between the Arabs and Makuria.
		Around the 970s an Egyptian envoy Ibn Sulaym went to Dongola and wrote an account afterwards; it is now our most important source for this period.
		Despite the baqt northern Sudan became steadily Islamicized and Arabized; Makuria collapsed in the fourteenth century with Alodia disappearing somewhat later.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Sudan (2663 words)

	Bakt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The bakt or baqt was a treaty between the Christian state of Makuria and the Muslim rulers of Egypt.
		It is also unmatched in that is largely blocked the spread of Islam and the Arabs for half a millennium.
		The baqt caused some controversy among Islamic theologians as there was controversy over whether it violated the duty to expand the borders of Islam.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baqt (759 words)

	The Islamic period
		The successful defense of the heavily fortified citadel of Dongola resulted in negotiations that led to the signing of a political and economic treaty between the parties (baqt), stabilizing the peaceful relations of Makuria with the caliphate for the next 520 years.
		Both Arabs and Makurians respected the border at Aswan, abided by their religious and cultural differences, established rules of travel and settlement, as well as a parity in trade exchange according to which Makuria supplied African slaves and goods, while the caliphate provided food and luxury goods.
		In Baghdad, he renegotiated the treaty (baqt), upholding all the principal tenets of bilateral political and economic relations.
	www.numibia.net /nubia/islam.htm (1811 words)

	Georgios I of Makuria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		For several years Egypt had been wracked by civil war and Zacharias had halted payments of the baqt.
		Once Ibrahim had gained control over Egypt he demanded the baqt be resumed and the payment of all arrears.
		It is not certain if he traveled all the way to Baghdad or whether he simply went to Cairo; either way his journey had a major effect, and a new treaty was signed canceling the arrears and changing the terms of the baqt so that it only needed to be paid once every three years.
	toshare.dynup.net /en/Georgios_I_of_Makuria.htm (272 words)

	Darfur - An African Tragedy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		An agreement known as the "baqt" (pact) contracted between the incoming Arabs and the indigenous Nubian peoples of northern Sudan provided the 'rules of engagement' governing trade and migration, among other things, between the two peoples for more that 600 years.
		The latent tensions which had been more or less controlled by the baqt broke into the open with the spectacular rise in 1881 of the Mahdi ('the sent one'), a Muslim revivalist who emerged from the Darfur region and successfully ousted the Turko-Egyptian (Ottoman) rulers who had controlled Sudan since 1821.
		The 'Mahdeyyia' or the reign of the Mahdi, survived for nearly a decade until it was brought to an abrupt end by the coming of the British to Sudan who then ruled the country from 1898 to 1956 in a governance arrangement known as the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium.
	www.mcc.org /respond/rapid_respond/sudan/stories/Miller.htm (1622 words)

	Buzzerquiz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The second is that, if you're not a student, you don't get a chance to take part at all.
		The organisation formerly known as British Academic Quiz Tournaments (BAQT) addressed the first drawback for four years, by organising tournaments comprising 20-minute matches (using the familiar format of starters on the buzzer followed by bonuses) which any student could take part in for as many years as they remain a student.
		Starting in 2002, the same organisation known as BuzzerQuiz began addressing the second drawback, by running the same sorts of tournaments for anyone, student and non-student alike, who wants to take part.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Buzzerquiz (238 words)

	MAKURIA FACTS AND INFORMATION
		By the end of the sixth century it had converted to Christianity, but the next century Egypt was conquered by the Islamic armies cutting Nubia off from the rest of Christendom.
		In 651 an Arab army invaded, but it was repulsed and a treaty known as the ''baqt'' was signed creating relative peace between the two sides for the next six centuries.
		The baqt, negotiated by the Makurian king, applied to all of Nubia north of Alodia.
	www.mrspell.com /Makuria (3536 words)

