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Topic: Baroclinity

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	The Contribution of Organized Roll Vortices to the Surface Wind Vector in Baroclinic Conditions
		The baroclinic modifications are larger in unstable stratification mainly due to the increase in the effective baroclinity (Levy 1989).
		It is notable that the presence of rolls in a neutrally stratified, baroclinic PBL causes an asymmetry in the cross-isobar angle with respect to thermal wind orientation that is consistent with observations.
		The baroclinic modification to the ageostrophic parameter due to the rolls is such that the difference between the "would-be" cold front (transition from cold to warm advection) and warm front (transition from warm to cold advection) values is increased by 30% in neutral conditions.
	www.atmos.washington.edu /~gad/ams.html (3948 words)

	Baroclinity
		A measure of the stratification in a fluid, baroclinity is proportional to $\nabla p \times \nabla \rho$ , which again is proportional to the angle between surfaces of constant pressure and surfaces of constant density.
		Thus in a barotropic fluid (which is defined by zero baroclinity), these surfaces are parallel.
		Areas of high atmospheric baroclinity are characterized by the frequent formation of cyclones.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Baroclinity.html (62 words)

	CH2.5
		These systems develop in a baroclinic environment, but their mature state is strongly influenced by surface fluxes and diabatic processes and they have some structural features in common with tropical cyclones.
		Baroclinity produced locally by evaporation from the sea in high wind and low pressure.
		2.21a) is called a "baroclinic leaf"; it is a region of solid middle- to high-level cloudiness parallel to the surface front and high-level jet, with the incipient surface low located near its equatorward upstream corner.
	www.bom.gov.au /bmrc/pubs/tcguide/ch2/ch2_5.htm (1896 words)

	Baroclinity (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In fluid dynamics, the baroclinity (sometimes called baroclinicity) is a measure of the stratification in a fluid.
		A baroclinic atmosphere is one for which the density depends on both the temperature and the pressure; contrast this with barotropic atmosphere, for which the density depends only on the pressure.
		In atmospheric terms, the barotropic zones of the Earth are generally found in the central lattitudes, or tropics, whereas the baroclinic areas are generally found in the mid-lattitude/polar regions.
	www.webnote.info /en/Baroclinity.htm (186 words)

	EarthStorm
		Wind shear is characteristic of a baroclinic zone.
		A measure of the state of stratification in a fluid in which surfaces of constant pressure (isobaric) intersect surfaces of constant density (isosteric).
		The state of a fluid in which surfaces of constant density (or temperature) are coincident with surfaces of constant pressure; it is the state of zero baroclinity.
	earthstorm.ocs.ou.edu /materials/b.php (1410 words)

	Aktuelle Wetterinformationen - Meteorologie Kvln
		The role of baroclinity for precipitation during the Changma-period in the area of the peninsula of Korea
		The results of this investigations lead to the conclusion that baroclinic instability as a situation where rainfallevents can evolve is important in distinct situations.
		Baroclinic instability also shows up to be more important for rainfallevents limited to the south than for rainfallevents over the whole or the north of the Korean Peninsula.
	www.uni-koeln.de /math-nat-fak/geomet/meteo/forschung/abstracts/huebner/diplom-e.html (533 words)

	Weather glossary (B) - 4WX.COM ¤ Weather Information Center!
		Baroclinic zones are favored areas for strengthening and weakening weather systems.
		A measure of the state of stratification in a fluid in which surfaces of constant pressure (isobaric) intersect surfaces of constant density (isosteric).
		The state of a fluid in which surfaces of constant density (or temperature) are coincident with surfaces of constant pressure; it is the state of zero baroclinity.
	www.4wx.com /glossary/b.php (1418 words)

	AMS Glossary
		The baroclinic component of the velocity is the total minus the barotropic component.
		In a baroclinic state, neutral surfaces are inclined to surfaces of constant pressure.
		The baroclinic torque vector is proportional to the vector cross product and is responsible for generating vertical shears associated with baroclinic flow.
	amsglossary.allenpress.com /glossary/browse?s=b&p=9 (401 words)

	BAROCLINITY
		Since the presence of solenoids (baroclinity) complicates the dynamics of the fluid, there has been much investigation of the extent to which an atmosphere, though obviously a baroclinic fluid, can be dynamically treated as barotropic.
		A measure of the stratification in a fluid, baroclinity is proportional to, which again is proportional to the angle between surfaces of constant pressure and surfaces of constant density.
		Areas of high atmospheric baroclinity are characterized by the frequent formation of cyclones.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/ba/baroclinity.html (364 words)

