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Topic: Barotropic

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	Bernoulli Equation: Derivation for Compressible Flow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The barotropic flow assumption is tantamount to assuming that one of the commonly encountered thermodynamic variables is a constant.
		An obvious difficulty with the barotropic flow assumption is that it is primarily a mathematical condition which may or may not be justified on physical grounds.
		Furthermore, although the barotropic flow assumption resolves the problems associated with non-conservative pressure forces, it does not explicitly bring in the full (thermal) energy equation; the latter would be expected to be part of the resolution based on our physical discussion and a more sophisticated analysis.
	www.fluidmech.net /tutorials/bernoulli/compressible-bernoulli.htm (1666 words)

	Barotropic instability
		The structure of the barotropic mode is independent of depth and stratification.
		Barotropic instability of an azimuthal jet in a rotating annulus was studied experimentally by Solomon et al.
		Kuo (1978) performed a barotropic instability calculation for a cosine jet and observed that it is most unstable to barotropic perturbations (which have no vertical variation).
	www-fpc.stanford.edu /research/insb1/node7.html (474 words)

	Barotropic and baroclinic contributions to TKE
		The importance of the barotropic and baroclinic instabilities can be understood in terms of their contributions to TKE growth.
		Luther and Bane (1985) reported the persistent wave-like meander pattern in the Gulf stream with a majority (80%) of the perturbation energy derived from the potential energy of the background flow (baroclinic mechanism) and the rest from the mean shear.
		16 (a) shows that the barotropic contribution is concentrated and important in the early stages.
	www-fpc.stanford.edu /research/insb1/node17.html (404 words)

	Barotropic fluid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The term ``barotropic'' infers ``turning with (or in the same manner as) the isobars'', referring to the isopycnals.
		The condition of barotropy is illustrated in Fig.
		A fluid under conditions of perfect hydrostatic balance would asume a barotropic state for which the pressure gradient can be represented as a function of p alone.
	stommel.tamu.edu /~baum/reid/book1/book/node61.html (223 words)

	Generalized barotropic models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		To model the behavior of low-frequency eddies using the flow on a single level, the large-scale low-frequency divergence must be included as a forcing term along with the vorticity flux divergence from high-frequency eddies.
		It is conjectured that the empirically modified isentropic barotropic models will perform superior to the standard isobaric barotropic models used to study low-frequency variability.
		In the next subsections, various scrutinizing tests of the empirical linear operator are described: simulations of observed low-frequency anomalies, free normal mode and optimal perturbation analyses, initial value calculations of localized vorticity, and synoptic scale forcing.
	www.atmos.uiuc.edu /~mitas/thesisProposal/node6.html (340 words)

	Barometric pressure Climate glossary - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		Baroclinic zones are favored areas for strengthening and weakening systems; barotropic systems, on the other hand, do not exhibit significant changes in intensity.
		Barotropic System - A weather system in which temperature and pressure surfaces are coincident, i.e., temperature is uniform (no temperature gradient) on a constant pressure surface.
		Barotropic systems are characterized by a lack of wind shear, and thus are generally unfavorable areas for severe thunderstorm development.
	www.geographic.org /climate/b.html (1146 words)

	BARX Information Page
		BARX is a 2-year field experiment, proposed to NSF, to deploy an array of instruments especially sensitive to barotropic variability in order to detect and quantify barotropic Rossby wave radiation that escapes the Gulf Stream's recirculation region.
		Such ubiquitous barotropic variablity may play a role in stirring water masses and tracers, both horizontally and vertically, in the deep oceans.
		The estimated value for the barotropic mode was 0.065+/-0.002 m/s, and the estimated value for the depth-averaged current was 0.060+/-0.002 m/s.
	faculty.washington.edu /dushaw/barotropic (1464 words)

