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Topic: Barbiturate

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	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1958 Issue 3 - 003
		Initial observations of addicts who employ barbiturates as a base powder during the smoking of heroin suggested that some of these individuals might suffer from the deleterious effects of chronic barbiturate intake, or in fact be addicted to both barbiturates and heroin.
		Therefore, an investigation was undertaken to determine (1) the nature of the base powder, (2) the amount of base powder used by addicts, (3) the effect of volatilization of the base powder and (4) the amount of volatilized base powder inhaled by the addicts.
		The addicting dose of the barbiturates varies with the potency of the compound, and therefore larger amounts of barbitone would be required to produce addiction.
	www.unodc.org /bulletin/bulletin_1958-01-01_3_page004.html (2563 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Barbiturate : Article by Rania Habal, MD
		Barbiturates are used mainly as intravenous (IV) anesthetics, as anticonvulsants, and in the resuscitation of patients with cerebral injuries.
		Barbiturates are weak acids that are absorbed rapidly from the gastrointestinal tract and are distributed to all tissues and fluids.
		Because barbiturates and other sedative-hypnotics have predictable effects on the EEG, the pattern of EEG waves may be used to evaluate the depth of coma and the progress of patients in the intensive care unit.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic207.htm (5265 words)

	Barbiturate Drug Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Barbiturates are actually much less common than they were 30 years ago but it seems that their popularity is returning.
		The barbiturate drug test is normally carried out by means of a urine test, though in some circumstances a saliva test is perfectly adequate.
		Barbiturates are a class of drug which encompass quite a range of different drugs - a few examples are phenobarbital, butobarbital, intermediate-acting amobarbital (Amytal), and short-acting secobarbital (Seconal).
	www.barbiturate-drug-test.co.uk (617 words)

	Barbiturate-Induced Coma \| AHealthyMe.com
		Barbiturate comas are used to protect the brain during major brain surgery, such as the removal of arteriovenous malformations or aneurysms.
		Barbiturate dosing is geared toward burst suppression--that is, reducing brain activity as measured by electroencephalography.
		Inducing a barbiturate coma is usually kept in reserve for cases in which conventional treatments for controlling intracranial hypertension have failed.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/topic100586498 (693 words)

	Barbiturate-Induced Coma Information on Healthline
		Barbiturate dosing is geared toward burst suppression—that is, reducing brain activity as measured by electroencephalography.
		Before coma is induced, intracranial hypertension may be treated by hyperventilation; by facilitation of blood flow from the brain; by decompressive surgical procedures, such as draining excess fluids from under the skull or from the chambers within the brain (ventricles); or by drug therapy, including osmotherapy, diuretic agents, or steroids.
		Since barbiturates depress activity in the brain, measurements of brain activity may be unreliable.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/barbiturate-induced-coma (701 words)

	Barbiturate: Show Stoppers
		Barbiturates, it seemed, were good for just about everything that could ail you.
		Because barbiturates are all variations on the same basic chemical theme, all produce more or less the same effects in more or less the same way -- by slowing the flow of neural transmission throughout the central nervous system.
		Because a full-fledged barbiturate habit is one of the hardest of all addictions to shake.
	www.doitnow.org /pages/111.html (1777 words)

	Barbiturates - Barbiturate hazards, Developing barbiturates
		Barbiturate is the name given to a drug made from barbituric acid, a combination of urea (a compound found in urine and other body fluids) and malonic acid.
		Barbiturates are not used for medical purposes as often as they once were.
		Barbiturates are not effective as painkillers until the dosage produces unconsciousness (they can even heighten a patient's sense of pain up to that point).
	www.discoveriesinmedicine.com /Bar-Cod/Barbiturates.html (597 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for barbiturate
		Any of a number of drugs derived from barbituric acid, including the long-acting phenobarbital and the short-acting amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, and thiopental, that generally act as central nervous system depressants (although stimulant barbiturates have also been...
		A short-acting barbiturate drug and central nervous system depressant, used as a sedative and hypnotic and sometimes taken as a street drug.
		Pentobarbitone sodium, a short-acting barbiturate drug and central nervous system depressant, used as a sedative and hypnotic, and sometimes taken as a street drug.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=barbiturate (527 words)

	Barbiturates
		Barbiturates were first introduced for medical use in the early 1900s.
		More than 2,500 barbiturates have been synthesized, and at the height of their popularity, about 50 were marketed for human use.
		Barbiturates produce a wide spectrum of central nervous system depression, from mild sedation to coma, and have been used as sedatives, hypnotics, anesthetics, and anticonvulsants.
	www.streetdrugs.org /barbiturates.htm (248 words)

