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Topic: Barbary States

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Barbary treaties

First Barbary War

Second Barbary War

Barbary Coast

Declaration of war by the United States

Barbary pirates

Barbary Wars

Declaration of war

William Eaton

United States Constitution

Tripoli

History of the Ottoman Empire

	Barbary pirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Their stronghold was along the stretch of northern Africa known as the Barbary Coast (a medieval term for the Maghreb after its Berber inhabitants), although their predation was said to extend as far north as Iceland, and south along West Africa's Atlantic seaboard.
		The United States Marine Corps actions in these wars led to the line, "to the shores of Tripoli" in the opening of the "Marine Hymn".
		Barbary pirates appear in a number of famous novels, including Robinson Crusoe, The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, The Algerine Captive by Royall Tyler, Master and Commander by Patrick O'Brian and the Baroque Cycle by Neal Stephenson.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Barbary_pirates (317 words)

	First Barbary War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The First Barbary War (1801–1805, also known as the Barbary Coast War or the Tripolitan War) was one of two wars fought between the United States of America and the semi-autonomous North African city-states of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, known collectively as the Barbary States.
		Since the 17th century the Barbary States of North Africa were run independently from the Ottoman Empire.
		For them, the First Barbary War was one in a series of punitive wars that signalled their weakened status and foreshadowed eventual colonialization by France, starting in the 1830s.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/f/fi/first_barbary_war.html (1161 words)

	Millions For Defense, Not A Penny For Tribute... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Barbary War was an important early test of strength and resolve for the fledgling American government, although in a few more years it would be overshadowed by the War of 1812, which included the last foreign assault on U.S. soil prior to last Tuesday.
		From a historical standpoint, the Barbary states soon began to fade into obscurity, along with their conflict with the U.S. - which would soon be overshadowed by the far less conclusive War of 1812.
		The Barbary pirates of the past tended to view Americans and Europeans in general as "infidels," not unlike their modern-day counterparts, but were motivated largely by greed instead of religious fanaticism or hatred of the U.S. President Bush indicated earlier this week that he wants terrorist kingpin Osama Bin Laden in custody dead or alive.
	www.evote.com /features/2001-09/091801barbarywar.asp (705 words)

	Animal Planet :: Corwin's Carnival of Creatures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Barbary sheep, also called auodads, originated in the hills of the Sahara and have inhabited all the major mountains of North Africa.
		Barbary sheep are herbivorous, feeding on a variety of vegetation such as grass, forbs and shrubs.
		The Barbary sheep is endemic to the mountains of northern Africa.
	animal.discovery.com /fansites/jeffcorwin/carnival/lilmammal/barbarysheep.html (791 words)

	Barbary States. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		term used for the North African states of Tripolitania, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco.
		Yet, on the whole, countries trading in the Mediterranean found it more convenient to pay tribute than to undertake the expensive task of eliminating piracy.
		The United States and the European powers took advantage of this decline to launch more attacks.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ba/BarbaryS.html (388 words)

	Freewalt.com - Barbary Corsairs
		In the Articles of Confederation, the states were considered "the soul of [the] confederation."[ix] Therefore, the intentionally weak, “confederal” government, run by an elected congress without a strong chief executive, dealt with a very limited range of concerns common to the sovereign states.
		Essentially, the United States, under the Articles of Confederation, "was at the mercy of any power which might choose to rob it."[xxxiii] Taking advantage of the critical position of the weak Confederacy, the Barbary corsairs followed the "laws of prey, as practiced by wild animals,"[xxxiv] and devastated the Mediterranean commerce of the young nation.
		In "Federalist 15," Alexander Hamilton commented that the United States may "be said to have reached almost the last stage of national humiliation."[li] This national humiliation was amplified by Europe's dim view of the new Confederacy, and by the inability of the United States to mount effective opposition to the corsairs.
	www.freewalt.com /socialstudies/history/american/corsairs.htm (7217 words)