	Barotropic high-frequency sea level signals and the Jason-1 altimeter mission
		Given the HF and large scales of interest, modeling work focuses on the use of simple barotropic (constant density) models.
		Modeling efforts include an evaluation of effects of different forcing fields on the sea level response, assessment of sensitivity of results to different parameterizations of bottom friction, and implementation of increasingly smaller grid spacing to improve the representation of coastal geometry and bottom topography (figure 2).
		Part of our investigation is devoted to the development of assimilation techniques that combine barotropic models and altimeter data to provide dynamically-based estimation of atmospherically-driven signals over the global ocean.
	topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov /science/invest-ponte.html (808 words)

	WHY IS WARMING GREATEST IN THE MORNING HOURS ON A BAROTROPIC DAY? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Although the high temperature on a barotropic day occurs in the late afternoon, the greatest temperature rises tend to occur in the morning hours.
		On a barotropic day, the skies tend to be clear at night and during the morning hours.
		On a barotropic night the winds tend to be light due to the development of the shallow inversion.
	www.theweatherprediction.com /habyhints/221 (364 words)

	1.1.3 Barotropic vs. Baroclinic Models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Figure 4 Barotropic Model where a region of the ocean's water column is vertically integrated to obtain one value for the vertically different horizontal currents.
		Clearly no barotropic mode is associated with such models, and although the motions are driven by the density differences between layers, there are restrictions on the motions and interface deformations.
		We will discuss the barotropic models in the next section and the reduced gravity models in section 3.
	csep1.phy.ornl.gov /om/node5.html (392 words)

	BARX Information Page
		BARX is a 2-year field experiment, proposed to NSF, to deploy an array of instruments especially sensitive to barotropic variability in order to detect and quantify barotropic Rossby wave radiation that escapes the Gulf Stream's recirculation region.
		Such ubiquitous barotropic variablity may play a role in stirring water masses and tracers, both horizontally and vertically, in the deep oceans.
		The estimated value for the barotropic mode was 0.065+/-0.002 m/s, and the estimated value for the depth-averaged current was 0.060+/-0.002 m/s.
	staff.washington.edu /dushaw/barotropic/index.html (1463 words)

	Barotropic high-frequency sea level signals and the Jason-1 altimeter mission
		Modeling efforts include an evaluation of effects of different forcing fields on the sea level response, assessment of sensitivity of results to different parameterizations of bottom friction, and implementation of increasingly smaller grid spacing to improve the representation of coastal geometry and bottom topography (figure 2).
		Part of our investigation is devoted to the development of assimilation techniques that combine barotropic models and altimeter data to provide dynamically-based estimation of atmospherically-driven signals over the global ocean.
		Hirose, I. Fukumori, V. Zlotnicki, R.M. Ponte, 2001: High-frequency barotropic response to atmospheric disturbances: Sensitivity to forcing, topography, and friction.
	sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov /science/invest-ponte.html (808 words)

	Barotropic and baroclinic oscillations in strongly stratified ocean basins. Numerical study for the Black Sea. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Barotropic and baroclinic oscillations in strongly stratified ocean basins.
		Stanev, E. et.al.: Barotropic and baroclinic oscillations in strongly stratified ocean basins.
		We investigate barotropic and baroclinic oscillations in strongly stratified basins using the Black Sea as a test case.
	www.icbm.de /~physoz/download/stanev99a.html (263 words)

	BAROTROPIC INSTABILITY IN THE INNER CORE OF TROPICAL CYCLONES
		This reversal of PV gradient is a necessary condition for barotropic instability.
		Linear normal mode analysis of many tangential wind profiles from the data set of Gray and Shea (1976) indicate that barotropic instability may be a common feature of mature tropical cyclones.
		These results lead us to conclude that barotropic instability may be the primary cause of the polygonal eye walls which are observed in many tropical cyclones.
	laps.fsl.noaa.gov /~jedwards/thesis/jim.html (244 words)

	Model-Based Regional Boundary Conditions for Florida Bay
		For Florida Bay, the barotropic forcing from winds and tides is probably of primary importance, with the baroclinic forcing, for example, from meandering of the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current or the influence of Loop Current Eddies most likely being of secondary importance.
		Output water level and barotropic current fields are provided to the COE to serve as boundary conditions for their barotropic model (RMA-10) of Florida Bay.
		The results indicate that the barotropic model water levels are in close agreement with the observations around Florida Bay (rms difference 0.08m; correlation coefficient 0.9), that the model cross-Florida Bay sea level slope is in qualitatively good agreement with the observations, and that the observed cross-Florida Bay sea level slope is primarily a barotropic feature.
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /flbay/aikmanetal.html (1006 words)