	Barbiturate Abuse
		Barbiturates are a group of drugs in the class of drugs known as sedative-hypnotics, which generally describes their sleep-inducing and anxiety-decreasing effects.
		Barbiturates were first used in medicine in the early 1900s and became popular in the 1960s and 1970s as treatment for anxiety, insomnia, or seizure disorders.
		Barbiturate use and abuse has declined dramatically since the 1970s, mainly because a safer group of sedative-hypnotics called benzodiazepines are being prescribed.
	www.emedicinehealth.com /barbiturate_abuse/article_em.htm (324 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Barbiturate : Article by Tucker Greene, MD
		Barbiturates enhance GABA-mediated chloride currents by binding to the GABA A receptor-ionophore complex and increasing the duration of ionophore opening; barbiturates inhibit neuronal depolarization by potentiating and prolonging the actions of GABA.
		Barbiturates stimulate the hepatic cytochrome P-450 mixed function oxidase microsomal enzyme system; thus, barbiturates affect the drug levels of medications that are dependent on this system usually by increasing their metabolism (eg, Coumadin).
		Barbiturate exposure is associated with a decrease in fetal intelligence, possible addiction, and possible withdrawal.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic52.htm (2741 words)

	Dr. Koop - Barbiturate intoxication and overdose
		Barbiturates are a type of depressant drug that causes relaxation and sleepiness.
		Barbiturates may also cause an acute overdose syndrome, which is life-threatening.
		Barbiturate abuse is still a major addiction problem in the population, although it has been partly replaced by addiction to other depressant drugs more commonly prescribed, such as benzodiazepines.
	www.drkoop.com /ency/93/000951.html (314 words)

	Bulletin - Behavioral Side Effects of Barbiturate Antiepileptic Drugs (Minnesota Ombudsman Report 95-3).
		Extreme caution must be exercised to insure that before the barbiturate AED is reduced or removed that the team agrees and that a comprehensive evaluation of the client is done by a neurologist.
		Please note that under no circumstances should a client's barbiturate AED be reduced or removed without first a team decision and a thorough evaluation by, and under the guidance of, a neurologist and the client's primary care physician.
		Unsuccessful efforts to manage the barbiturate AED behavioral side effect can eventually lead to "living with the problem" and a resignation that the problem is an unchangeable characteristic of the individual.
	www.ombudmhmr.state.mn.us /alerts/bul95_3.htm (2262 words)

	Discovery Health :: Diseases & Conditions :: barbiturate intoxication
		Barbiturates are drugs in a class called sedative-hypnotics.
		Barbiturate intoxication occurs when excessive amounts, or an overdose, of barbiturates has been taken.
		One barbiturate, phenobarbital, is used to manage seizures, which are sudden, uncontrollable muscle spasms.
	www.health.discovery.com /encyclopedias/illnesses.html?article=540 (297 words)

	barbiturate - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		barbiturate, any one of a group of drugs that act as depressants on the central nervous system.
		The drugs differ widely in the duration of their action, which depends on the rapidity with which they are distributed in body tissues, degraded, and excreted.
		In the United States the manufacture and distribution of barbiturates were brought under federal control by the 1965 Drug Abuse and Control Act, and they are legally available only by prescription.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-barbitur.html (550 words)

	Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury
		Barbiturates are believed to reduce ICP by suppressing cerebral metabolism, thus reducing cerebral metabolic demands and cerebral blood volume.
		The pooled effect of barbiturates on adverse neurological outcome, measured using the Glasgow outcome scale was 1.15 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.64).
		In one, a smaller proportion of patients in the barbiturate group had uncontrolled ICP (68% versus 83%); RR for uncontrolled ICP was 0.81 (95% CI 0.62 to 1.06).
	www.cochrane.org /reviews/en/ab000033.html (554 words)

	Barbiturate Information - Effects of Barbiturates - Use of Barbiturates
		Barbiturates are available only with a physician's prescription and are sold in capsule, tablet, liquid, and injectable forms.
		Because barbiturates work on the central nervous system, they may add to the effects of alcohol and other drugs that slow the central nervous system, such as antihistamines, cold medicine, allergy medicine, sleep aids, medicine for seizures, tranquilizers, some pain relievers, and muscle relaxants.
		Barbiturates pass into breast milk and may cause problems such as drowsiness, breathing problems, or slow heartbeat in nursing babies whose mothers take the medicine.
	www.homedrugtestingkit.com /bar.html (1348 words)

