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Topic: Baroreceptor

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Nucleus of tractus solitarius

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	vasodilators
		This causes the cardiac function curve to shift up and to the left (not shown in figure).
		Adding to this afterload effect is the influence of enhanced sympathetic stimulation due to a baroreceptor reflex in response to the fall in arterial pressure, which increases heart rate and inotropy.
		Although not shown in this figure, reduced cardiac output causes a fall in arterial pressure, which reduces afterload on the left ventricle and leads to baroreceptor reflex responses, both of which can shift the cardiac function curve up and to the left.
	cvpharmacology.com /vasodilator/vasodilators.htm (1440 words)

	Baroreceptor -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		There are baroreceptors present in the arch of the (The large trunk artery that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to branch arteries) aorta, and the carotid sinuses of the left and right internal (Click link for more info and facts about carotid arteries) carotid arteries.
		In some sensitive patients, due to baroreceptors, vigorous (A method of examination in which the examiner feels the size or shape or firmness or location of something (of body parts when the examiner is a health professional)) palpation of a carotid artery can cause severe (Abnormally slow heartbeat) bradycardia or even heart arrest.
		Signals from the carotid baroreceptors are sent via the (Sensory nerve to the pharynx and back of the tongue; motor fibers innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx; includes parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion) glossopharyngeal nerve ((Any of the 12 paired nerves that originate in the brain stem) cranial nerve IX).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/ba/baroreceptor.htm (582 words)

	jan13b
		Arterial baroreceptors are arterial pressure sensors, located on the walls of the carotid sinuses and aortic arch.
		Baroreceptors send afferent signals to the cardiovascular control center to modulate autonomic activity as a function of arterial pressure.
		Through the integrated activities of the baroreceptors and autonomic efferent outflow, the inverse relationship between arterial pressure and heart rate is regulated on a second-by-second basis.
	faculty.css.edu /tboone2/asep/jan13b.htm (2985 words)

	APStracts 7:0138R, 2000. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Role of the locus ceruleus in baroreceptor regulation of supraoptic vasopressin neurons in the rat.
		Baroreceptors were stimulated by increasing blood pressure >40 mmHg with phenylephrine (10 µg•kg"minus"1•min"minus"1 iv) in sham SAD and SAD rats.
		Together, these results suggest that noradrenergic neurons in the LC participate in the baroreflex activation of the DBB and may thus be important in the baroreflex inhibition of vasopressin-releasing neurons in the supraoptic nucleus.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/2000/regulatory/May/138r.html (277 words)

	Structural Versus Functional Modulation of the Arterial Baroreflex -- Chapleau et al. 26 (2): 341 -- Hypertension
		This suggests that baroreceptor resetting in hypertensive animals is not caused by the structural changes but rather by functionally reversible changes.
		The defect in the baroreflex with aging is not the result of reduced baroreceptor activity and is ascribed to a central impairment in the mediation of the reflex.
		Platelet-induced suppression of baroreceptor activity is mediated by a stable diffusible factor.
	hyper.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/26/2/341 (4063 words)

	University of Iowa Anesthesia Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Structural changes in large arteries are often considered the predominant mechanism responsible for decreased baroreflex sensitivity and baroreceptor resetting in hypertension, atherosclerosis, and aging.
		We have conducted both reductive studies of mechanoelectrical transduction in cultured baroreceptor neurons and integrative studies with in vivo recordings of the activity of baroreceptor afferent fibers and efferent sympathetic nerves.
		Baroreceptor nerve activity is modulated by the activity of potassium channels and the sodium-potassium pump and by paracrine factors, including prostacyclin, oxygen free radicals, and factors released from aggregating platelets.
	www.anesth.uiowa.edu /readabstract.asp?PMID=7543454 (282 words)

	Nitric Oxide Regulates c-fos Expression in Nucleus Tractus Solitarii Induced by Baroreceptor Activation via ...
		-aspartate receptors in the expression of Fos protein at the nucleus tractus solitarii in response to baroreceptor activation in the rat.
		Ciriello J (1983) Brainstem projections of aortic baroreceptor afferent fibers in the rat.
		Wu J, Fang L, Lin Q, and Willis WD (2000) Fos expression is induced by increased nitric oxide release in rat spinal cord dorsal horn.
	molpharm.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/65/2/319 (4878 words)

