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Topic: Barbary Wars

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	First Barbary War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First Barbary War (1801–1805, also known as the Barbary Coast War or the Tripolitan War) was one of two wars fought between the United States of America and the semiautonomous North African city-states of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, known collectively as the Barbary States.
		The turning point in the war came with the Battle of Derna, after a remarkably daring overland attack on the Tripolitan city of Derna by a combined force of American marines and Arab, Greek and Berber mercenaries, under the command of ex-consul William Eaton and Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon.
		Distracted by the preludes to the War of 1812, the Americans were unable to respond to the provocation until 1815, with the Second Barbary War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Barbary_War (1217 words)

	Barbary Wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Barbary Wars were two wars between the United States of America and piratical city-states in North Africa.
		After September 11, 2001, some interest in the wars has been revived, with comparisons between the Americans' no-compromise stance in the early 1800s to the current War on Terrorism.
		The punitive actions against the Barbary States were launched by the administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Barbary_Wars (208 words)

	Millions For Defense, Not A Penny For Tribute... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Barbary War was an important early test of strength and resolve for the fledgling American government, although in a few more years it would be overshadowed by the War of 1812, which included the last foreign assault on U.S. soil prior to last Tuesday.
		From a historical standpoint, the Barbary states soon began to fade into obscurity, along with their conflict with the U.S. - which would soon be overshadowed by the far less conclusive War of 1812.
		The Barbary pirates of the past tended to view Americans and Europeans in general as "infidels," not unlike their modern-day counterparts, but were motivated largely by greed instead of religious fanaticism or hatred of the U.S. President Bush indicated earlier this week that he wants terrorist kingpin Osama Bin Laden in custody dead or alive.
	www.evote.com /features/2001-09/091801barbarywar.asp (705 words)

	Freewalt.com - Barbary Corsairs
		In "Federalist 15," Alexander Hamilton commented that the United States may "be said to have reached almost the last stage of national humiliation."[li] This national humiliation was amplified by Europe's dim view of the new Confederacy, and by the inability of the United States to mount effective opposition to the corsairs.
		According to Clausewitz, the first end of a successful war is the "destruction of the enemy's military forces." The second is the capture of the enemy's country to prevent it from raising new forces.
		Looking back on post-Revolutionary War America, some of the framers of the 1787 Constitution felt that the Articles were a "defective instrument of a preexisting union."[xciii] Alexander Hamilton, in particular, believed that the Articles were thrown together quickly during the war by "men of intelligence," who, "when the dangers of war were removed,.
	www.freewalt.com /socialstudies/history/american/corsairs.htm (7217 words)

	Super Frigates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The war itself must be one of the most useless and unwanted in the histories of both the US and the UK.
		It was caused principally by the contemptuous and often brutal attitudes of the British with regard to the freedom of the seas.
		It was not until the War of 1812 that the frigates were able to prove their agility.
	www.geocities.com /Broadway/Alley/5443/supfrig.htm (3331 words)

	'The Horror of Our Situation' (The plight of enslaved Americans added impetus to the Barbary wars) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		For fifteen years Jefferson had believed that war with Barbary was the only answer, and that America as a new nation should not succumb to what he saw as Barbary's lawlessness and corruption.
		Those wars had captured the U.S. public's imagination, and during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, dozens of playwrights, novelists, and poets were inspired to write fictional accounts of American encounters with exotic North Africa.
		Barbary captivity had all the elements of an exciting adventure story: piracy, slavery, misery, heroism, tyranny, triumph, and more, to say nothing of mysterious accounts of seraglios and the dark-skinned, dark-eyed concubines who lived there.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/fr/1351879/posts (5616 words)

	Barbary Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Barbary States of North Africa had plundered seaborne commerce for centuries.
		Following the War of 1812 two naval squadrons under Commodores Decatur and Bainbridge returned to the Mediterranean.
		Diplomacy backed by resolute force soon brought the rulers of Barbary to terms and gained wide spread respect for the new American nation.
	www.history.navy.mil /faqs/stream/faq45-4.htm (187 words)

