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	COLUMBUS, Christopher,
		Settling there, where his brother Bartholomew Columbus (1445?–1514?) was working as a cartographer, he was married in 1479 to the daughter of the governor of the island of Porto Santo.
		Columbus continued to seek support, however, and in April 1492 his persistence was rewarded: Ferdinand V, king of Castile, and Queen Isabella agreed to sponsor the expedition.
		When Columbus returned to Isabella on September 29, he found that serious dissension had developed among the colonists, a number of whom were already en route to Spain to press their grievances.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=206142 (1947 words)

	Malaspina Great Books - Christopher Columbus (1451)
		Columbus himself in a letter to King Ferdinand says that he began to navigate at the age of fourteen, though in the journal of his first voyage (no longer in existence), in 1493, he was said to have been on the sea twenty-three years, which would make him nineteen when he first became a mariner.
		Columbus always directed his proposals to the king and as yet the queen had taken no official notice of them, as she too was heart and soul in the enterprise destined to restore Spain wholly to Christian rule.
		Columbus, while outwardly on good terms with them, was on his guard and, in consequence of the aversion of his people to a site where only disaster had befallen them, moved some distance farther east and established on the coast the larger settlement of Isabella.
	www.malaspina.org /home.asp?topic=./search/details&lastpage=./search/results&ID=120 (8679 words)

	Columbus, Christopher. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Columbus spent some of his early years at his father’s trade of weaving and later became a sailor on the Mediterranean.
		On his third expedition, in 1498, Columbus was forced to transport convicts as colonists, because of the bad reports on conditions in Hispaniola and because the novelty of the New World was wearing off.
		Columbus was not the first European mariner to sail to the New World—the Vikings set up colonies (c.1000) in Greenland and Newfoundland (see Leif Ericsson and Thorfinn Karlsefni)—but his voyages mark the beginning of continuous European efforts to explore and colonize the Americas.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/ColumbusC.html (1153 words)

	CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS - LoveToKnow Article on CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		About 1479 Columbus visited Porto Santo, here as in Portugal probably employing his time in making maps and charts for a livelihood, while he pored over the logs and papers of his deceased father-in-law, and talked with old seamen of their voyages, and of the mystery of t~ie western seas.
		Columbus believed in his mission, arid stood out for high terms; he asked for the rank of admiral at once (Admiral of the Ocean in all those islands, seas, and continents that he might discover), the vice-royalty of all he should discover, and a tenth of the precious metals discovered within his admiralty.
		No lives were lost, but the ship had to be unloaded and abandoned; and Columbus, who was anxious to return to Europe with the news of his achievement, resolved to plant a colony on the island, to build a fort out of the material of the stranded hulk, and to leave the crew.
	18.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/COLUMBUS_CHRISTOPHER.htm (5771 words)

	COLUMBUS - LoveToKnow Article on COLUMBUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		According to the life of Columbus by his son Ferdinand (a statement supported by Las Casas), young Christopher was sent to the university of Pavia, where he devoted himself to astronomy, geometry and cosmography.
		Columbus next betook himself to the south of Spain, and while meditating an appeal to the king of France, opened his plans to the count (from 1491, duke) of Medina Celi.
		The climate proved unhealthy; the colonists were greedy of gold, impatient of control, proud, ignorant and mutinous; and Columbus, whose inclination drew him westward, was doubtless glad to escape the worry and anxiety of his post, and to avail himself of the instructions of his sovereigns as to further discoveries.
	23.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/COLUMBUS.htm (5762 words)

	Columbus Doors Main Page
		Columbus, mounted on a mule, is prepared to depart from the gate of the convent run by friar Juan Perez, former confessor to Queen Isabella.
		Columbus, in the center of the composition, raises his sword and the royal standard; a cross is raised behind him.
		The central group of Columbus and his men is balanced by another group of Columbus's men in a small boat at the left and by the natives hiding behind the tree at the right.
	www.aoc.gov /cc/art/coldoors/index.cfm (989 words)

