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Topic: Bar Sauma

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Nestorian Schism

Assyrian Church of the East

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Nisibis

Council of Ephesus

484

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	Rabban Bar Sauma - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Warnings of the danger of the routes to southern Syria turned him from his purpose; and his friend and fellow-pilgrim, Rabban Marcos, becoming Nestorian patriarch (as Mar Yaballaha III.) in 1281, suggested Bar Sauma's name to Arghun Khan, sovereign of the Ilkhanate or Mongol-Persian realm, for a European embassy, then contemplated.
		On this embassy Bar Sauma started in 1287, with Arghun's letters to the Byzantine emperor, the pope and the kings of France and England.
		The papacy being then vacant, a definite reply to his proposals was postponed, and Bar Sauma passed on to Paris, where he had audience of the king of France (Philip the Fair).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Rabban_Bar_Sauma (344 words)

	Bar Sauma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bar Sauma refers to two Assyrians assosicated with the Church of the East.
		The first Bar Sauma was a teacher at the School of Edessa in the 5th century, but had to flee to Persia because of his Nestorian views.
		The second Bar Sauma, often known as Rabban Bar Sauma, lived in the thirteenth century..
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bar_Sauma (242 words)

	Bar Hebræus
		The main claim of Bar Hebræus to our gratitude is not, however, in his original productions, but rather in his having preserved and systematized the work of his predecessors, either by way of condensation of by way of direct reproduction.
		Both on account of his virtues and of his science, Bar Hebræus was respected by all, and his death was mourned not only by men of his own faith, but also by the Nestorians and the Armenians.
		He probably, however, thought that the differences between Catholics, Nestorians, and the rest were of a theological, but not of dogmatical nature, and that they did not affect the common faith; hence, he did not consider others as heretics, and was not himself considered as such, at least by the Nestorians and the Armenians.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/b/bar_hebraeus.html (1144 words)

	Bar Sauma's Nestorian Pilgrimage (Thirteenth Century)
		Brief Biography: Bar Sauma, born in Tai-tu (Northern China) about 1260, was a descendant of the Onggud Turks who joined the Mongols early in the reign of Chinggis Khan.
		By the age of twenty-five, Sauma had taken vows to become a Nestorian monk and built a cell to meditate in isolation.
		Fired by a zeal to visit Nestorian monuments in the Middle East and Jerusalem, Sauma and his student Markos, later to become the patriarch and leader of the Nestorian church centered in Baghdad, set out on their arduous pilgrimage sometime before 1278.
	www.chass.colostate-pueblo.edu /history/seminar/sauma.htm (391 words)

	Rabban Bar Sauma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Warnings of the danger of the routes to southern Syria turned him from his purpose; and his friend and fellow-pilgrim, Rabban Marcos, becoming Nestorian patriarch (as Mar Yaballaha III) in 1281, suggested Bar Sauma's name to Arghun Khan, sovereign of the Ilkhanate or Mongol-Persian realm, for an embassy to Europe, then contemplated.
		On this embassy Bar Sauma started in 1287, with Arghun's letters to the Byzantine emperor, the Pope and the Kings of France and England.
		The papacy being then vacant, a definite reply to his proposals was postponed, and Bar Sauma passed on to Paris, where he had an audience with the King of France (Philip the Fair).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rabban_Bar_Sauma (426 words)

	Rabban Bar Sauma Biography \| scit_021_package.xml
		Bar Sauma was born around 1220, but accounts differ about his place of birth, noting it as either Chung-tu, modern-day Beijing, or Khanbaligh, which lay to the northeast.
		As Markos and Bar Sauma were preparing for a return trip to China as emissaries of the Nestorian Church, the Catholicus died, and the Nestorian bishops elected Markos as his successor.
		Bar Sauma's diplomatic, political, or religious maneuvers, however, are not as important to history as his writings.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/rabban-bar-sauma-scit-021 (573 words)

	CHAPTER 2. PERSIAN CATHOLICATE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Bar Hebraeus (d.1286), who was the Maphrian of Tigris in the 13th century gives an account of the origin of the Persian Catholicate in his "Ecclesiastical History".
		Bar Hebraeus has his place in the frontline of the outstanding theologians of the Eastern Church.
		Bar Hebraeus adds that this decision of the Jerusalem council of Bishops was not to the liking of the Patriarch of Antioch.
	www.stgregorioschurchdc.org /cgi/xpage.cgi?doc=ChurchHistory2.lesson (4266 words)