	Barbary Wars
		The Barbary War -- the first American war against Libya -- was the first war waged by the United States outside national boundaries after gaining independence and unification of the country.
		In 1805 Marines stormed the Barbary pirates' harbor fortress stronghold of Derna (Tripoli), commemorated in the Marine Corp Hymn invocation "To the Shores of Tripoli." First Lieutenant O'Bannon is remembered for heroism in the battle for Derna.
		In the years immediately after the Napoleonic wars, which ended in 1815, the European powers forced an end to piracy and the payment of tribute in the Barbary states.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/barbary.htm (907 words)

	The Mariners' Museum : Birth of the U.S. Navy
		The Barbary pirates' methods were fairly simple: cruising the Mediterranean in small, fast ships, they boarded merchant ships, overwhelmed the crew, and took them captive.
		Jefferson had long disagreed with the policy of paying tribute and argued that it would be cheaper to build a navy than give in to the sultans' ever-increasing demands.
		However, though Sterrett's victory was clear, the United States had not yet officially declared war on Tripoli, and therefore could not claim the ship as a prize.
	www.mariner.org /usnavy/06/06a.htm (2015 words)

	Barbary States on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The piracy carried on thereafter by the Muslims of North Africa began as part of the wars against Spain.
		John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and the Barbary pirates: an illustration of relevant costs for decision making.
		South Africa's ambassador to the United States Barbary Joyce Masekela talks with Liechtenstein's ambassador Claudia at a lunch hosted by Fritsche in Washington, D.C., on October 8, 2003.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/B/BarbaryS1.asp (657 words)

	The Savage Wars of Peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In Max Boot’s book The Savage Wars of Peace I was amazed of some of the small wars that the United States was in.
		First off the Barbary Wars, this was the first time I ever heard of these wars.
		It was shocking to hear that for these wars that the United States barely passed through congress to have 6 ships built so they could fight against the Barbary Coast.
	www.unco.edu /drshaff/_disc3/000003f3.htm (89 words)

	Barbary Wars (The): American Independence in the Atlantic World, by Franklin Lambert - Military Ink (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The history of America's conflict with the piratical states of the Mediterranean runs through the presidencies of Washington, Adams, Jefferson and Madison; the adoption of the Constitution; the Quasi-War with France and the War of 1812; the construction of a full-time professional navy; and, most important, the nation's haltering steps toward commercial independence.
		Frank Lambert's genius is to see in the Barbary Wars the ideal means of capturing the new nation's shaky emergence in the complex context of the Atlantic world.
		Depicting a time when Britain ruled the seas and France most of Europe, The Barbary Wars proves America's earliest conflict with the Arabic world was always a struggle for economic advantage rather than any clash of cultures or religions.
	www.militaryink.com /books/2005/august/0809095335.htm (302 words)

	The Savage Wars of Peace, history of U.S. small wars abroad, Barbary Coast, China, Philippines, Nicaragua, Mexico
		Not covered are the major conflicts - the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Civil War, WW-I and WW-II - as well as lesser conflicts against organized armies such as the Mexican War - the Spanish American War - the Korean War - and the first Gulf War.
		Problems and costs also increase exponentially when any particular small wars cannot be isolated from the outside influences of states or private groups that for various reasons may engage in stirring the pot.
		During the Civil War, the navy grew from 68 vessels to 626, of which 65 were ironclads.
	www.futurecasts.com /Book%20review%207-2.htm (16168 words)