	COMMA - Meteorological Physical Background
		Baroclinic waves with a wave length of about 3000 to 4000 km usually show a rapid rate of growth.
		If a major incursion of high PV overruns a region of moist air and strong baroclinity it leads to cyclogenesis, especially if the induced upward motion ahead of the PV anomaly becomes moist and diabatic effects are involved.
		This theory is supported in the case studies by the fact that a very large number of Commas are associated with a PV anomaly, represented by a very low height of the PV=2 surface, which corresponds to the transition between tropospheric and stratospheric air.
	www.zamg.ac.at /docu/Manual/SatManu/CMs/Comma/backgr.htm (1318 words)

	CCCC -- Appendix 1
		The increase in freshwater would add to the baroclinic structure, but the reduction in wind stress would weaken the confinement along the coast and thus decrease the baroclinic gradient.
		Since the storms now track across the North Pacific in a mean sense south of the Bering Sea (Anderson and Gyakum 1989), a northward shift of this track will tend to cause a higher incidence of storms in the Bering Sea (as suggested by the GCM simulations of Hall et al.
		Near Strait Inflow (Decrease) -- This primary source of inflow into the Bering Sea is expected to decrease due to a decrease in the intensity and the westward extent of the AS, and perhaps also due to changes in Sverdrup transports associated with a weakening and northward displacement of the wind stress curl.
	www.usglobec.org /reports/cccc/cccc.appdx1.html (1882 words)

	NOAA - National Weather Service -
		A region in which a temperature gradient exists on a constant pressure surface.
		Baroclinic zones are favored areas for strengthening and weakening systems; barotropic systems, on the other hand, do not exhibit significant changes in intensity.
		Also, wind shear is characteristic of a baroclinic zone.
	www.nws.noaa.gov /glossary/index.php?letter=b (4098 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - - Document #6434094
		Shallow local baroclinity near the top of the cold dome associated with the cold air dammed to the east of the Appalachian Mountains forced the Piedmont LLJ.
		An analysis of the model momentum tendencies reveals that the coastal LLJ developed and was maintained by strong geostrophic forcing associated with the coastal baroclinic zone, and its strength was modulated by strong inertial accelerations.
		Cold-air damming and strong lower-tropospheric sensible and latent heating in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream, which frequently occur during autumn and winter months along the East Coast, combine to produce a favorable mesoscale environment for LLJ formation with a wind direction parallel to the coastline.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6434094 (374 words)

	The homepage of Dr. Christopher Weiss
		Experiment (VORTEX-II) in 2009 and 2010 to reveal the prevalence of
		baroclinity in the forward- and rear-flank downdraft regions of supercell
		As of summer 2007, construction has begun on the Texas Tech
	www.atmo.ttu.edu /weiss/Research/index.htm (218 words)

	Snow Forecast ::: weather reports for ski and snowboard resorts
		The shorter the pulse duration, the larger the bandwidth required to preserve the same quality of receiver output pulses.
		Baroclinic Zone - a region in which a
		Baroclinity (or baroclinicity) - A measure of the state of stratification in a
	www.snowforecast.com /aboutus/glossary.htm (6260 words)

	[No title]
		Baroclinic lee cyclones Baroclinic lee cyclones (BLC's) occur due to interaction of large scale baroclinic waves with an orographic obstacle (In the case of the Meditteranean these are the Alps).
		The baroclinity is obvious by the tilt between the upper en lower level minima, which is showed by the model outputs.
		Their conclusion was that the vortex possessed features of a typical baroclinic lee cyclone, but during its mature stage the role of latent and sensible heat fluxes became significant.
	www.phys.uu.nl /~jderksen/Meso/Medsubsynvortex2.doc (2875 words)

	J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the framework of the linear theory by using the Eady model, properties of optimal baroclinic perturbations which attain the maximum growth over a prescribed time interval (tau) are examined in connection with the skill forecast problem in numerical weather prediction (NWP).
		At the onset of explosive deepening, the cyclone is propagating towards a second region of anomalously cold air and strong baroclinity.
		It was shown that the maximum growth rates of these instabilities appeared around a wavelength of 200 km, although the maximum growth rate of the baroclinic instability calculated from sparse aerological data was considerably smaller than that of the barotropic instability calculated from dense surface data.
	wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp /msj/JMSJ/abst94/9404.html (2497 words)

	Oceanology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Absolute and relative mesoscale characteristics (the degree of "baroclinity" and "thermoclinity," and the degree of "compensation," respectively) of the polar front zone (PFZ) are analyzed and their relation with finestructure parameters are revealed.
		It is shown that the weak stratification of the Antarctic waters to the south of the PFZ corresponds to the intensity of diapycnal processes.
		The weakening of the intensity of isopycnal processes is accompanied by growth the degree of SAF baroclinity.
	eos.wdcb.rssi.ru /transl/oce/9402/pap06.htm (219 words)