	Bar Sauma
		Brief Biography: Bar Sauma, born in Tai-tu (Northern China) about 1260, was a descendant of the Onggud Turks who joined the Mongols early in the reign of Chinggis Khan.
		By the age of twenty-five, Sauma had taken vows to become a Nestorian monk and built a cell to meditate in isolation.
		Fired by a zeal to visit Nestorian monuments in the Middle East and Jerusalem, Sauma and his student Markos, later to become the patriarch and leader of the Nestorian church centered in Baghdad, set out on their arduous pilgrimage sometime before 1278.
	www.nestorian.org /bar_sauma.html (390 words)

	TARZI: Edessa in the Era of Patriarch Michael The Syrian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Following the death of Athanasius Bar Shumana, the Syriac Metropolitan of Edessa, in 1099-1100, Patriarch Athanasius, distinguished for his learning and much respected both within and outside his own church, hoped to leave the see vacant and reside at Edessa himself.
		On the death of Patriarch Athanasius in 1143 or 1144, Basil Abu‘1-Farag bar Shumana, brother of Michael bar Shumana, who had previously been Bishop of Kaishum, was transferred to the diocese of Edessa.
		The incident of locust infestation in the countryside of Edessa and the use by the Edessans of the relics of St. Bar Sauma to dispel the swarms and their ensuing dispute with the Melkites portray rather clearly this background of sectarian strife.
	syrcom.cua.edu /Hugoye/Vol3No2/HV3N2Tarzi.html (6140 words)

	Tjalling Halbertsma - China & Mongolia
		Sauma’s journal elaborates on his colleague’s remarkable appointment, pointing out that ‘although Yabbalaha was somewhat deficient in the knowledge of the doctrines, he was a man of good disposition’.
		Arriving in Italy, Sauma eventually met the newly elected Pope, Mar Papa the Catholicus, and it was in Rome that the Chinese Son of Lent, Sauma the Practical, celebrated Palm Sunday and Easter in the Church of Mar John the Baptist.
		Sauma died in Persia in 1294, the year of the death of Kublai Khan and the beginning of the decline of the Mongol empire in China.
	www.halbertsma.com /artckeng.html (21871 words)

	Assyrian Church of the East - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They executed the pro-Roman Catholicos Babowai who was then replaced by the Nestorian Bishop of Nisibis Bar Sauma (484).
		At the time of the arrival of the Nestorian refugees from Edessa, the prelate was Babaeus or Babowai (sometimes also called 'Babai', not to be confused with 'Babai the Great') (457–484), who appears to have received them with open arms.
		A native of China was elected Patriarch as Yaballaha III in 1281, and his colleague Rabban Bar Sauma journeyed as far west as Gascony.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East (2487 words)

	March 28: Bar Sauma at Rome's Easter services
		Bar Sauma was a Nestorian, a member of an ancient sect of Christians.
		In the Mideast, Bar Sauma was delegated to act as ambassador for newly-elected Patriarch Mar Yabahalla III.
		Bar Sauma seized the opportunity to pass on to France and possibly England.
	chi.gospelcom.net /DAILYF/2003/03/daily-03-28-2003.shtml (810 words)

	Rabban Bar Sauma, the "Reverse Marco Polo," Travels from Beijing to Bourdeaux \| Science and Its Times: ...
		One could call Rabban Bar Sauma a "reverse Marco Polo": whereas Polo traveled from West to East, Bar Sauma's trek took him from what is now Beijing to the Bourdeaux region in France; and whereas Polo went on business, the priest Bar Sauma was on a religious mission.
		Finally arriving in Rome, Bar Sauma learned that Pope Honorius IV had recently died, and the College of Cardinals had yet to choose a successor.
		Of course Bar Sauma did not realize that his efforts were doomed, and he was thrilled when in 1288 the new pope, Nicholas IV (r.
	www.bookrags.com /research/rabban-bar-sauma-the-reverse-marco--scit-021 (1443 words)

