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Topic: Barter economies

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	Bartering
		Surprisingly, bartering has proved on a worldwide basis to be not only a complement to sophisticated marketplace economies but also a means of survival in moribund economies.
		Business-related barter purchases are of course generally tax deductible and, contrary to popular myth, membership in a barter exchange does not automatically target a business or person for an IRS audit.
		Bartering, which began in Russia as a bad habit, has turned into a crippling addiction for which a cure has yet to be found.
	www.referenceforbusiness.com /encyclopedia/Assem-Braz/Bartering.html (2012 words)

	Barter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Barter is a type of trade in which goods or services are exchanged for other goods and/or services; no money is involved in the transaction.
		"Barter" is sometimes (incorrectly) used as a synonym for "negotiate/negotiation." Common subjects of barter during colonial times were tobacco, grain, and wampum.
		Bilateral barter is possible when there is a coincidence of wants between two economic actors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Barter (680 words)

	press_articles14
		Historically, cash economies have flourished – and barter economies haven't – because cash provides one medium of exchange that is uniformly accepted, says Robert Laurent, an economics professor at the Illinois Institute of Technology and a former economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
		Bartering can be problematic because it requires you to find someone willing to trade a good or service when and where you want it.
		The proposed benefit of moving a barter exchange to the Internet is that the Web provides barterers with access to hundreds or thousands of other barterers who they would not have been exposed to.
	www.barteritonline.com /press_articles14.htm (573 words)

	World Bank Institute Governance & Anti-Corruption
		First, barter helps to maintain production by creating a deal-specific collateral which softens the liquidity squeeze in the economy when credit enforcement is prohibitively costly.
		Second, barter helps to maintain production by preventing firms from being exploited by their input suppliers when suppliers' bargaining position is very strong due to high costs of switching suppliers.
		The paper concludes by discussing potential long-term costs of barter arrangements, and by suggesting particular pitfalls of expansionary monetary policy in barter economies such as Ukraine and Russia.
	www.worldbank.org /wbi/governance/pubs/barter.html (248 words)

	[No title]
		The Barter Group was founded in the early eighties at a time that the country been through an extended recession, and retailers were having a tough time of it.
		Barter as a form of business has increased the buying and selling of power of thousands of businesses leveling the playing field between small business and the big boys.
		Barter is not new, and has many success stories, you have probably heard about some of the big deals, but each day millions of small deals are made which help keep thousands of small businesses in the market place.
	www.angelfire.com /music/lifestyle/barter/index.html (1631 words)

	aw_miller_econtoday_12\|Student Resources\|Additional Readings\|Extended-Coverage Topics\|Chapter 14\|Why We Use Money: The ...
		In pure barter economies, an individual who wishes to obtain goods and services must search for a second individual who is willing to provide those goods and services in exchange for goods and services that the first individual happens to be able to provide.
		Barter therefore leads to the absence of a standardized way to state the prices of commodities.
		In a barter system, it is difficult to write contracts for future payments in a unit that is readily acceptable to both parties.
	wps.aw.com /aw_miller_econtoday_12/0,7965,904293-,00.html (1187 words)

	Economic Systems: Non-market Economies
		Their economies were qualitatively different from ours in large-scale societies today.
		In Societies with non-market economies, land and other property rights are usually restricted by the overriding rights vested in the community as a whole.
		When European Americans encountered indigenous foraging peoples with non-market economies in North America during the 18th and 19th centuries, there were conflicts that arose as a result of the failure of both societies to understand the other's concept of ownership.
	anthro.palomar.edu /economy/econ_2.htm (1571 words)

	IJCCR: James Stodder: Corporate Barter & Economic Stablisation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The inefficiency of barter is one of the keystones of monetary theory.
		Inventories show economies of scale, which is why large banks can safely keep their ratio of reserves over deposits lower than small banks, and closer to the regulatory minimum.
		Barter seems to rise along with GDP or capacity utilization in or before 1985, but has no particular correlation with wholesale inventories in the first eleven years.
	www.le.ac.uk /ulmc/ijccr/vol1-3/2no1.htm (3902 words)

	The Demonetization of the East
		The demonetization of the economy and the distortion of the price signal (which ensures the proper allocation of economic resources) are not the only pernicious effects of non-cash business.
		Barter transactions tend to enhance the militarization of the region.
		Technically, barter deals are a kind of non-tariff barrier as they interfere with the free market by binding specific buyers to given sellers.
	samvak.tripod.com /brief-offsetbarter01.html (1335 words)

	Tuesday Report - September 10, 2002
		Airline miles growth and usage far overshadows the barter industry's worldwide efforts, where an estimated $7.8 billion in goods and services were moved, using another secondary currency the trade dollar, in 2001.
		E-mail service BarterMail reports, "In the interest of supporting the true values behind building individual and corporate barter economies, we have determined that it is not in the best interests of the barter industry to advertise the sale of barter currency, for cash, at irresponsible discounts.
		National Airlines, now operating under Chapter 11 bankruptcy-court protection, is "bartering" with employees...lowering their compensation by as much as 20% in exchange for a significant equity stake in the company when it emerges from Chapter 11.
	www.barternews.com /archive/09_10_02.htm (1251 words)