	Christopher Columbus
		Columbus was the eldest son of Domenico Colombo and Suzanna Fontanarossa, and was born at Genoa either about 1446 or in 1451, the exact date being uncertain.
		Columbus, on the accession of João II of Portugal, seems to have entered the service of this country, to have accompanied Diego d'Azambuja to the Gold Coast, and to have taken part in the construction of the famous fort of St. George at El Mina (1481-82).
		Columbus believed in his mission, and stood out for high terms; he asked for the rank of admiral at once ("Admiral of the Ocean" in all those islands, seas, and continents that he might discover), the vice-royalty of all he should discover, and a tenth of the precious metals discovered within his admiralty.
	www.nndb.com /people/033/000045895 (5186 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christopher Columbus
		Columbus himself in a letter to King Ferdinand says that he began to navigate at the age of fourteen, though in the journal of his first voyage (no longer in existence), in 1493, he was said to have been on the sea twenty-three years, which would make him nineteen when he first became a mariner.
		Columbus always directed his proposals to the king and as yet the queen had taken no official notice of them, as she too was heart and soul in the enterprise destined to restore Spain wholly to Christian rule.
		Columbus and his brothers were Italians, and this fact told against them among the malcontents and lower officials, but that it influenced the monarchs and the court authorities is a gratuitous charge.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04140a.htm (9336 words)

	Slide #308 Monograph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Bartholomew was seeking the Pope's support to persuade the King of Spain to grant a commission for colonizing and Christianizing the Central American coast.
		Bartholomew Columbus gave another copy of a map of Central America with a description of the coast to Brother Hieronymous of St. John Lateran in Rome, who gave it together with the description to Alexander of Strozzi [a.k.a.
		Columbus thus owed his success to two fundamental errors, his underestimate of the size of the earth and his overestimate of the portion already known.
	www.henry-davis.com /MAPS/Ren/Ren1/308mono.html (2970 words)

	Columbus Day Celebration? Think Again...
		While Columbus once referred to the Taino Indians as cannibals, a story made up by Columbus - which is to this day still taught in some US schools - to help justify his slaughter and enslavement of these people.
		Columbus and his men also used the Taino as sex slaves: it was a common reward for Columbus' men for him to present them with local women to rape.
		Eventually, Columbus and later his brother Bartholomew Columbus who he left in charge of the island, simply resorted to wiping out the Taino altogether.
	www.commondreams.org /views04/1011-27.htm (1371 words)

	Honoring Christopher Columbus
		Columbus scheduled his departure on the morrow of the fiesta, so that his men could join in thanksgiving and prayer with their families and relatives on the feast-day especially dear to them and to their people.
		Columbus was entranced by the beauty and promise of the lands he had found, but greatly disappointed to find no gold anywhere but on Hispaniola, and only a little there.
		Columbus knew how much he owed Queen Isabel, and repaid her with these words of appreciation and devotion even as he knew that his own work was finished and his life nearly so.
	www.ewtn.com /library/HOMELIBR/columbus.htm (4937 words)

	Indiana town is 'different by design' - Sunday, 09/04/05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Columbus is the city where you can view a library designed by I.M. Pei, a hospital designed by Robert A.M. Stern, a church and a bank designed by Eero Saarinen, a fire station designed by Robert Venturi.
		Columbus is small enough to park the car and walk for a few hours, soaking up small-town atmosphere and striking buildings at the same time.
		Columbus, Ind., is considered the sixth-best city in America for architectural quality and innovation, according to the American Institute of Architects, as exemplified by this 20th-century residence.
	www.tennessean.com /apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050904/FEATURES0503/509040312/1083/FEATURES (1331 words)

	Columbus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Columbus married Doña Felipa Perestrello e Moniz in 1479, and their son Diego was born in 1480 in the Madeira Islands.
		Moreover, she was an uncomfortable vessel; a slow, tubby, ship-rigged cargo carrier on which Columbus had the only private space -- a 10 by 20 foot room under the poop deck in the back of the ship, which had small windows on either side and a door in front.
		Columbus was in too great of a rush to wait for his old friend's return, but appears to have harbored no animosity.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /caribarch/columbus.htm (6609 words)

