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	Barber - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Barbers were chartered as a guild by Edward IV in 1462 as "The Company of Barbers".
		The surgeons formed a guild 30 years later and the two companies were subsequently united by a statute of Henry VIII in 1540 under the name of "The United Barber Surgeons Company".
		In 1745 surgeons were separated from barbers by acts passed during the reign of George II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Barber (938 words)

	Barber surgeon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The barber surgeon was one of the most common medical practitioners of the Middle Ages - generally charged with looking after soldiers during or after a battle.
		However, the trade was gradually put under pressure by the medical profession and in 1745, the surgeons split from the barbers to form the Company of Surgeons.
		In 1800 a Royal Charter was granted and the Royal College of Surgeons in London came into being (later it was re-named to cover all of England--equivalent Colleges exist for Scotland and Ireland as well as many of the old UK colonies).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Barber-surgeon (304 words)

	Barber - LoveToKnow Watches
		In former times the barber's craft was dignified with the title of a profession, being conjoined with the art of surgery.
		The barber's shop was a favourite resort of idle persons; and in addition to its attraction as a focus of news, a lute, viol, or some such musical instrument, was always kept for the entertainment of waiting customers.
		The barber's sign consisted of a striped pole, from which was suspended a basin, symbols the use of which is still preserved.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Barber (221 words)

	[No title]
		Barbers were so highly prized that a statue was erected to the memory of the first barber of Rome.
		The surgeons began to forge to the front and became increasingly jealous of the privileges accorded the barbers.
		The surgeons resented this, but the barbers were very much favored by the monarchs and preserved their privileges until the middle of the 18th century.
	www.willoughbyontheweb.com /davenports/Daven2.htm (1727 words)

	History of the Barber's Pole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Barbering is mentioned in the bible by Ezekiel who said " And Thou, son of man, take thee a sharp knife, take thee a barbers razor, and cause it to pass upon thine head and upon thine beard." Barbering was introduced in Rome in 296 BC and barbers became both popular and prosperous.
		French barbers and surgeons were organised as a guild in 1391, and barber-surgeons were admitted to the faculty of the University of Paris in 1505.
		In France a decree by Louis XV in 1743 prohibited barbers from practicing surgery and in England in 1745 the surgeons were separated from the barbers by acts passed during the reign of George II.
	www.btinternet.com /~mshearer/no10/framecontent/history.html (727 words)

	Surgery and Surgeons in Ile Royale - Part One
		The surgeon barbers, desiring to dissociate themselves from their lowly colleagues, constituted a confrérie under the patronage of St-Côme. The barber surgeons remained under the wing of the Faculty of Medicine and accepted the controls imposed on them by the Faculty which the surgeon barbers were attempting to evade.
		In 1655 the surgeon barbers and barber surgeons settled their differences, and united under the control of the premier barbier du roi, (King's barber).[9] The Faculty contested this merger before the Parliament and, in 1660, succeeded in stripping the surgeons of their "honneurs littéraires" that although the two groups remained united.
		The surgeon major was permitted by the king's ordonnance of 1723 to examine candidates who wished to practice surgery, and to serve the civilian inhabitants as long as this did not interfere with his duties to the troops.
	fortress.uccb.ns.ca /search/HF21_4.html (7698 words)

	The Art of Barbering Through the Ages
		The surgeons wished to be separated entirely from the barbers and they petitioned parliament to sever the ancient relationship of the barbers and surgeons and compel each profession to adhere strictly to its own provinces.
		By an act of parliament, which received the sanction of the king, the alliance between the barbers and surgeons was dissolved in June, 1745.
		Toward the end of the 18th century the barbers of Europe had completely relinquished their right to perform any of the operations of surgery and dentistry, except in the small towns and out-of-the-way places where doctors and dentists were not obtainable.
	www.barberpole.com /artof.htm (2420 words)