	Needful Provision, Inc.
		Nuttle is a specialist in barter trade, and has invented a new type of barter trade designed to bring isolated rural and tribal peoples into the global economy.
		barter items may be obtained and utilized for benefit of hostile forces responsible for causing and/or sustaining conflict in remote rural and tribal areas.
		For this reason, barter trade items will be carefully controlled to ensure that hostile forces do not utilize such trade to increase their means to continue a conflict.
	www.needfulprovision.org /projects/peace.php (2000 words)

	NEWS LETTERS
		The Barter Group was launched when a member conceived merger unified efforts to develop a more efficient, reciprocal barter association.
		The Barter Group catalyzed fragmented exchanges including :Barter Systems, BX, Intraworld and smaller area exchanges with varying trade credits, and limited scope, into a unified organization under one unit of trade (analogous to EURO dollars).
		To use The Barter Group online trade capability, click hereFIRST BARTER Fill out the form and you will be on your way to trading success.
	www.alexandriabarter.com /b2/about_us.html (401 words)

	Solidarity Economics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The term “solidarity economy” is the English translation of economia solidária (Portuguese), economía solidaria (Spanish), and economie solidaire (French).
		The basic building-blocks of this economy are the rational, self-interested individuals and groups who seek to satisfy their supposedly-endless needs for growth and accumulation (profit-making) in a world of scarce resources.
		Collective economies—in their simple form these economies are about pooling our resources together (sharing): bringing food to a potluck supper, carpooling, lending and borrowing, consumer co-ops; in their most “radical” form, collective economies are based on common ownership and/or control of resources: collective communities, health care collectives, community land trusts, and more.
	www.earthskyexchange.org /solidecon.htm (6569 words)

	Barter, 450,000 Companies, Barter Exchange, Barter Companies, Network, B2B, BarterNews, Trade Exchange
		Barter is used because foreign trading partners don't have, or don't want to use, their limited hard currency to buy products and services from the sellers.
		For further information on barter companies that are members of IRTA and use the Universal Currency, contact IRTA at (312) 461-0236, or their web site:www.irta.com.
		Through utilizing a universal barter currency (a currency which can be spent between barter exchanges) an under-developed community can purchase hardware, equipment or expertise from outside their area and repay it through goods or services generated as a result of the new input.
	www.barternews.com /trade_exchanges.htm (9785 words)

	Buyers Coop and Barter Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The initial majority shareholder would be a Barter Network, which would also be the direct recipient of a fraction of the small mark-up.
		The Barter Network would also be web based and work to match various offers with requests through computer and human assisted transactions.
		The Barter Network will also have a barter bank of items offered for free by members of the network to help ease "transaction friction".
	www.twinoaks.org /members-exmembers/members/paxus/barter.html (445 words)

	GEO: Solidarity Economics
		Maintaining social life, in all of its ugliness and beauty, is the primary goal of these "people’s economies." This aim, at its core, is fundamentally opposed to the dominant capitalist logic that places accumulation, growth-for-growth’s sake (a key characteristic, incidentally, of cancer), at the center of economic life.
		An "economy of economies" that resists the colonizing power of the individualistic, competitive, and exploitative Economy of Empire.
		Imagine local and regional "Solidarity Economy Congresses": gatherings that would bring together diverse groups of people who are creating and participating in alternative economic endeavors to meet each other, teach and inspire each other, and begin to envision concrete connections and long-term strategies.
	www.geo.coop /SolidarityEconomicsEthanMiller.htm (6807 words)

	BARTER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Barter refers to a transaction and an exchange of commodities for commodities in international trade.
		Barter economies existed globally from times immemorial before the recognition and acceptance of the principle of credit at international level.
		In due course of time due to immobility of precious metals owing to high risks in transportation a system of cancellation of credits and debits arose among the large international trading houses.
	members.aol.com /jimkhwaja/economic/trade/barter.htm (133 words)

	The IESC Forum
		As we know, the validity of Say's law with Barter economies is one of the most cherished principles of economics.
		However I believe that Say's law is not valid even in Barter economies and I=S is therefore not the equilibrium condition of the economy.
		Breaking Say's law with Barter economies has given me the ability to comprehensively explain various types of Business Cycles like Depressions prior to 1930s, recessions post 1940s, stagflations of 1970s and continuous booms of 80s and 90s and I have published an article in this regard at www.threewayeconomics.com.
	internationalecon.com /forum/General/112.html (162 words)

	The Unemployment of Money
		In barter systems, before producing a good, more often than not, the producer of the good has to have a definite idea on what he wants to do with the good – demand precedes supply.
		With barter goods, it is very difficult to compare the wealth of one person with that of other.
		Someone is earning because she wants to be the richest person in her country, some other person is earning so that he can maintain a certain social status in the society, and someone else is earning so that she can match her immediate neighbor in earnings.
	www.threewayeconomics.com /unemployment_money.html (6984 words)