	Barbary Wars
		The Barbary War -- the first American war against Libya -- was the first war waged by the United States outside national boundaries after gaining independence and unification of the country.
		The United States sent naval squadrons into the Mediterranean under the slogan of "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!" Under the leadership of Commodores Richard Dale and Edward Preble, the Navy blockaded the enemy coast, bombarded his shore fortresses, and engaged in close, bitterly contested gunboat actions.
		In 1805 Marines stormed the Barbary pirates' harbor fortress stronghold of Derna (Tripoli), commemorated in the Marine Corp Hymn invocation "To the Shores of Tripoli." First Lieutenant O'Bannon is remembered for heroism in the battle for Derna.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/barbary.htm (907 words)

	The Mariners' Museum : Birth of the U.S. Navy
		At the time the United States won its independence, the states of the Barbary Coast--Tripoli, Algiers, Morocco, and Tunis--had been preying on the world's merchant ships for three hundred years.
		The Barbary pirates' methods were fairly simple: cruising the Mediterranean in small, fast ships, they boarded merchant ships, overwhelmed the crew, and took them captive.
		However, once the United States became an independent nation, this protection was gone, and the new U.S. government was quickly forced to make treaties with the sultans of North Africa.
	www.mariner.org /usnavy/06/06a.htm (2015 words)

	The Thomas Jefferson Papers - America and the Barbary Pirates - (American Memory from the Library of Congress)
		The focus of the United States and a proposed international coalition was the Barbary Pirates of North Africa.
		During the Revolution, the ships of the United States were protected by the 1778 alliance with France, which required the French nation to protect "American vessels and effects against all violence, insults, attacks, or depredations, on the part of the said Princes and States of Barbary or their subjects."
		Tripoli, the least considerable of the Barbary States, had come forward with demands unfounded either in right or in compact, and had permitted itself to denounce war, on our failure to comply before a given day.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjprece.html (1172 words)

	'The Horror of Our Situation' (The plight of enslaved Americans added impetus to the Barbary wars) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Indeed, during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the threat posed by Barbary corsairs deterred American trade in the region and was an embarrassment to the United States.
		One is in a state of total blindness; another is reduced nearly to the same condition; two or three carry the marks of unmerciful treatment in ruptures produced by hard labour; and others have had their constitutions injured by the plague.
		Barbary captivity had all the elements of an exciting adventure story: piracy, slavery, misery, heroism, tyranny, triumph, and more, to say nothing of mysterious accounts of seraglios and the dark-skinned, dark-eyed concubines who lived there.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1351879/posts (5616 words)

	Terrorism In Early America
		The Barbary States was a collective name given to a string of North African seaports stretching from Tangiers to Tripoli.
		Among the famous prisoners ransomed from the shackles of Barbary were St. Vincent de Paul, and Miguel de Cervantes, author of Don Quixote (Castor, 1971).
		Turkey, overlord of Barbary, was an ally of Britain.
	earlyamerica.com /review/2002_winter_spring/terrorism.htm (3640 words)

	Rob Boston "Joel Barlow And The Treaty With Tripoli," 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The conflict between the United States and the Barbary States is today largely forgotten, but in the 19th century it was the stuff of legend.
		A little background of the relations between the United States and the Barbary States during the post-Revolutionary War period is necessary to set the stage.
		Barlow was authorized to promise Algeria, the leading Barbary state in their loose confederation, a payment of $800,000—a staggering sum at the time—and an additional $20,000 in naval supplies every year.
	www.stephenjaygould.org /ctrl/archive/boston_tripoli.html (3016 words)

	Barbary Coast wars Board Game (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Barbary Coast Wars is a low priced introductory historical board game covering the conflict between the United States and the Barbary Coast States in the early days of the US republic.
		In 1799 the United States agreed to pay an annual tribute to the Pasha of Tribili, the foremost of the Barbary States of North Africa.
		For centuries the Barbary States had been a major force for piracy in the Mediterranean and demanded tribute from many nations to allow for safe passage of merchant ships.
	www.guildofblades.com /empires/barbary.html (208 words)