	FOCI Recruitment Prediction - 1997
		Because baroclinity is associated with eddy formation in the Alaska Coastal Current (ACC), above average spring/early summer rainfall is also considered good for recruitment.
		One basis for this forecast is that late winter, spring, and early summer precipitation is conducive to increased baroclinity of the ACC.
		Increased baroclinity enhances the probability that perturbations of the ACC will grow into instabilities, such as eddies, that may improve survival of larvae.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /foci/forecast/97.html (841 words)

	AMS Online Journals - Observations of Low-Level Baroclinity Generated by Anvil Shadows
		Low-level cooling beneath the cirrus anvil canopies of supercell thunderstorms is documented in two Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment cases and in the 17 May 1981 Arcadia, Oklahoma, supercell.
		In the three cases studied, the vertical wind shear was strong; thus, mixing prevented the formation of an inversion layer.
		Strong insolation at the ground outside of the anvil shadows coupled with the cooling beneath the cirrus canopies led to corridors of baroclinity along the shadow edges.
	ams.allenpress.com /amsonline/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0493(1998)126%3C2942:OOLLBG%3E2.0.CO%3B2 (292 words)

	Moist Stability of a Baroclinic Zonal Flow with Conditionally Unstable Stratification (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The moist stability of a midlatitude zonal flow with a conditionally unstable layer in the presence of an Ekman layer is investigated.
		The moist unstable mode may be regarded as a baroclinic wave modified by the bulk effect of the convective heating, for which the fundamental dependences of the baroclinic growth rate on the Burger number and vertical shear remain qualitatively valid.
		The quasi-geostrophic constraints and baroclinity appear to be decisive factors that suppress short waves and lead to a finite preferred wavelength.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /users/bwang/bw/pubs/4.html (328 words)

	WESTERN REGION TECHNICAL ATTACHMENT NO. 98-01
		It is important to note that the surface low associated with the tropical storm was initially under a region of high pressure at 200 mb, and eventually would be under a 200 mb trough.
		As Ignacio began to interact with the upper-level trough, an increase in temperature advection and baroclinity was noted at the surface to 500 mb (see Figs.
		Figure 6 clearly indicates that strong warm air advection was present on the west and northwest side of the circulation, and weak cold air advection was seen on the west side.
	www.wrh.noaa.gov /wrh/98TAs/9801 (1521 words)

	NOAA - National Weather Service -
		A region in which a temperature gradient exists on a constant pressure surface.
		Baroclinic zones are favored areas for strengthening and weakening systems; barotropic systems, on the other hand, do not exhibit significant changes in intensity.
		Also, wind shear is characteristic of a baroclinic zone.
	nws.noaa.gov /glossary/index.php?letter=b (4171 words)

	hodographs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Generally speaking, the real atmosphere is always baroclinic but it may be very nearly barotropic (or equivalent barotropic) in some situations.
		The stronger the wind shear, the more strongly baroclinic the situation is--in fact, in some theoretical work, vertical wind shear is taken as synonymous with baroclinity.
		The real wind profile that one sees can be affected by such things as baroclinity, of course, but if the Ekman Spiral has any meaning whatsoever in the real world, most soundings (in the northern hemisphere) should show veering with height in the lowest kilometer or so.
	twister.caps.ou.edu /MM2004/hodographs.htm (8778 words)

	AMSTCTor
		McCaul and Weisman (1996) simulated shallow supercell storms in landfalling hurricane environments and found that while the wind shear profiles often favor the development of storms with rotating updrafts, low-level mesocyclogenesis may be hampered by a relative lack of strong storm-induced baroclinity in the simulated storms.
		The origin of baroclinity in an otherwise barotropic system has been the subject of investigation, informed speculation, and some consternation for at least the past four decades.
		Ten tornadoes occurred in the counties just east of San Angelo, TX along a baroclinic surface boundary that appears to have developed in place as an indirect result of the mid-level dry intrusion to the east.
	www.vvm.com /%7Ecurtis/AMSTCTor.html (9967 words)

	ANGEO - Abstracts
		A survey of the PWs reveals that the largest wind amplitudes tend to occur below 80km in the winter hemisphere; but above that altitude the amplitudes are larger in the summer hemisphere where the winds can approach 50m/s.
		This pattern in the seasonal variations also appears in the baroclinity of the zonal mean (m=0).
		The nonmigrating tides in the mesosphere are significantly larger for the model with the tropospheric heat source, in which PWs are apparently generated by the instabilities that arise around the tropopause.
	www.copernicus.org /EGU/annales/22/6/1885.htm (401 words)

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