	Modulation of baroreceptor activity by gene transfer of nitric oxide synthase to carotid sinus adventitia -- Meyrelles ...
		Baroreceptor activity was recorded during slow ramp increases in nonpulsatile carotid sinus pressure from 0 to 160 mmHg.
		Baroreceptor activity is expressed as a percentage of the maximum activity recorded at high carotid sinus pressures in each rabbit.
		The baroreceptor pressure-activity curve is reset to higher pressures in hypertensive states (20).
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/284/5/R1190 (4696 words)

	Chronic inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in nucleus tractus solitarii enhances baroreceptor ...
		Whether a depressed baroreceptor reflex contributes to hypertension is not clear (see Dickinson and Sleight, 2001, for debate) although the recent data from Thrasher (2002) would support this.
		Whether excessive eNOS activity in the NTS contributes to the blunted baroreceptor reflex gain in pathological conditions of hypertension remains to be elucidated.
		Participation of AT1 and AT2 receptor subtypes in the tonic inhibitory modulation of baroreceptor reflex response by endogenous angiotensins at the nucleus tractus solitarii in the rat.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/546/1/233 (7128 words)

	Head-Heart Entrainment: A Preliminary Survey
		For example, when one's mental or emotional state is causing the sympathetic system to be overdriven in stressful situations, the baroreceptor feedback inhibits sympathetic outflow, increases parasympathetic neuronal activity [7], causes brain wave slowing [14] and cortical inhibition [15] in order to protect the overall system.
		The baroreceptor input to the brain is also responsible for the 0.1 Hz rhythms seen in reticular neuronal activity in the brain stem and the cardiac rhythms seen in the sympathetic outflow to the body [7].
		Independent brain oscillator capability in the ~0.1 Hz range appears to exist as illustrated in Figure 2a before FF; however, strong baroreceptor signals appear to be able to resonate these brain oscillation modes to greater amplitudes.
	heartmath.org /research/research-papers/HeadHeart (2973 words)

	Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals Contribute to Baroreceptor Dysfunction in Atherosclerotic Rabbits -- Li et al. 79 (4): 802 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Baroreceptor (BR) activity was significantly less over the entire pressure range in the atherosclerotic rabbits despite a significantly larger carotid artery diameter and wall strain (*P<.05, ANOVA followed by contrast testing).
		Baroreceptor activity was inversely and significantly correlated with plasma cholesterol concentration and with cholesterol concentrationxduration of cholesterol feeding.
		X/XO suppressed baroreceptor activity and decreased the slope of the pressure-activity relation, and these effects were blunted by SOD and catalase.
	circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/79/4/802 (5878 words)

	Frequency limits on aortic baroreceptor input to nucleus tractus solitarii -- Liu et al. 278 (2): 577 -- AJP - Heart ...
		in the rat to mimic bursts of aortic baroreceptor activity (14).
		Baroreceptor dynamics and their relationship to afferent fiber type and hypertension.
		Metabotropic glutamate receptors depress vagal and aortic baroreceptor signal transmission in the nucleus of the solitary tract.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/278/2/H577 (5757 words)

	Role of the locus ceruleus in baroreceptor regulation of supraoptic vasopressin neurons in the rat -- Grindstaff et al. ...
		Role of the locus ceruleus in baroreceptor regulation of supraoptic vasopressin neurons in the rat -- Grindstaff et al.
		is the activation of peripheral baroreceptors by an acute increase
		SON neurons that are inhibited by baroreceptor stimulation (12).
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/279/1/R306 (8411 words)