	The Avalon Project : The Barbary Treaties 1786-1816 - Treaty of Peace, Signed Algiers June 30 and July 3, 1815
		All vessels of war belonging to the United States of America, on meeting with a Cruizer belonging to the Regency of Algiers, on having seen her passports, and Certificates from the Consul of the United States residing in Algiers shall permit her to proceed on her Cruize unmolested, and without detention.
		If she be in port she shall not be seized, or attacked when it is in the power of the other party to protect her; and when she proceeds to sea, no Ennemy shall be permitted to pursue her from the same port within twenty four hours after her departure.
		If any Citizens of the United States, or any persons under their protection, shall have any disputes with each other, the Consul shall decide between the parties, and whenever the Consul shall require any aid or assistance from the Government of Algiers to enforce his decisions it shall be immediately granted to him.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/bar1815t.htm (631 words)

	Barbary pirates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Barbary pirates operated out of Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers, Salè and ports in Morocco, preying on shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea from the time of the Crusades until the early 19th century.
		Their stronghold was along the stretch of northern Africa that was known as the Barbary Coast (a medieval term for the Maghreb) after its Berber inhabitants.
		The pirates' constant attacks on United States shipping in the early 1800s prompted the building of the United States Navy, including one of America's most famous ships, the USS Constitution.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/barbary_pirates (212 words)

	Barbary -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Barbary macaque is about 60 cm (24 inches) long and has light yellowish brown fur and a bald pale pink face.
		During the more than 200 years of their history, United States Marines have seen combat in all parts of the world and have been at the...
		The Barbary states of Algiers, Tunis, Morocco, and Tripoli required annual tribute from U.S. vessels traveling in the Mediterranean Sea in exchange for immunity from attacks.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9013292 (866 words)

	Dan Simpson: Barbarous doings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Since the United States did not have diplomatic relations with any of the three states in which the Americans could be being held, it would be necessary to ask for help from the French, British and other Europeans to try to establish contact with the hostage-holders.
		The North African states in question were Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, the capitals of modern Algeria, Tunisia and Libya.
		Seeking to persuade Thomas Jefferson that the United States had to have a navy if it was going to deal with the North African states, one U.S. representative said that, otherwise, these states risked becoming a threat to "even the coasts of America," an eerie echo of the rhetoric of America's current aggressive overseas policy.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/04329/416479.stm (839 words)

	First Barbary War Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The First Barbary War (1801–1805, also known as the Barbary Coast War or the Tripolitan War) was one of two wars fought between the United States of America and the semiautonomous North African city-states of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, known collectively as the Barbary States.
		Since the 17th century, the Barbary States of North Africa, although nominally governed by the Ottoman Empire, had been largely independent kleptocracies, run by piratical military strongmen and financed by plunder, tribute, and ransom.
		And the gains of the war furthered the confidence of Thomas Jefferson to regard any threat to the liberty of the American people an act of war and furthered his conclusion that war is the only way to sustain liberty.
	www.variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/First_Barbary_War (1392 words)

	spring2002
		Focusing on America's encounter with the Barbary states of North Africa in The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World, 1776-1815 (University of Chicago Press, 2000), author Robert Allison traces the perceptions and misperceptions of Islam in the American mind as the new nation constructed its ideology and system of government.
		From the 16th to the 19th century, the northern coast of Africa was occupied by several independent Muslim states (the so-called Barbary states, after the Berbers) under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire: Algeria, Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunisia.
		He remained as determined as ever not to submit to the demands of the Barbary states, eager to prove to both the North Africans and Europeans that the Americans were not going to play the same power games other nations did.
	jeffersonlegacy.org /spring2002.htm (2486 words)