	Barberspole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		French barbers and surgeons were organized as a guild in 1391, and barber-surgeons were admitted to the faculty of the University of Paris in 1505.
		The surgeons formed a guild 30 years later and the two companies were united by the statute of Henry VIII in 1540 under the name of the United Barber Surgeon's Company.
		The surgeons with the title of "Masters, Governors and Commonalty of the Honourable Society of the Surgeons of London." This body was subsequently dissolved and later replaced by the Royal College of Surgeons in 1800 during the reign of George III.
	www.sweeny4.co.uk /sweeny/Barberspole.html (650 words)

	History of Surgery : Medical books world's largest selection
		They were called surgeons of the long robe, distinguished from the barber surgeons who were known as surgeons of the short robe.
		The barber surgeons had little medical training, while the surgeons of the long robe were studied physicians and considered such practices as bloodletting primitive.
		Surgeons rarely opened the abdomen, chest, or skull because of the pain it caused the patient and the risk of infection.
	www.medicalbooks.com /skin-surgery.html (1098 words)

	PBS - Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street
		The association between barbers and surgeons goes back to the early Middle Ages when the practice of surgery and medicine was carried out by the clergy.
		Because barbers were accustomed to using a razor, it was presumed that they would be skillful in carrying out any treatment that involved cutting the skin, and so the practice was taught to them.
		Barbers and surgeons regularly performed anatomical dissections on corpses to further their knowledge and master their craft.
	www.pbs.org /kqed/demonbarber/bloodletting/index.html (376 words)

	Department of Commerce & Insurance » Board of Barber Examiners [History]
		French authorities drew a fine distinction between academic surgeons (surgeons of the long robe) and barber surgeons (surgeons of the short robe), but the latter were sufficiently accepted by the fourteenth century to have their own guild, and in 1505 they were admitted to the faculty of the University of Paris.
		The barber surgeon's necessities for that curious custom were a staff for the patient to grasp (so the veins on the arm would stand out sharply), a basin to hold leeches and catch blood, and a copious supply of linen bandages.
		One Interpretation of the colors of the barber pole was that red represented the blood, blue the veins, and white the bandages.
	www.state.tn.us /commerce/boards/barber/bpolehis.html (256 words)

	Cleveland Opera, Barber of Seville -- the History of Barbering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Barbers were unknown in Rome until 296 BC, when Ticinius Mena traveled from Sicily and introduced the concept of shaving, and it soon became highly fashionable.
		Although surgeons resented the required barber signatures on their diplomas, barbers continued to be highly favored by the monarchy and had great power in society.
		The incorporation between surgeons and barbers was severed in England in June, 1745 by sanction of the king.
	www.clevelandopera.org /tour/educational/ncoc/barbers.html (1120 words)

	EXplorations in Medicine
		Gilbert Primrose, who was elected Deacon of the Barber Surgeons on three separate occasions, was appointed Surgeon to King James VI of Scotland and when the King succeeded to the English throne, in 1603, Primrose went south with him and became Chief Surgeon to the Royal Household in London.
		Because of Primrose's prestige and the force of his personality, the status of the Incorporation of Barber Surgeons became progressively enhanced and, in 1583, it was formally recognised by the Town Council as the premier craft guild.
		A statutory fee had to be paid and the aspiring surgeon was required to produce his `ticket' as a Burgess of the City of Edinburgh, but the most important condition of entry was the passing of an examination, conducted by the senior members of the Incorporation.
	interzone.com /~cheung/SUM.dir/med50.html (2151 words)

	Sarah Thompson
		Surgeons today receive more training, not less, than the average general practitioner and are generally granted greater respect by the general public.
		He notes that barbers owe their beginnings to a 1092 degree forbidding monks to wear beards; the barbers were first trained to shave the monks and bleed them.
		Surgeon is now a subset of physician and doctor, and several new words, including pharmacist, chemist, druggist, sister, and nurse-midwife have been added to the field.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /english/Banks/Sarah_Thompson.htm (3166 words)