	Diocese of St. Thomas, Las Vegas NV
		Shimun bar Sabbai, the Catholicos refused to implement the tax on his people whereupon he, along with the rest of the Church, was accused of being friends of Rome and traitors to the empire.
		In 1287, Argun, Il-Khan of Persia sent Rabban Bar Sauma, under Yoalaha’s direction, on a mission to Western Europe to seek an alliance against the Moslems for a new Crusade.
		Bar Sauma met with Andronicus II, Palaeologus, Emperor of Byzantium, Phillip IV of France and Edward I of England.
	www.dioceseofstthomas.org /succession.html (7574 words)

	History of Syriac texts and Syrian Christianity - Table 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		He was succeeded in May AD 552, [50] by Joseph who sat until being deposed between AD 564 and 567, [50] or in AD 567, [46].
		The source of this data are 'The histories of Rabban Hormizd the Persian and Rabban Bar Idta' edited by E. Budge 1902 via [38].
		The Upper Monastery was initially known as the Monastery of Mar Gabriel, but later it was known as the Monastery of Mar Gabriel and Mar Abraham after Mar Abraham bar Dashandad, 'The Crippled' of Bet Sayyada who was a celebrated teacher there around AD 800, [53].
	www.srr.axbridge.org.uk /chron_tab6.html (7289 words)

	Ghost of a flea: Rabban Bar Sauma
		This is the first I have read of Rabban Bar Sauma, a Mongolian Christian and "reverse Marco Polo" who travelled west to the Holy Land as Polo was on his way east to Beijing.
		Polo met Kublai Khan while Sauma received the Eucharist from the pope.
		Sauma shared mass with Edward I of England, visited King Philip IV in Paris, and stayed at the Vatican.
	www.ghostofaflea.com /archives/001529.html (247 words)

	SI.com
		We sell antique bars from 48 inches long to twenty feet long and up for home and restaurants.
		Bar Refaeli (born June 4, 1985) is an Israeli fashion model...
		Bar Refaeli was raised on a horse ranch in the Israeli country-side...
	websearch.si.cnn.com /search/search?Coll=si_xml&QuerySubmit=true&Page=1&QueryText=&sites=web&query=BAR+REFAELI (366 words)

	Mar Yaballaha III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Born near Beijing and of Uyghur descent, his given name was Markos.
		He was consecrated as a monk and decided, along with Rabban Bar Sauma, to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
		In the course of the pilgrimage, having paused in the region of Baghdad, Markos was appointed Metropolitan, and shortly thereafter was elected Patriarch (taking the name Yaballaha) to succeed the deceased Patriarch Denha.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yaballaha_III (140 words)

	1275 Encyclopedia Article @ FolkArtMuseum.com (Folk Art Museum) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The city of Kunming is made capital of the Yunnan province of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
		Nestorian monk Rabban Bar Sauma begin his pilgrimage from China towards Jerusalem
		Chinese astronomers observe a total eclipse of the Sun in China on March 4.
	www.folkartmuseum.com /encyclopedia/1275 (662 words)

	Bar Invitation Shower Stock Wedding Wording (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The authors also explain, with examples, how to make a great toast bar invitation shower stock wedding wording and use the quotes inventively for pre-wedding parties, invitations, receptions, bar invitation shower stock wedding wording and other events.
		Sun shower - A sun shower is an unusual meteorological phenomenon in which rain falls from a cloudless sky due to temperature and humidity fluctuations in the atmosphere.
		Martha: Behind Bars - Martha: Behind Bars (2005) is a telefilm set to air on September 25, 2005.
	www.gilbert-pons.com /barinvitationshowerstockweddingwording.html (914 words)

	St. Gregorios Malankara (Indian) Orthodox Church of Washington, DC : Indian Orthodox Calendar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In 1264, Gregorios Bar Hebraeus, the renowned scholar became the Maphrian.
		After the time of Bar Hebraeus, the Maphrians were also sometimes called as the 'Catholicos of the East'
		After Bar Hebraeus, the glory of the Maphrianate dwindled.
	www.stgregorioschurchdc.org /cgi/doc.cgi?doc=ChurchHistory2.lesson&lang=en (3441 words)