	Nembutal Side Effects, and Drug Interactions - Pentobarbital - RxList Monographs
		If an individual appears to be intoxicated with alcohol to a degree that is radically disproportionate to the amount of alcohol in his or her blood the use of barbiturates should be suspected.
		Drug dependence to barbiturates arises from repeated administration of a barbiturate or agent with barbiturate-like effect on a continuous basis, generally in amounts exceeding therapeutic dose levels.
		Barbiturates can induce hepatic microsomal enzymes resulting in increased metabolism and decreased anticoagulant response of oral anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, acenocoumarol, dicumarol and phenprocoumon).
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic/pentob_ad.htm (1178 words)

	Barbiturate
		Barbituric acid is made by combining malonic acid (left) with urea (right), with the elimination of two water molecules (shown in red).
		Barbituric acid, itself, is not pharmacologically active, but chemists immediately began making a great variety of derivatives for potential use as drugs.
		Barbiturates present problems because patients develop tolerance for them and even higher doses are then required to produce the same effect.
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /rzepa/mim/drugs/html/barbiturate_text.htm (716 words)

	Critical Care \| Full text \| Barbiturate coma for vasospasm following SAH
		Intended duration of barbiturate therapy was 3 days but three patients required earlier discontinuation because of infectious complications and two patients received longer infusions because of persistent angiography proven vasospasm.
		Following termination of barbiturate infusion median times for return of pupillary light reflex and motor response to painful stimuli were 18.5 and 80 h, respectively.
		Previous studies utilising barbiturate coma therapy have shown dismal results and the authors question whether improved intensive care therapy, earlier implementation of therapy or chance explain their very encouraging results which are comparable with present therapies for vasospasm following SAH.
	ccforum.com /paperreport/ccf-1999-334 (616 words)

	Evaluating the Therapeutic Response of Barbiturate Coma in Head Injury
		Barbiturates appear to exert their cerebral protective and ICP-lowering effects through several mechanisms: increasing cerebrovascular resistance and decreasing cerebral blood volume, decreasing cerebral metabolism, and acting as a free oxygen radical scavenger.1,
		High-dose barbiturates for the management of elevated ICP remain controversial.
		Comparative effects of hypothermia, barbiturate, and osmotherapy for cerebral oxygen metabolism, intracranial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with severe head injury.
	www.ispub.com /journals/IJEICM/Vol4N1/barbiturate.htm (1555 words)

	Barbiturate - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Barbiturate, any of a group of drugs that depress brain function.
		About 50 per cent of all human poisoning cases in the West involve commonly used drugs or household products such as aspirin, barbiturates,...
		To allow use of smaller amounts of the inhalation anaesthetic, special muscle-paralysing drugs are given.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Barbiturate.html (92 words)

	Anesthetics, Barbiturate Drug Information, Professional
		—Barbiturate anesthetics may be administered in appropriate doses and in combination with an opioid analgesic and nitrous oxide for maintenance of anesthesia in prolonged procedures
		Although the mechanism of action of barbiturates as sedative-hypnotics has not been completely established, the barbiturates appear to act at the level of the thalamus where they inhibit ascending conduction in the reticular formation, thus interfering with the transmission of impulses to the cortex.
		Although barbiturate anesthetics may be given in sufficient doses to produce deep surgical anesthesia in the presence of external stimulation such as surgical incision, these doses also may produce dangerous cardiovascular and respiratory depression
	www.drugs.com /MMX/Anesthetics__Barbiturate.html (7151 words)

	Barbiturate - Qualimedic: Ihr Hausarzt im Internet
		Barbiturate sind beruhigend, hypnotisch und narkotisch wirkende Mittel, die ebenso wie Beruhigungsmittel (Tranquilizer) das zentrale Nervensystem verlangsamen und betäuben.
		Barbiturate sollten nie mit Alkohol kombiniert werden, da Alkohol die hypnotische Wirkung der Barbiturate noch verstärkt und extrem schläfrig macht.
		Barbiturate fallen unter Anlage III des Betäubungsmittelgesetzes (BtMG), dürfen also von Ärzten bei entsprechender Diagnose verschrieben werden (was aber nur noch selten geschieht).
	hausarzt.qualimedic.de /Drogen_barbiturate.html (567 words)

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