	Predicted Barotropic Motions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In a variety of numerical experiments, which will be reported elsewhere, we have found that significant high-frequency motions at periods shorter than about one month exist in the full baroclinic MIT primitive equation GCM.
		The experiments showed that much of the rapid motion could be simulated to a high degree of similarity with a simplified, purely barotropic, version of the model, which has uniform density but otherwise satisfies the same primitive equations.
		Results from the two models are very similar at periods shorter than about one month, and we will focus on the high-frequency motion of the barotropic one.
	puddle.mit.edu /~detlef/OSE/GRL/node2.html (259 words)

	The Labrador Current
		Early estimates indicated that the current may be 30% stronger than geostrophic calculations indicated as a result of a significant barotropic flow component (Hayes and Robe, 1978).
		With a 30% increase (due to barotropic flow) the transport is only 5.3 Sv so, the high transport values are thought to largely from the inclusion of deep currents indicated by a deep water mooring.
		Including the barotropic component, they estimate a value of 3Sv for the continental shelf branch of the Labrador Current and 16 Sv transport for the slope branch of the Labrador Current.
	oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu /atlantic/labrador.html (1040 words)

	informationsphere.com: Barotropic System
		BA weather system in which temperature and pressure surfaces are coincident, i.e., temperature is uniform (no temperature gradient) on a constant pressure surface.
		Usually, in operational meteorology, references to barotropic systems refer to equivalent barotropic systems - systems in which temperature gradients exist, but are parallel to height gradients on a constant pressure surface.
		As a rule, a true equivalent barotropic system can never be achieved in the real atmosphere.
	www.informationsphere.com /html/2001.htm (121 words)

	Barotropic Stability of Realistic Stratospheric Jets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The stability of realistic jets is examined in a linearized barotropic model on a sphere.
		Approximately nondispersive modes associated with a region of negative basic state absolute vorticity gradient on the poleward side of the jet are examined in detail.
		The barotropic model results for a month in which these features are not observed indicate the presence equatorward modes at wavenumbers 3 and 4 which grow considerably faster than the quasi-nondispersive poleward modes.
	www.physics.iastate.edu /atmos/abs78.html (188 words)

	Barotropic Stability of Realistic Stratospheric Jets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The stability of realistic jets is examined in a linearized barotropic model on a sphere.
		Approximately nondispersive modes associated with a region of negative basic state absolute vorticity gradient on the poleward side of the jet are examined in detail.
		The barotropic model results for a month in which these features are not observed indicate the presence equatorward modes at wavenumbers 3 and 4 which grow considerably faster than the quasi-nondispersive poleward modes.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~atmos/abs78.html (188 words)

	Mixed baroclinic-barotropic instability
		In the simplest case, the energy is drawn from the available potential energy of the heavy upwelled fluid (baroclinic instability) and from the kinetic energy of the mean flow (barotropic instability).
		We will consider the energy transfer mechanisms in section 4, where we will see that the flow is both barotropically and baroclinically unstable.
		The wavelength corresponding to the maximum growth rate lies between those for pure baroclinic instability and pure barotropic instability and depends on the relative strengths of the two mechanisms.
	www-fpc.stanford.edu /research/insb1/node9.html (634 words)

	Professor Jin-Yi Yu at UC Irvine
		Nonlinear life-cycle simulations are conducted to demonstrated that each extreme phase of the zonal flow vacillation is a quasi-stable state and is self-maintained by the embedded synoptic eddies.
		The major balance during the index cycle is between eddy barotropic forcing and residual circulation forcing in the upper troposphere and between residual circulation forcing and frictional damping in the lower troposphere.
		It is suspected that barotropic instability/stability is a possible triggering mechanism for transition from one state to another.
	www.ess.uci.edu /~yu/JETSTREAM (538 words)