	Market Failures and Business Cycles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		I believe that the equilibriums of the market economies are three-dimensional in nature rather than the two-dimensional ones as portrayed by the current economic thinking.
		In a growing economy, growth is anticipated by the producers and they are not taken unawares by the growth related developments.
		However this observation is untrue of the economies post 1940s because such economies were mostly Consumption led and not Investment led.
	www.threewayeconomics.com /index.html (4817 words)

	StarTrek Online Weblog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Federation has a thriving economy, with major financial institutions (such as the Bank of Bolias) keeping trade running smoothly.
		In fact, some of the player-created barter economies have been pretty fun.
		Bartering is a pretty time-consuming way to do trade, and modern MMO players expect the convenience of currency.
	startrek.perpetual.com /2005/09/sto_economy.html (1069 words)

	[No title]
		The conflict between Free Market Economies and Planned Economies (Statism), and the two political systems which engaged in the conflict, and their triggering event, the industrial revolution, were all of them, born together.
		Money, or barter economies, religion, and nationalism are the three most vital things that the human race has to dispose of in order to enable itself to evolve further.
		Our economies, for the most part, aren't based upon any tangible things now, nor are they anything more than artificial remnants of the systems they were when they came into being.
	www.parascience.org /BKONE-20.htm (7705 words)

	Educom/IMS Working Paper; Digital Property
		In barter economies, natural laws such as conservation of mass enforced ownership for both legs of the transaction.
		But as barter gave way to cash, and cash to checking, credit cards and digicash, conservation of money relies less and less on natural laws and more on more on the laws, computer software and transaction journals of mankind.
		In advanced economies, builders rely on subsidiary exchange transactions to incentize others to specialize in several levels of the supply chain.
	www.virtualschool.edu /ims/digitalproperty.html (4225 words)

	Money: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms - Dr. Paul M. Johnson
		Any generally accepted medium of exchange -- that is, anything which is generally acceptable in a particular society as a means of payment or of settling debts arising out of exchanges on credit.
		The earliest forms of money arose spontaneously in barter economies when experienced traders identified certain commodities that were so widely desired for actual use in the society that they could reasonably count on their acceptability as payment in almost any trade.
		Unfortunately, the confidence with which people hold their expectations about the future value of any given variety of fiat money is extremely fragile.
	www.auburn.edu /~johnspm/gloss/money (339 words)

	courses - mark edward grimm
		I was very interested in understanding the economies of the media not only through the traditional venues (the media industries for example) but also new emerging user created medias and their economies.
		I approached 'economies' not as an exchange of monies but as informational exchanges (barter economies are as legitimate as market economies).
		With this as a basis students learned about networked media economies such as youtube, craigslist and myspace (economies of agglomeration) as well as larger corporate media economies such as 'Time Warner' (economies of scale).
	megrimm.net /courses.php (383 words)

	Barter in Transition Economies: Competing Explanations Confront Ukrainian Data
		"Barter in Transition Economies: Competing Explanations Confront Ukranian Data," William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series 287, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan Stephen M. Ross Business School.
		"Barter In Transition Economies: Competing Explanations Confront Ukrainian Data," CEPR Discussion Papers 2432, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
		"Barter, Credit, and Welfare: A theoretical inquiry into the barter phenomenon in Russia," William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series wp757, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan Stephen M. Ross Business School.
	ideas.repec.org /p/lmu/muenec/63.html (615 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In barter economies goods exchange for goods, in monetary economies goods exchange for money.
		A direct exchange of goods between two individuals in a monetary economy results in an incomplete transaction because goods must be first sold for money and then money is used to buy other goods.
		An economy's supply of money can be defined narrowly by including only those assets which can be directly used in transactions or broadly by including near monies.
	www.sba.oakland.edu /faculty/mukherji/lect10.htm (2064 words)

	[No title]
		CM28 \ D \\ Barter \ 2 \\ Yasmin owns an appliance store, and Jill is a painter with nine gallons of leftover paint.
		CM28 \ D \\ Barter \ 2 \\ Relative to monetary economies, barter economies have: (a) higher standards of living.
		CM28 \ D \\ Barter \ 1 \\ Introduction of money into a barter economy: (a) ensures that everyone has a double coincidence of wants for all goods.
	www.unc.edu /depts/econ/byrns_web/EC101/TB_Principles/MC3/M3-28.doc (4147 words)

	SSRN-A Quantitative Examination of Current Account Dynamics in Equilibrium Models of Barter Economies by Enrique Mendoza
		This paper provides a numerical analysis of an intertemporal equilibrium model of a small open, barter economy that is subject to random shocks affecting endowments, the terms of trade, and the real interest rate.
		The results also show that the correlation between the trade balance and the terms of trade, given incomplete insurance markets, is sensitive to changes in preference parameters and in the persistence of exogenous shocks.
		Mendoza, Enrique G., "A Quantitative Examination of Current Account Dynamics in Equilibrium Models of Barter Economies" (February 1992).
	papers.ssrn.com /Sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=884602 (325 words)

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