	BDNF Is a Target-Derived Survival Factor for Arterial Baroreceptor and Chemoafferent Primary Sensory Neurons -- Brady ...
		BDNF Is a Target-Derived Survival Factor for Arterial Baroreceptor and Chemoafferent Primary Sensory Neurons -- Brady et al.
		Baroreceptor fibers and terminals are absent in the aortic arch (B) and carotid sinus (E) of bdnf
		Note the correspondence between the distribution of baroreceptor fibers ramifying in the outer wall of the arch (B, arrowheads and at higher magnification in D) and BDNF mRNA and protein (A, C, arrowheads).
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/19/6/2131 (6192 words)

	Baroreceptors and the long-term control of blood pressure -- Thrasher 89 (4): 331 -- Experimental Physiology
		Sustained activation of the central baroreceptor pathway in angiotensin hypertension.
		Sustained activation of the central baroreceptor pathway in obesity hypertension.
		Arterial baroreceptor denervation impairs long-term regulation of arterial pressure during dietary salt loading.
	ep.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/89/4/331 (2426 words)

	Modeling the baroreceptor vagal reflex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The schematic of the baroreceptor vagal reflex is shown in Fig.
		Baroreceptors (first-order cells) located in the great arteries provide sensory information to second-order barosensitive neurons located in the nucleus tractus solitaire (NTS) in the lower brainstem.
		The first-order neurons (baroreceptors) are rapidly adapting neurons that transduce and encode each pressure pulse with a train of spikes of relatively high frequency.
	www.rybak-et-al.net /baro.html (665 words)

	Measurement of synaptic vesicle exocytosis in aortic baroreceptor neurons -- Hay and Hasser 275 (2): 710 -- AJP - Heart ...
		Measurement of synaptic vesicle exocytosis in aortic baroreceptor neurons -- Hay and Hasser 275 (2): 710 -- AJP - Heart and Circulatory Physiology
		Measurement of synaptic vesicle exocytosis in aortic baroreceptor neurons
		Dynamics of sensory afferent synaptic transmission in aortic baroreceptor regions of nucleus tractus solitarius.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/2/H710 (3657 words)

	Baroreceptor-mediated compensation for hemodynamic effects of positive end-expiratory pressure -- Blevins et al. 86 ...
		The roles of the carotid arterial baroreceptor reflex and of vagally mediated mechanisms during positive end-expiratory pressure
		Bilateral CSP equals systemic arterial pressure to close feedback loop from carotid arterial baroreceptors (closed loop), or CSP is fixed at intermediate values shown in Fig.
		baroreceptors and from the vagus nerves are present (Fig.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/86/1/285 (4597 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		METHODS: Chronotropic baroreceptor reflex (by sequential analysis) and cardiovascular stress responses were recorded during postural (5-minute of active standing) and cognitive (speech task) stress testing in patients with CFS grouped into cases with severe (N = 21) or less severe (N = 22) illness, and in 29 matched control subjects.
		RESULTS: Patients with CFS had a greater decline in baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) during standing, although only those with severe CFS were significantly different from the controls.
		In contrast, the patients with less severe CFS had blunted increases in blood pressure during the speech task, which could not, however, be explained by inadequate inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex, with all groups showing an appropriate reduction in BRS during the task.
	www.cfids-cab.org /cfs-inform/Coicfs/peckerman.etal03.txt (356 words)

	Baroreceptor Reflex and Integrative Stress Responses in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome -- Peckerman et al. 65 (5): 889 -- ...
		Baroreceptor Reflex and Integrative Stress Responses in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome -- Peckerman et al.
		Baroreceptor Reflex and Integrative Stress Responses in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
		baroreceptors appears to play a critical role (39, 40).
	www.psychosomaticmedicine.org /cgi/content/full/65/5/889 (4482 words)

	Comparison of Early and Late Start of Antihypertensive Agents and Baroreceptor Reflexes -- Kumagai et al. 27 (2): 209 ...
		impairment of adaptation of the baroreceptors for increased pressure.
		Baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate: a predictor of sudden cardiac death.
		Modification of aortic baroreceptor resetting in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.
	hyper.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/27/2/209 (4381 words)