	Bartholomew County Columbus, Indiana (Counties)
		The county seat of Bartholomew County, Indiana, is Columbus.
		Columbus Municipal Airport serves Columbus and Bartholomew County and is owned by the City Of...
		Columbus is located in Bartholomew County (of which it is the county seat) south of Indianapolis...
	www.ohwy.com /in/y/y18005.htm (118 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher Columbus, founded Santo Domingo, which is today the oldest European city founded by Europeans in the New World.
		The Columbus Lighthouse (Faro de Colón), with an approximate cost of 400 million Dominican pesos, was erected, amidst great controversy, in honor of this occasion.
		There are some museums dedicated to the history of the Dominican Republic, the Museo de las Casas Reales is dedicated to the colonial period; while the soon-to-be renovated Museo de Historia y Geografía is dedicated to the Dominican history prior the Discovery up to contemporary times.
	www.marriott.com /city-guide/uk-city-overview.mi?cityId=181&guideType=history (659 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / Christopher Columbus, Failure
		Columbus immediately recognized the mutiny as potentially fatal to both his colony and his authority as viceroy.
		Columbus and Bartholomew were on an expedition inland, but when Bobadilla questioned their brother, Diego, he found out that more settlers were scheduled to be hanged the next day.
		At yet another crossroads, Columbus, thinking he was choosing the path to discovery and accolades, again chose the route to pain and regret.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/web/20060520-christopher-columbus-spain-ferdinand-isabella-hispaniola-india-bobadilla.shtml (2432 words)

	1421 - Evidence - The Martellus forgeries
		Bartholomew Columbus (Christopher’s brother) stole the intellectual property of the Portuguese government – being a world map.
		He traced this world map then made false additions intended to mislead Christopher Columbus backers, (the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and the bank of St George Genoa), into thinking that the route eastwards to China was virtually impossible and that the route westwards via the Americas was significantly shorter and easier.
		When making these forgeries Bartholomew Columbus was aware of the true shape of the world from Portugal to China through Albertin di Virga’s chart and the true latitude of the ‘Cape of Good Hope’ as he was present when Dias presented his findings to king John of Portugal.
	www.1421.tv /pages/evidence/content.asp?EvidenceID=372 (247 words)

	The True Story of Christopher Columbus: CHAPTER XII. HOW THE ADMIRAL PLAYED ROBINSON CRUSOE
		This was the name Columbus gave to it; and it was this name, Veragua, that was afterward given to the family of Columbus as its title; so that, to-day, the living descendant of Christopher Columbus in Spain is called the Duke of Veragua.
		Columbus and Ferdinand, with a few of the men, went on board the other ship which was commanded by Bartholomew Columbus, the brother of the Admiral, who had been with him all through the dreadful expedition.
		Her life was not a happy one; but she had always felt kindly toward Columbus, and when he was where he could see her and talk to her, he had always been able to get her to side with him and grant his wishes.
	www.public-domain-content.com /books/true_story_christopher_c/12.shtml (2372 words)

	1849 Retrospect of Columbus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Columbus, the County Seat of Bartholomew County, is situated on the east bank of the East Fork of the White River, just below the mouth of Flatrock, forty-one miles south south-east of Indianapolis, forty-five north-west of Madison,, forty east of Bloomington, and eighty west of Cincinnati.
		The situation is a very fine one, on high ground which overlooks the valleys of White River, Flatrock and Haw Creek which nealy surround the town, and each of them embraces a large and very fertile body of land.
		Columbus was first settled in 1819, by Luke Bonesteel and John Lindsey.
	www.countyhistory.com /bartholomew/columbus.htm (146 words)

	Columbus, Bartholomew -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Columbus was now at the height of his popularity, and he led at least 17 ships out from Cádiz on September 25, 1493.
		The father of Columbus was Domenico Colombo, a wool weaver.
		Includes a collection of interactive maps on the Bartholomew County, the City of Columbus, virtual tours with a focus on architecture and historicity, a business, and a community directory.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9024897 (809 words)