	ANCIENT SILK ROAD TRAVELLERS
		Bar Sauma was sent to the West as an emissary of the Ilkhanid ruler Arghun in 1287, with the goal of concluding an alliance against the Mamluks.
		Bar Sauma's writings were preserved in an abridged translation into Syriac, from which there are several translations into modern languages.
		As Rossabi notes, "His narrative remains the only one of its era to provide an East Asian perspective on European ways and rites," even though it is somewhat disappointing in detail about life in the places through which he traveled.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/srtravelmain.shtml (4830 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: John of Montecorvino
		Being a member of a religious order which at that time was chiefly concerned with the conversion of unbelievers, and was commissioned by the Holy See to preach Christianity especially to the Asiatic hordes then threatening the West, he devoted himself to the Eastern missions, first that of Persia.
		In 1286 Argun, the khan or ruler of this kingdom, sent a request to the pope through the Nestorian bishop, Bar Sauma, to send Catholic missionaries to the Court of the great Chinese emperor, Kúblaí Khan (1260-94), who was well disposed towards Christianity.
		About that time John of Montecorvino came to Rome with similar promising news, and Nicholas IV entrusted him with the important mission to Farther China, where about this time Marco Polo, the celebrated traveller, still lingered.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08474a.htm (665 words)

	RABBAN BAR SAUMA (fl. ... - Online Information article about RABBAN BAR SAUMA (fl. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
		On this embassy Bar Sauma started in 1287, with Arghun's letters to the See also:
		The papacy being then vacant, a definite reply to his proposals was postponed, and Bar Sauma passed on to See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PYR_RAY/RABBAN_BAR_SAUMA_fl_128o_1288_.html (504 words)

	Gorgias Press - Gorgias Historical Texts
		This books gives the Syriac text of the account of Yaballaha III, Church of the East Patriarch, and his vicar Bar Sauma, the Mongol Ambassador to the Frankish courts at the end of the thirteenth century.
		This is the standard edition of the chronicle of Bar Hebraeus in Syriac and English translation.
		This books gives an introduction and an annotated English translation of the Syriac account of Yaballaha III, Church of the East Patriarch, and his vicar Bar Sauma, the Mongol Ambassador to the Frankish courts at the end of the thirteenth century.
	www.gorgiaspress.com /bookshop/c-33-gorgias-historical-texts.aspx (730 words)

	1287 Encyclopedia Article @ JobsInArt.com (Jobs in Art) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the port city of Latakia in present-day Syria.
		Mongol Ilhan Arghun Khan dispatches Rabban Bar Sauma to the leaders of Europe to negotiate an alliance against Muslim states, specifically the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt.
		Kings Mengrai of the Lanna kingdom and Ramkhamhaeng the Great of the Sukhothai kingdom agree to a peace pact in their region of southeast Asia (present-day Thailand).
	www.jobsinart.com /encyclopedia/1287 (518 words)

	SHABUATOV
		Bar Kojba, el líder, está apoyado inicialmente hasta que su orgullo afloja su fe.
		Cae la última resistencia de Bar Kojba en Betal luego de un largo sitio.
		Monje fanático (Bar Sauma de Nisbis) atraviesa Israel con su banda y destruye sinagoga.
	www.shabuatov.com /lineatiempo.php (2830 words)

	Theologische Fakultät: Veröffentlichungen von Prof. Dr. Tamcke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Abdischo' I. bar Aqre, Katholikos-Patriarch in: BBKL 21 (2003), Sp.
		Abdischo' bar Johannan, Patriach in: BBKL 21 (2003), Sp.
		Bar Sauma von Karka de Laden in: BBKL 21 (2003), Sp.
	www.theologie.uni-goettingen.de /ger_nofr/martintamcke_veroef.htm (4840 words)

	swuklink: Searchable Time-Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Death of Simon bar Kokhba, leader of the Jewish revolt (132-) against the Roman Empire
		Marriage of Frederick II of Lorraine to Agnes of Bar
		Birth at Melitene, Armenia, of the scholar Gregory Bar-Hebraeus (Bar-Hebraeus, Bar Ebroyo or Abulfaragus, d.
	www.swuklink.com /BAAAGDJA.php?srchstr=Bar (3273 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		They executed the, um pro-Roman Catholicos Babowai who was then replaced by the, um Nestorian Bishop of Nisibis Bar Sauma (484).
		But Bar Sauma, having become Bishop of Nisibis, the, um nearest important city to Edessa, broke with the, um weak Catholicos, whom he had deposed at the, um Synod of Beth Lapat in April, 484.
		A native of China was elected Patriarch as Yaballaha III in 1281, and, um, his colleague Rabban Bar Sauma journeyed as far west as Gascony.
	www.n00bie.net /Assyrian_Church_of_the_East (2904 words)

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