	APStracts 5:0086H, 1998. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Since arterial baroreceptor and skeletal muscle receptor afferents project to cardiovascular regions in the lower brainstem, such as the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), it is likely that the level of baroreceptor afferent input will modify the excitatory cardiovascular responses evoked by contraction-sensitive skeletal muscle afferents.
		The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor afferent input (CSA) on reflex heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses evoked by activation of skeletal muscle receptor afferents (SMA).
		Moreover, our findings substantiate early studies showing that the level of afferent input from arterial baroreceptors is a powerful modulator of sympathoexcitation evoked by mechanically and metabolically-sensitive skeletal muscle receptors.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1998/heart/March/86H.html (333 words)

	OHSU School of Dentistry - Biological Structure and Function
		The sensitivity of the arterial baroreceptor reflex changes during the early postnatal period, and the efficacy of glutamatergic synaptic transmission between baroreceptor afferents and second-order neurons in the brainstem is determined by the frequency of baroreceptor afferent firing.
		BDNF is highly expressed in the NPG complex, including baroreceptor afferents, and the magnitude of BDNF release from NPG neurons is strongly regulated by the frequency and pattern of neuronal activity.
		The long-term goal of these studies is to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for activity-dependent development and plasticity in the arterial baroreceptor pathway that may be relevant to developmental and other disorders of cardiovascular control, such as orthostatic hypotension.
	www.ohsu.edu /sod/bsf/FacAZB.html (722 words)

	Modes of Baroreceptor-Sympathetic Coordination -- Lewis et al. 84 (3): 1157 -- Journal of Neurophysiology
		of a nonlinear oscillator by pulse-synchronous baroreceptor nerve
		The strength of phase-locking of a nonlinear oscillator to a periodic forcing input is dependent on the intensity of the forcing
		Heistad D, Abboud F, Mark A, and Schmid P. Effects of baroreceptor activity on ventilatory response to chemoreceptor stimulation.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/84/3/1157 (5956 words)

	CIRCSIM-TUTOR
		Unlike its predecessor (CIRCSIM), it internally generates most of the text needed to carry on a tutorial dialog, and it understands answers typed by the student.
		Comparison of the pre- and post-test responses suggest that CIRCSIM-TUTOR is effective in correcting student misunderstandings of the events involved in the baroreceptor reflex.
		Survey results reveal that students find CIRCSIM-TUTOR easy to use and effective as a learning resource, in spite of its unsophisticated language generation.
	www.physiologyeducation.org /abstracts/A134A1899.html (226 words)

	The Baroreceptor Reflex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The problem with trying to treat neurogenic shock is that the baroreceptor reflex can't help maintain adequate blood flow to the brain, because the Vasomotor Center isn't functioning and therefore can't increase cardiac output or even shunt blood away from other, less O
		Then, even if the patient recovers from the initial cause of the shock, death from failure of the kidneys or other organs such as those that comprise the gastrointestinal system is a probable outcome.
		However, you still want to be nice to your Baroreceptor Reflex, because it actually works day-to-day, minute-to-minute, second-to-second to make sure that blood flow to the brain and the pressure of blood reaching the brain are kept within homeostatic limits.
	www.unm.edu /~toolson/miscellaneous_tidbits_about_shock.html (1912 words)

	Effects of simulated obstructive sleep apnoea on the human carotid baroreceptor-vascular resistance reflex -- Cooper et ...
		by an increase in stimulation of coronary and aortic baroreceptors.
		Vascular responses to stimulation of carotid, aortic and coronary baroreceptors with pulsatile and non-pulsatile pressures in anaesthetised dogs.
		Differential activity-dependent ‘resetting’ of subtypes of isolated baroreceptor neurons in culture.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/557/3/1055 (4769 words)

	Arterial baroreflexes can determine long-termblood pressure: Baroreceptors and hypertension: time for are-think? -- ...
		Baroreceptor resetting and loss of sensitivity is probably of
		Characteristics of single carotid sinus baroreceptor fibers and whole nerve activity in the normotensive and the renal hypertensive dog.
		The action of clonidine on the baroreflex control of heart rate in conscious animals and man, and on single aortic baroreceptor discharge in the rabbit.
	ep.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/89/4/337 (2376 words)

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