	Egyyptian Woman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This would be a unique representation, but on analogy with depictions in the tomb of Baqt at Beni Hasan and an even earlier representation in the tomb of Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum at Saqqara, it can be seen that the draughtsman was attempting to show a diadem with streamers, although again he has misunderstood his subject.
		At Beni Hasan, among goldworking scenes in the tomb of the 11th Dynasty governor Baqt III, one craftsman sits before a curiously shaped apparatus from which he removes a strip of gold leaf and hands it to another worker who is gilding a wooden shrine.
		Further scenes of goldworking in the tomb of Baqt depict a craftsman working on what is generally interpreted as two diadems with elaborate knots, atop a tall stand; behind him a colleague works on a belt which he holds on a low bench.
	www.sis.gov.eg /women/fashion/html/anc3.htm (10662 words)

	SSA Abstracts, May 28-30, 2004
		Four hundred slaves a year were exported throughout the Middle Ages under the terms of the Nubian baqt.
		While the export of slaves from the Sudan does enjoy considerable antiquity, the issue merits detailed periodization and careful consideration of the institutions through which, at some periods, such exports indeed took place.
		Examination of the comparatively well-documented medieval Nubian baqt reveals how misleading and poorly grounded in evidence the standard interpretation actually is. Primary data demand a much more nuanced conceptualization of gender and slavery than present orthodoxy allows.
	www.sudanstudies.org /ssa04abstracts.html (3801 words)

	Book Details - postscript books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The medieval Nubian kingdoms span the transition from paganism to Christianity and the subsequent arrival of Islam.
		For several centuries after the arrival of the Arabs in Egypt, these rich and powerful kingdoms maintained their independence by force of arms, and after the Baqt treaty, enjoyed long periods of peaceful co-existence with their Arab neighbours.
		Welsby's illustrated study is the first accessible, comprehensive account of the history, culture and society of the Nubian kingdoms from the end of the Kushite period to their final collapse in the 16th century.
	www.psbooks.co.uk /BookDetails.asp?Code=31537&pg=Medieval+History&ur=History%5FMedieval%5FRec%2Easp?pgn=1%23Nav31537 (114 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2003.01.16
		El-As sent an army of 20,000 men into Makuria.
		The Nubian resistance was so massive that the Muslims gained very little by their expedition and had to sign a peace treaty (baqt) according to some Arab writers.
		The peace did not last, however, and after a second campaign in 652 another treaty between the Muslims in Egypt and Nubia was concluded which marked the independence of Makuria.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2003/2003-01-16.html (2267 words)

	IslamOnline - Art & Entertainment Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The playground, crowded with girls, women, children, and local administration officials, included boys and girls from the African Zaghawa, Masalit, and Fur tribes mingling with their peers from the Arab Rozayqat and Mahamid tribes.
		Islam reached the Sudan in AH 31 after the Baqt Treaty had been signed by both `Abdullah ibn Abi As-Sarh and the King of An-Noba, the northernmost part of Sudan, in Dongola.
		During the next 300 years, Islam gradually spread among the people of Darfur—more rapidly than to those of An-Noba—where the first Islamic sultanate (the Dayyo Sultanate) had been established in the third Hijri century.
	www.islamonline.net /english/ArtCulture/2004/08/article06.shtml (1322 words)

	MEDIEVAL NUBIA
		In view of the barrier imposed by an Islamic and Arabic speaking Egypt, it is remarkable how the Byzantine character of the art was maintained, and that Greek was still in use in A.D. 1181, the date on a tombstone of one Parthenius found at Faras, and the latest Greek inscription known from the Sudan.
		Soon after these first raids, a treaty known as the Baqt, from the Greek pakton, a pact, was concluded, by which the Nubians supplied annually four hundred slaves in return for foodstuffs and cloth.
		In A.D. Arab attacks recommenced and the Arab writer, Maqrizi, recounts that they penetrated as far as Old Dongola, where the principal church was destroyed, with stones thrown from catapults, and the king Kalidurut sued for peace.
	rumkatkilise.org /nubia.htm (4577 words)