	The History of the Barbering
		Barbers of the middle ages not only practiced shaving, hair-cutting and hair-dressing, they also dressed wounds and performed surgical operation.
		The Barber's company and the Surgeon's guild were united by law in 1450.
		For the next forty years various states enacted legislation whereby barbers were licensed and inspected for sterilization to protect the public from disease.
	www.edjeffersbarbermuseum.com /barbertimeline.html (689 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Blood, Bandages and Barber Poles
		The guild of French barbers and surgeons was established in 1391
		The surgeons went on to form a corporation with the title of “Masters, Governors and Commonalty of the Honourable Society of the Surgeons in London”, which was eventually dissolved in 1800 during the reign of George III and replaced by the Royal College of Surgeons.
		Today’s barbers consist of both males and females, again occupying an important niche in society as the barbers of old had, cutting and styling hair to meet the demands of the public.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/brunel/A885062 (3005 words)

	Barber-Surgeons Summary - Barber-Surgeons Information
		In London, for example, separate trade guilds for barbers and surgeons can be traced at least to 1308, in the case of the Company of Barbers (later known as the Barber-Surgeons' Company, and 1369 for the much-smaller but generally better-educated Fellowship of Surgeons.
		This was achieved only after considerable lobbying of civic officials, who had demoted the barbers from 17th to 28th place in 1516, followed by 17th place in 1532, 18th place a few years later, 17th place in 1533, and 28th place in 1534.
		This law forbade surgeons from practicing barbery and barbers from practicing surgery, except for the pulling of teeth.
	www.bookrags.com /other/health/barber-surgeons-woh.html (618 words)

	Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Barber’s Pole.
		The pole represents the staff held by persons in venesection; and the two spiral ribbons painted round it represent the two bandages, one for twisting round the arm previous to blood-letting, and the other for binding.
		Barbers used to be the surgeons, but have fallen from “their high estate” since science has made its voice “to be heard on high.”
		The barbers and surgeons of London, originally constituting one company, had been separated, but were again, in the 32 Henry VIII., combined into a single society, and it was the ceremony of presenting them with a new charter which is commemorated by Holbein’s picture, now in their hall in Monkwell Street.”
	www.bartleby.com /81/1365.html (236 words)

	The Hampton Herald @ kvOnline.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		French authorities drew a fine distinction between academic surgeons (surgeons of the long robe) and barber surgeons (surgeons of the short robe).
		The barber surgeon's necessities for that curios custom were a staff (cane) for the patient to grasp (so the veins on the arm would stand out sharply), a basin to hold leeches and to catch blood, and a copious supply of linen bandages.
		The interpretation of the colours of the barber pole was that Red represented the blood, Blue the veins, and White the bandages.
	www.kvonline.com /Journal/journal.cgi?folder=hh011100&next=13 (270 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Blood, Bandages and Barber Poles - the History of Barbers
		In an effort to systematically instruct barbers in surgery, a school was set up in France in the middle of the 13th Century by the Brotherhoods of St Cosmos and St Domains.
		Moreover, barbers were much favoured by the monarchy at that time: Henry VIII even decreed that barbers were to receive the bodies of four criminals yearly for the purpose of dissection.
		Today's barbers are both men and women, again occupying an important niche in society as the barbers of old had, cutting and styling hair to meet the demands of the public.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/ww2/A896664 (2629 words)

	Guildhall Library Manuscripts Section - Sources For Tracing Apothecaries, Surgeons, Physicians
		Until 1745 both barbers and surgeons belonged to this company, but in 1745 the surgeons formed a separate Company of Surgeons, which later became the Royal College of Surgeons; thus a surgeon completing his apprenticeship after 1745 is unlikely to be found as a member of the Barbers' company.
		Surgeons in London and the vicinity between the early 16th and mid 18th centuries can often be traced at Guildhall Library, in the records of the Barber-Surgeons' company or in ecclesiastical licensing records (see the first part of this leaflet).
		For information about surgeons, whether in London or elsewhere, who belonged to the Company of Surgeons, 1745-1800, or the Royal College of Surgeons (of England), 1801-date, application should be made to the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 35-43 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PE (email library@rcseng.ac.uk; telephone 020 7869 6555).
	www.history.ac.uk /gh/apoths.htm (2378 words)