	Barbary Wars Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Looking For barbary wars - Find barbary wars and more at Lycos Search.
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	popularityguide.com /encyclopedia/Barbary_Wars (353 words)

	washingtonpost.com: The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power
		In her intercourse with foreign nations, may she always be in the right; but right or wrong, our country!") The Barbary Wars in which he made his name are all but forgotten, save as the subject of children's stories about pirates and the first line of the Marine Corps anthem ("to the shores of Tripoli").
		Yet they deserve to be disinterred from the grave of history, for it was because of these wars that the United States gained a navy and a marine corps and a role on the world stage.
		It is tempting to compare the Barbary States to modern Islamist states that preach and practice jihad against infidel unbelievers.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/thesavagewarsofpeace.htm (2316 words)

	Barbary Wars WIs - AlternateHistory.com Discussion Board
		When a frigate represents a significant part of your force total you are very vulnerable to losses, and the Barbary pirates, while not exactly a world naval playerany longer, could have gotten lucky easily enough.
		The Barbary pirates were paid tribute by the European powers, since it would be expensive to whip them into line, and they could always be useful.
		I also think the fact that the rest of Europe was both at war with itself and in France's case had to rely on massive loans from Algiers-based banks simply meant that the less involved USA had more freedom of action to push its agenda against Algiers.
	www.alternatehistory.com /discussion/showthread.php?t=681 (1151 words)

	Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy Prior to 1898
		Letter of Marque carried by Captain Millin of the American privateer Prince of Neufchatel during the War of 1812.
		Major-General Winfield Scott, at Mexico City, to William L. Marcy, Secretary of War, at Washington, D.C. Dispatch communicating Scott's report of the battles for, and occupation of, Mexico City.
		Dymond, Jonathan, An inquiry into the accordancy of war with the principles of Christianity, and an examination of the philosophical reasoning by which it is defended.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/pre1898.htm (6929 words)

	John Rodgers Papers
		The U.S. Naval commanders during this operation were delegated the authority to negotiate a treaty with the four Barbary states and end their "piratical" activities, and Rodgers played one of the key roles.
		After commanding the Northern Division of coast defence in 1810-11, Rodgers became the ranking officer in the Navy during the War of 1812, and is noted for taking an active role in disrupting British shipping and commerce, as well as his role in harassing British forces as they retreated from the sack of Washington.
		The Barbary War materials contain some important information on the activities of the U.S. fleet off Tripoli and on the attitudes of the U.S. officers toward the Barbary states, as well as some intelligence used during the operations and treaty negotiations.
	www.clements.umich.edu /Webguides/QR/Rodgers.html (359 words)

	Practical Homeschooling: Forgotten American history: the Barbary Wars. @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		America's first conflict is known as the Barbary Wars, fought in 1801-05 and 1815 against the Islamic powers of North Africa.
		The Moslems (as their name was spelled at the time) of North Africa had begun attacking and capturing the ships of Christian nations after their expulsion from Spain and France in the 15th century.
		But payments were continued to the other Barbary states until 1815, when Commodore Stephen Decatur was sent to the Mediterranean where he captured the Algerian flagship Mashuda in a fight off Cape de Gat.
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:106914466&... (873 words)

	Draft as of 17 June 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Barbary legend; war, trade, and piracy in North Africa, 1415-1830.
		Nash, Howard P. The Forgotten Wars: The Role of the U.S. Navy in the Quasi-War with France and the Barbary Wars, 1798-1805.
		Rejeb, Lotfi B. "'To the Shores of Tripoli': The Impact of Barbary on Early American Nationalism." Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 1982.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/reference/earlyrepub/barops.htm (164 words)

	Tripolitan War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		1803- In the Tripolitan War (1801-1805), Commodore Edward Preble was commissioned as commander of a U.S. Navy squadron to be sent against Tripoli.
		1805- In the Tripolitan War, the U.S. achieved its major victory when William Eton, a special U.S. naval agent, led a small force of Marines and Arab mercenaries in capturing the Tripolitan port city of Derna.
		Eaton's force, a squad of U.S. Marines under Lieutenant Preston N. O'Bannon and about 100 Arab mercenaies, had marched 500 miles from Egypt to Derna and were assisted by a coordinated bombardment of Derna by U.S. naval vessels.
	www.usahistory.com /wars/tripolit.htm (265 words)