	Untitled Document
		In the second confrontation, the Arabs, who were now armed with coats of mail, were more successful, and this led both sides to make a treaty.
		This "pact" (known, in fact, as the "Baqt," from the Greek pakton) declared that the Arab authorities in Egypt would make no further attacks on Nubia if the Nubians provided an annual tribute of 360 slaves and allowed a mosque to be built in the center of their capital at Old Dongola.
		The contract was signed, and it remained in effect for six centuries.
	www.nubianet.org /about/about_history10.html (1273 words)

	[No title]
		BAQT Sample Packet constructed by David Dixon from NAQT 97-98 Conference Packets #1-4 25 starters, 23 bonuses Starters 1.
		An immense statue of the Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II bore the inscription, "If anyone would know how great I am and where I lie, let him surpass any of my works." Now all that remains of the statue are "two vast and trunkless legs of stone." This-for 10 points-according to what poem by Percy Shelley?
		For 5 points each--which three of these words refer to a shade of blue or aqua?
	www.union.ic.ac.uk /scc/quiz/sample-set.txt (3007 words)

	Civilization Fanatics' Forums - The Dark Side of Diplomacy
		My vote goes for the disastrous end of the "baqt" - literally "pact", or agreement to recognise each other's right to exist - between Makuria and Egypt.
		This remarkable treaty between a Muslim nation and a Christian one was the basis of largely peaceful relations between the two for six centuries, until in 1272 King David of Makuria launched possibly the most unwise military campaign in history against Aidhab, an Egyptian town on the Red Sea.
		The "baqt" had been crumbling ever since the Ayyubid dynasty took power in Egypt under Saladin in the 1170s, but King David's attack on Aidhab signalled the end of the baqt.
	forums.civfanatics.com /showthread.php?t=21797&page=2 (1134 words)

	Cambridge University Quiz Society
		The Quiz Society's second tournament was won by Catz by the tightest of margins, pipping a strong Clare team in the final.
		Both teams qualified thus qualified for the 2001 British Academic Quiz Tournament (BAQT).
		Congratulations to Fitzwilliam who came home with a storming 450 points to take the final of the Quiz Society's first Inter-Collegiate Challenge.
	www.srcf.ucam.org /quizsoc/ICC/ICC_History.php (419 words)

	\|\|The Cradle of Nubian Civilisation\|\|
		652 AD A "baqt" treaty established between Nubia and Egypt under Abdallah ibn Sa'ad ibn Abi Sahr.
		Nubia would provide 360 slaves each year and promise no attacks; Egypt would provide 1300 "kanyr" of wine.
		1317 AD Defeat of the last Christian king in Nubia and the first Muslim king Abdullah Barshambu on the throne in Dongola; "baqt" re-established; first mosque is built at Dongola
	www.thenubian.net /chronology.php (3611 words)

	THE US, THE UN AND THE IRAQIS THEMSELVES, V. 7.0 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It was my claim that the Kurds now are more effective in controlling the BAQT (i.e., Baathist-al-Qaeda-terrorists) than are either the BAS, or the Shiites.
		I claim it is for that reason that the Kurds do not suffer the same degree of atrocities committed by the BAQT as do the BAS, or the Shiites, and not because the Kurds have established a special agreement with the BAQT.
		However, since we started this discussion, I have read about more frequent atrocities committed by the BAQT against the Kurds.
	www.able2know.com /forums/about27940-0-asc-8310.html (1451 words)