	AllRefer.com - Santo Domingo, city, Dominican Republic (Caribbean Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Founded Aug. 4, 1496, by Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher Columbus, it may be the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the Western Hemisphere.
		The cathedral, begun in 1514, is the oldest in the Western Hemisphere; until 1990 it contained the reputed tomb of Christopher Columbus, which was moved to the Columbus Memorial Lighthouse in 1992.
		Construction of the expensive lighthouse, the world's largest, met with controversy in the poor country, whose native population was largely exterminated after the arrival of Columbus and whose current population is largely of African, not Spanish, descent.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/SntoDom-city.html (357 words)

	Diaz Bartholomew: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		...was explored, until in 1487 Bartholomew Diaz rounded the Cape of Storms, renamed...Felipa Moniz, a connection of Bartholomew Perestrello, one of Prince Henrys...outcome, he sent his brother Bartholomew to England to enlist the interest...
		It was discovered in 1487 by the Portuguese navigator, Bartholomew Diaz, while on a sea route around the Cape to India.
		...his brother, Bartholomew, who may have accompanied Bartholomew Diaz on his voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, and by Martin...complain of his administration.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/diaz-bartholomew.jsp?l=D&p=2 (912 words)

	The Bartholomew County Historical Society
		At the urging of General Tipton and General Joseph Bartholomew, the state legislature, on January 12, 182 1, enacted legislation establishing a new county in this area to be named Bartholomew County.
		Undaunted, a petition was resubmitted and in 1837, Columbus was incorporated as a town.
		Columbus now had an industrial base to add to its tradition of rich agriculture and natural re sources.
	www.barthist.com /hist.html (938 words)

	COLUMBUS: Voyages of Discovery by Sanderson Beck
		Columbus does so also, and finding an oar floating nearby he uses it to float as he swims away toward shore, which is six miles away.
		Columbus and Doña Felipa, who is carrying a baby in her arms, are walking along the shore.
		Columbus, Martin Pinzon, and Vicente Pinzon are engaged in a heated debate.
	www.san.beck.org /Columbus1.html (7540 words)

	Columbus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Take the construction industry: Figure 2 shows how that sector in Columbus and Bartholomew County has reacted to the general level of economic activity in the nation.
		Bartholomew County Construction Employment and U.S. GDP, 1990 to 2003
		Bartholomew County’s manufacturing sector is big (more than 35 percent of all jobs in the county) but it reacts to national trends, too.
	www.ibrc.indiana.edu /IBR/2005/outlook/columbus.html (742 words)

	Indigenous People's Day (MemeMachineGo!)
		Cuneo [one of Columbus’ crew] further notes that he himself took a beautiful teenage Carib girl as his personal slave, a gift from Columbus himself, but that when he attempted to have sex with her, she “resisted with all her strength.” So, in his own words, he “thrashed her mercilessly and raped her.”
		However, the Taino turned out not to be particularly good workers in the plantations that the Spaniards and later the French established on Hispaniola: they resented their lands and children being taken, and attempted to fight back against the invaders.
		And so Columbus, desperate to pay back dividends to those who had invested, had to make good his promise to fill the ships with gold.
	www.mememachinego.com /2006/10/indigenous_peoples_day.html (1369 words)

	The Bartholomew County Historical Society
		The Bartholomew County Historical Society is the recipient of a generous gift aimed at improving its operations at the historic Henry Breeding Farm.
		The mission of the Bartholomew County Historical Society (BCHS) is to collect and preserve
		The Bartholomew County Historical Society was organized on April 3, 1921.
	www.barthist.com (264 words)

	Bartholomew County Solid Waste Management District
		The Bartholomew County Solid Waste District implemented the Columbus/Bartholomew Yard Waste Program in the Fall of 1990 in an effort to eliminate 20-25% of the residential waste stream.
		In conjunction with the program, the District banned disposal of yard waste at the landfill, instead diverting the material to the Columbus/Bartholomew Yard Waste Site, where it is composted into a dark, rich in nitrogen humus.
		Compost and mulch is then used for various City/County landscaping programs and given back to Bartholomew County residents at no cost.
	www.bcswmd.com /default.asp?network=yardwaste&page=2&linkname=Columbus-Bartholomew (310 words)

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