	Histories of Things 'Barber surgeons'
		The design of these poles alludes to the history of barbers - who in England were known as barber surgeons.
		Not only were barbers attached to the British Army and Royal Navy tasked with cutting men's hair short (to get rid of lice) but were also detailed to perform general surgery and treatment of wounds received in battle.
		Barbers continued with their medical heritage by being the main suppliers of 'french letters' (though the french called them 'cap on anglais') until the 1970s when they no longer cornered the market.
	www.covent-garden.co.uk /historieso/trim.html (376 words)

	Lynda's Barber Shop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		n England, barbers were chartered as a guild by Edward IV in 1462 as the Company of Barbers, and in 1540 King Henry VIII signed a decree that merged barbers and surgeons into the United Barber-Surgeons Company.
		After formation of the United Barber-Surgeons Company in England, a statute required barbers to use a blue and white pole and surgeons to use a red and white pole.
		Blowing in the wind upon the barber pole, washed bandages were hung out to dry – coincidentally and vividly promoting the bloody therapeutic specialties offered therein – and then twisted around the pole for easy access and convenient storage (usually near the door).
	www.webfeats.com /LyndasBarberShop/pole.html (317 words)

	The History of the Barber Pole
		The art of hair and beard trimming (barbering), medicine (herbs), dentistry (tooth pulling) and surgery (blood letting) were all performed by the same operators in the early history; they were called BARBER SURGEONS.
		The doctors, the dentists and the surgeons have all branched from our original profession long since; however, the barber pole still remains the property of the artistic barbering profession.
		The purpose of the Barbering Hall of Fame is to honor those who have distinguished themselves by an outstanding contribution in the furtherance of the barbering profession.
	www.edjeffersbarbermuseum.com /barberpole.html (389 words)

	Surgeon Titles: Dr. vs. Mr.
		In 1123 CE, Pope Calistas II decreed that monks must not shed blood, and it was this ruling that resulted in the teaching of surgeons being forbidden in church-dominated universities.
		Surgeons, therefore, served an apprenticeship, whilst physicians spent four years at university, leading to a Bachelor of Medicine degree and a possible further thesis leading to a Doctorate.
		The association of surgeons and barber-surgeons lasted until 1745, when the surgeons petitioned the English parliament for a separation that lasts to this day.
	www.sgu.edu /NewsEvents.nsf/webContent/81420EDAAE65E11B85256E12005A8500 (486 words)

	Andrew's Barbers Shop - The Barber Shop Page
		The barber, therefore, became the most important man of the tribe as they believed that bad spirits could only be driven out by cutting the hair.
		Their barbers had tweezers and razors in the shape of small hatchets, with curved handles, and they carried their implements in open-mouthed baskets.
		For a long time, nothing could be done to prevent barbers from acting as surgeons but under Henry VIII, an act of parliament of 1540 incorporated the Guild of Surgeons with the Company of Barbers, restricting members of the latter to bloodletting, tooth extraction, cauterisation and barbering.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /ron.britton/andrewsbarber/barber.htm (1629 words)

	The Dental HiWay: History: The Guilds
		In England where the craft of barber had been considered as honourable as that of surgeon, the Barber Surgeon's Guild was incorporated in the reign of Edward the Fourth.
		Of secondary importance were the petit bourgeoisie of clerical barber surgeons and finally the barbitonsores, a proletariat composed of lay barbers and outcast surgeons.
		Clerics were not allowed to perform bloody operations, consequently it became the duty of the layman barber, who was attached to the monastery, to officiate as the surgeon and dentist.
	www.sadanet.co.za /dhw/history/guilds.html (541 words)

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