	Anderson Bat Company, LLC Message Board - View Single Post - '04 vs. '05
		Anderson Bat Company, LLC Message Board - View Single Post - '04 vs. '05
		actually, the weighting in the baqt didn't change.
		We felt it would be better to warn parents about how heavy the bat swung by calling it a minus 9 instead of a minus 10.
	www.messageboard.andersonbat.com /showpost.php?p=678&postcount=2 (117 words)

	africanfront.com (AUF)
		1264 Nubians again pay "baqt" tribute, now to Mamlukes
		1317 CE Defeat of the last Christian king in Nubia and the first Muslim king Abdullah Barshambu on the throne in Dongola; "baqt" re-established; first mosque is built at Dongola.
		Mansa Musa's caravan consisted of eight thousand soldiers, courtiers and servants - some say as many as 60,000 - drove 15,000 camels laden with gold, perfume, salt and stores of food in a procession of unrivaled size.
	www.africanfront.com /calendarcontd2.php?printable=1 (1419 words)

	Civilization Fanatics' Forums - Scenario Preview - The Desert and the Mountain
		In real life, Makuria and Alwah survived for centuries because of the “Baqt” or pact that Makuria signed with Egypt, whereby the two nations, one Christian and one Muslim, agreed to co-exist peacefully.
		In this scenario, the Baqt is a buildable wonder which allows a diplomatic victory.
		The player must survive long enough to build it and remain on sufficiently good terms with the other powers to seize victory!
	forums.civfanatics.com /showthread.php?t=112582&page=1 (3534 words)

	[No title]
		According to Vantini, when the Nubians were beginning to make some contacts with the European Crusaders, "the Sultan of Egypt ordered a sharp eye to be kept on them to prevent such contacts between the Nubians and the Crusaders."
		In fact, "In 1264, when the Nubian delegation taking the annual tribute, the "baqt", to deliver to the Sultan of Egypt, they all became Muslim."13 Things had suddenly become unbearable for the isolated Nubian Christian population.
		The only way to survive was to convert to Islam.
	www3.sympatico.ca /ian.ritchie/Kedini.htm (1809 words)

	liveDaily Community - Who is the TV Commentator in the booth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Numerous times he was calling Arroyo, Brandon Arroyo and at one point he said he was pitching tonite against Martinez!!!
		Another one last night, he said he didnm't know why Olerud was holding Vartitek on first at this point when Varitek was at baqt and Millar was on first.!!!
		This guy should just leave his paycheck behind and exit the scene.
	talk.livedaily.com /archive/index.php/t-437960.html (1585 words)

	Arabization harmful effects in the Nile Valley - EgyptSearch Forums
		This is just facts,and even if the nation was not united the northern Sudanese Nubians were able to hold off the Arabs in their territory untill the 14th century.
		You forget the Arabs made a baqt agreement that Nubians could go in their land was they please and had to pay a tribute of slaves.
		Many historians believe this to be a farce and something the Arabs made up.
	www.egyptsearch.com /forums/Forum8/HTML/000781.html (9570 words)

	Foreigners in Egypt and Nubia from Dyanstic to modern times - EgyptSearch Forums
		The Beja were defeated and were forced to sign a capitulation recognicing the caliph as their suzerain and paying an annual tribute.
		The agreement contained many of the same stipulation as did the baqt treaty with the Nubians,[25],but it was a unilateral capitulation which guaranteed nothing to the Beja in return for their submission.
		The tribesmen were forbidden to enter the village and towns of Egypt,but there was no provision,as in the case with Nubians,against the Egyptians or Arabs to entering and settling the country of the Beja.
	www.egyptsearch.com /forums/Forum8/HTML/001099.html (10235 words)

	Diop or Hawass? - EgyptSearch Forums
		In the chapter where he talks about the Christians selling out the Egyptians to the Arabs, he mentions this conflict that Amun told me about, but he asks why Kush would sign a treaty when they were winning the war?
		He then mentions this treaty, called a Baqt, was an Arab save face to justify their loss and withdrawal from Kush.
		I do have to wonder why if the Arabs did have the upper hand why they didn't take Kush like they did Egypt?
	www.egyptsearch.com /forums/Forum8/HTML/000272.html (8954 words)

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