	Naval History Seminar Program for 2004-2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lecture: “The Barbary Wars: The United States’ First War Against Terrorism?” by Dr. Michael J. Crawford, Head of the Early History Branch, Naval Historical Center.
		He will argue that facile analogies between the current war against terrorism and the United States’ wars against the powers of Africa’s Barbary Coast two hundred years ago do more to obscure the character of the Barbary Wars than they do to improve an understanding of the modern conflict.
		Lecture: “Success is All That was Expected: Combined Operations Against Charleston during the Civil War" by Dr. Robert Browning, Historian of the U.S. Coast Guard and author of Success is All That was Expected: The South Atlantic Blockading Squadron during the Civil War.
	www.navy.mil /search/displaybbs.asp?bbs_id=1115&cat=6 (1025 words)

	The Barbary Wars
		As the American minister to France, he strongly urged a multinational alliance to "reduce the piratical states to peace." Pick them off one at a time "through the medium of war," so the others get the message, and they'll give up their piracy too.
		That provoked Tripoli to declare war on us, as if this young, upstart pup of a nation had any right to stand up for its principles.
		One more footnote: France finally settled the hash of the Barbary Coast states in 1830 when it simply went in and took over the place.
	www.grunt.com /scuttlebutt/corps-stories/othereras/barbarywars.asp (818 words)

	Reader's Companion to American History - -BARBARY WARS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Barbary states (Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripolitania) were small kingdoms, nominally under the rule of the Ottoman Empire but actually autonomous.
		The latter agreements held until 1815, but in 1801 the pasha of Tripoli increased his demands and, being refused, declared war against the United States on May 14.
		During the War of 1812, the dey of Algiers declared war on the United States, claiming insufficient tribute.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_007900_barbarywars.htm (356 words)

	BRIA 18:1 Africa -- The United States and the Barbary Pirates, AIDS in Africa, Ibn Battuta: The Greatest Traveler in ...
		The Barbary pirates were mostly Berbers, Arabs, and other Muslims, but some came from Christian Europe.
		Typically, a Barbary peace treaty required a nation to pay "tribute" to the pirate ruler, who would then call off attacks on the nation's ships.
		The Barbary rulers frequently demanded that nations "renew" their treaties for even greater amounts of tribute.
	www.crf-usa.org /bria/bria18_1.htm (6192 words)

	Barbary Wars -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Barbary Wars -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		After September 11, 2001, some interest in the wars has been revived, with comparisons between the Americans' no-compromise stance in the early (Click link for more info and facts about 1800s) 1800s to the current (Click link for more info and facts about War on Terrorism) War on Terrorism.
		When they proved successful, partisans of the (Click link for more info and facts about Jeffersonian Republicans) Jeffersonian Republicans contrasted their administrations' refusal to buy off the pirates with the failure of the preceding (An advocate of federalism) federalist administration to live up to the rhetorical flight:
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/ba/barbary_wars.htm (249 words)

	Start Here! About the Barbary Wars
		The Barbary Powers of North Africa Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli and Tunis preyed upon the commerce of all Christian nations of Europe who trade in the Mediterranean.
		The fact was that as early as the 17th century a system of paying tribute to the marauders was the only means Christian merchants had to ransom themselves form capture and slavery.
		Eaton recruited ex-soldiers of the Napoleonic wars remaining in that region.
	www.daddezio.com /italy/barbary/history.html (753 words)

	Barbary Coast wars Board Game (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Barbary Coast Wars is a low priced introductory historical board game covering the conflict between the United States and the Barbary Coast States in the early days of the US republic.
		For centuries the Barbary States had been a major force for piracy in the Mediterranean and demanded tribute from many nations to allow for safe passage of merchant ships.
		In 1801 the US refused an increase in tribute, which sparked the Barbary Wars; America's first conflict since its successful bid for independence.
	www.guildofblades.com /empires/barbary.html (208 words)

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