	Generalized barotropic models on isentropic levels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The effective squared wavenumber computed using data from 1994 and 1995 on the 350 K isentropic level is shown in Figure 5.1.
		Contours are shown at variable intervals with values equal to the standard barotropic squared wavenumber.
		The zonal mean wavenumber appears to be distinctly different from the other zonal wavenumbers (see Figure 5.1) and exhibits notable irregularity.
	www.atmos.uiuc.edu /~mitas/thesisProposal/node16.html (715 words)

	Preprint no. 137 of the Mathematical Institute AS CR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Summary: The Navier-Stokes equations of a compressible barotropic fluid in 1D with zero velocity boundary conditions are considered.
		We study the case of large initial data in $H^1$ as well as the mass force such that the stationary density is positive.
		The results are proved in the Eulerian coordinates for a wide class of increasing state functions including $p(\rho)=p_1\rho^\gamma$ with any $\gamma >0.$ We also extend the results for equations of multicomponent compressible barotropic mixture (in the absence of chemical reactions).
	www.math.cas.cz /preprint/137.html (203 words)

	OC2910 - Module 1: Definitions
		The barotropic pressure gradient and barotropic velocity are that part of the pressure gradient and velocity fields that are due to slopes in the sea surface.
		The barotropic pressure gradient is independent of depth in the water column, as is the barotropic velocity, except to the extent that it is influenced by friction.
		A homogeneous (density constant with depth) body of water is always barotropic—-it doesn’t have an internal density field to generate baroclinicity.
	www.oc.nps.navy.mil /nom/day1/partb.html (1363 words)

	BAROTROPIC AND BAROCLINIC DEFINED (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		BAROTROPIC- Region of uniform temperature distribution; A lack of fronts.
		A perfect example of a barotropic environment is the southeast U.S. in the summer or the tropics.
		Everyday being about the same (hot and humid with no cold fronts to cool things off) would be a barotropic type atmosphere.
	www.theweatherprediction.com /habyhints/49 (203 words)

	2.2 Atmosphere
		However, because the baroclinic fields drive the barotropic PV equation through (8), the atmosphere does not respond purely baroclinically.
		Substituting in to (8) and (9) and neglecting quadratic terms in the perturbation quantitites, we have (after dropping the primes to simplify notation)
		The factor of 2 arises because we have defined the barotropic fields as vertical sums rather than averages.
	www.mit.edu /~goodmanj/coupled/node4.html (841 words)

	DIALOG/DISCCRS Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		forcing is equivalent barotropic, with a particular phase relationship with the underlying SST anomalies.
		The dependence of the growth rate and structure of the modes on the nature of the assumed physics of air-sea interaction is explored, and their possible relation to observed phenomena discussed.
		barotropic vertical structure, but their optimal forcing patterns are baroclinic and seem to be associated with low-level heating.
	www.aslo.org /phd/dialog/200102-9.html (505 words)

	5.2.2.1 The barotropic equation and its two solution methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In this approach, the barotropic mode is integrated with a small time step.
		While integrating the barotropic equations, the baroclinic flow as well as tracer fields are kept constant.
		Note that if the time step is smaller than required by the CFL-criterion for barotropic gravity waves, both the implicit and explicit methods have been found to yield similar results.
	www.gfdl.gov /~smg/MOM/web/guide_parent/s2node44.html (265 words)

	On Nonstationary Motion of a Compressible Barotropic Viscous Capillary Fluid Bounded by a Free Surface
		On Nonstationary Motion of a Compressible Barotropic Viscous Capillary Fluid Bounded by a Free Surface:SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis Vol.
		The author considers the motion of a viscous compressible barotropic fluid in ${\Bbb R}^3$, bounded by a free surface that is under surface tension and constant exterior pressure.
		Assuming the initial density is sufficiently close to a constant, the initial domain is sufficiently close to a ball, the initial velocity is sufficiently small, and the external force vanishes, the existence of a global-in-time solution is proven, which satisfies, at any moment of time, the properties prescribed at the initial moment.
	epubs.siam.org /sam-bin/dbq/article/17320 (161 words)

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