	How Did the United States Defeat the Barbary Pirates?
		Williams is a student at the University of Washington and an intern at HNN.
		This conflict, pitting the United States against a stateless enemy, was memorable for the use of careful diplomacy, coalitions, special military tactics, and, unfortunately, confused goals.
		The difficulties with the Barbary States, including a series of confrontations with Algiers in 1814-17, would continue until France brought the era to an end by invading and colonizing most of North-West Africa.
	hnn.us /articles/287.html (1170 words)

	First Barbary War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The First Barbary War''' (1801–1805, also known as the '''Barbary Coast War''' or the '''Tripolitan War) was one of two Barbary Warswars fought between the United StatesUnited States of America and the semiautonomous North AfricaNorth African city-states of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, known collectively as the Barbary States/.
		Since the 17th century, the Barbary piratesBarbary States of North Africa, although nominally governed by the Ottoman Empire, had been largely independent kleptocracykleptocracies/, run by piratical military strongmen and financed by plunder, tribute, and ransom.
		The United States Navy and United States Marine CorpsMarines became a permanent part of the American government and the American mythos, and Decatur returned to the US as its first post-Revolutionary war hero.
	www.infothis.com /find/First_Barbary_War (1487 words)

	The Avalon Project : The Barbary Treaties 1786-1816 - Treaty of Peace and Amity, Signed at Algiers September 5, 1795
		Any Citizen of the United States of North America having bought any Prize condemned by the Algerines shall not be again captured by the Cruisers of the Regency then at Sea altho they have not a Pass-Port a Certificate from the Consul resident being deemed Sufficient untill such time they can procure such Pass-Port.
		If any of the Barbary States at War with the United States of North America shall capture any American Vessel & bring her into any of the Ports of this Regency they shall not be Permitted to sell her but Shall depart the Port on Procuring the Requisite Supplies of Provision.
		No Citizen of ye United States of North America shall be Oblidged to Redeem any Slave against his Will even Should he be his Brother neither shall the owner of A Slave be forced to Sell him against his Will but All Such agreements must be made by Consent of Parties.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/bar1795t.htm (750 words)

	Tripolitan War on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Piracy had become a normal source of income in the N African Barbary States long before the United States came into existence.
		Difficulties began in 1800 when William Bainbridge, the officer who took tribute to the dey of Algiers, was compelled to go under the Ottoman flag to Constantinople.
		Though the most favorable agreement yet made with a Barbary power, the treaty was not a brilliant triumph and did not end the threat of piracy to U.S. shipping.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/t/tripolw1ar.asp (678 words)

	BRIA 18:1 Africa -- The United States and the Barbary Pirates, AIDS in Africa, Ibn Battuta: The Greatest Traveler in ...
		In the 1700s, the countries along the southern coastline of the Mediterranean Sea were called the Barbary States.
		Named after the Berbers, one of North Africa's native peoples, the Barbary States were little pirate kingdoms that plundered the merchant ships of many nations.
		Imagine that the U.S. Department of State is holding a meeting to decide on its recommendation to the president about what to do about the AIDS crisis in Africa.
	www.crf-usa.org /bria/bria18_1.htm (6192 words)

	Barbary States on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and the Barbary pirates: an illustration of relevant costs for decision making.
		The costs of state-sponsored terrorism: the example of the Barbary pirates.
		South Africa's ambassador to the United States Barbary Joyce Masekela talks with Liechtenstein's ambassador Claudia at a lunch hosted by Fritsche in Washington, D.C., on October 8, 2003.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/B/BarbaryS1.asp (679 words)

	Barbary States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Collectively the privateering cities along the northern coast of Africa were known as the Barbary States and subsisted by exacting ransom and tribute from western shippers.
		Because of American reluctance to pay tribute, there was a state of war between the Barbary States and the USA which lasted from 1800 to 1815 (Barbary wars).
		The principal Barbary ports were Oran, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Benghazi.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /b/barbaryStates.html (209 words)

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