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	Baruch Spinoza (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Baruch Spinoza was born in 1632 in Amsterdam.
		Spinoza engages in such a detailed analysis of the composition of the human being because it is essential to his goal of showing how the human being is a part of Nature, existing within the same causal nexuses as other extended and mental beings.
		Spinoza, therefore, explains these emotions — as determined in their occurrence as are a body in motion and the properties of a mathematical figure — just as he would explain any other things in nature.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/spinoza (11138 words)

	Baruch Spinoza - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		BARUCH SPINOZA (1632-1677), or, as he afterwards signed himself, Benedict de Spinoza, Dutch philosopher, was born at Amsterdam on the 24th of November 1632.
		De Vries died young, and would fain have left his fortune to Spinoza; but the latter refused to stand in the way of his brother, the natural heir, to whom the property was accordingly left, with the condition that he should pay to Spinoza an annuity sufficient for his maintenance.
		Spinoza's position is based upon the thoroughgoing distinction drawn in the book between philosophy, which has to do with knowledge and opinion, and theology, or, as we should now say, religion, which has to do exclusively with obedience and conduct.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Baruch_Spinoza (5250 words)

	Devoir-de-philosophie.com : Aide à la dissertation et au commentaire de texte en philosophie.
		Baruch Spinoza sommes nous libres determines liberte determinisme Mais venons-en aux choses creees qui, toutes, sont determinees a exister et a agir selon une maniere precise et determinee.
		Baruch Spinoza verite est ce que La premiere signification donc de Vrai et de Faux semble avoir tire son origine des recits ; et l'on a dit vrai un recit quand le fait raconte etait reellement arrive; faux quand le fait raconte n'etait arrive nulle part.
		Et ce que nous avons dit de cette volition (puisque nous l'avons pris comme exemple a notre gre) il faudra le dire meme de n'importe quelle volition a savoir qu'elle n'est rien d'autre que l'idee.
	www.devoir-de-philosophie.com /Mots-recherche.auteurs-spinoza.html (13429 words)

	Benedict De Spinoza [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Given Spinoza’s devaluation of sense perception as a means of acquiring knowledge, his description of a purely intellectual form of cognition, and his idealization of geometry as a model for philosophy, this categorization is fair.
		Spinoza thus writes of the person who has attained this love that he "is hardly troubled in spirit, but being, by a certain eternal necessity, conscious of himself, and of God, and of things, he never ceases to be, but always possess true peace of mind" (VP42S).
		Spinoza readily concedes that the aspect of the mind that expresses the existence of the body cannot survive the destruction of the body.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/s/spinoza.htm (10542 words)

	Baruch Spinoza
		Baruch Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher and religious thinker who was born on November 24, 1632 in Amsterdam.
		Spinoza believed that the universe is identical with God, who is the uncaused substance”; of all things.
		Baruch Spinoza used substance for God because the thought of God was not a material reality but a basis for all things that are reality.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/spinoza_baruch.html (559 words)

	Baruch Spinoza
		Spinoza was born in Amsterdam in 1632, into a family of Jewish emigrants fleeing persecution in Portugal.
		Spinoza was offered 1000 florins to keep quiet about his views, but refused.
		Spinoza refused all rewards and honours, and gave away to his sister his share of his father's inheritance - keeping only a bedstead for himself.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/Spinoza.html (389 words)

	Spinoza, Baruch. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Spinoza became known in spite of his retiring mode of life; he had wide correspondence and was visited by other philosophers.
		Spinoza’s rationalism, unlike that of later idealists, does not proceed at the expense of empirical observation.
		To be free is to be guided by the law of one’s own nature (which in Spinoza’s rational universe is never at variance with the law of another nature); bondage consists in being moved by causes of which we are unaware because our ideas are confused.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sp/Spinoza.html (971 words)

	Baruch Spinoza
		Baruch Spinoza was one of the great philosophers of the age of Rationalism and a major influence thereafter, as on, paradoxically, both of the bitter enemies Arthur Schopenhauer and G.W.F. Hegel.
		Spinoza's God is not the God of Abraham and Isaac, not a personal God at all, and his system provides no reason for the revelatory status of the Bible or the practice of Judaism, or of any religion, for that matter.
		Spinoza's sympathy for Christianity, like Thomas Jefferson's, was entirely for the moral teachings of Jesus, not for the theology, Christology, or the promise of the means of salvation.
	www.friesian.com /spinoza.htm (2606 words)

	Spinoza
		Baruch Spinoza was born to Portuguese Jews living in exile in Holland, but his life among the Marranos there was often unsettled.
		Spinoza's first published work was a systematic presentation of the philosophy of Descartes, to which he added his own suggestions for its improvement.
		Spinoza disavowed anthropomorphic conceptions of god as both logically and theologically unsound, proposed modern historical-critical methods for biblical interpretation, and defended political toleration of alternative religious practices.
	www.philosophypages.com /ph/spin.htm (777 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spinoza
		After the death of his father in 1654, Spinoza was almost completely cast off by his family and, having no means, taught in the private Humanistic school of the ex-Jesuit and freethinker Franz van den Enden.
		Spinoza's political views were largely inspired by Jan de Witt and his friends; the same opinions are to be found in the writings of other Dutch political writers of the same period, e.
		Spinoza's view of the world is so constructed that the final results can be reached with equal logic from its epistemological and psychological assumptions, and from its ethical and metaphysical axioms.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14217a.htm (3431 words)

	Baruch Spinoza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Baruch de Spinoza was born in Amsterdam into a distinguished Jewish family, exiled from Spain and living in the relative religious freedom of the Netherlands.
		However, contact with dissident Christian movements, and with the with the scientific and philosophical thought of Descartes, led Spinoza to distance himself from orthodox life, and in 1656 he was deemed a heretic, cast out of the synagogue, and cursed with all the curses of the firmament.
		In 1672 Spinoza undertook a small diplomatic mission to the invading French army, but on his return was under suspicion as a spy, and narrowly escaped being killed by the mob.
	library.thinkquest.org /3075/spinoza.htm (277 words)

	MyJewishLearning.com - History & Community: Baruch Spinoza
		The details of Spinoza's Jewish education are still unclear, but he seems to have been taught by Rabbi Saul Morteira, teacher of Talmud at the Etz hayyim school, and later taught himself, becoming especially proficient in medieval Jewish philosophy and general philosophy and science.
		Spinoza's tight and carefully worked‑out scheme is deterministic with no apparent room for the doctrine of free will and, for him, there is no longer any need for Jews to remain a separate people who worship God in a special way.
		Spinoza, in his reply, rejects vehemently the accusation that he is an atheist and that he teaches atheism: "For Atheists are wont to desire inordinately honors and riches, which I have always despised, as all those who know me are aware." It appears that in Spinoza's day the atheist was viewed with the strongest reprobation.
	www.myjewishlearning.com /history_community/Modern/EarlyModern/Spinoza.htm (1068 words)

	Benedict de Spinoza (1632-77).
		Spinoza is the Dutch philosopher who is the founder of the Spinozistic or Naturalistic School of philosophy.
		As a pantheistic monist, Spinoza was of the belief that there is no dualism between God and the world; we need not go beyond the immediate present experience to seek for a being outside of it.
		While Descartes had declared earlier that man possessed "freewill," a necessary position for any religionist to take, Spinoza "ridiculed" this notion1 and declared that the notion of freewill "is due to the fact that people are conscious of their actions, but not of the causes of their actions." In this regard Spinoza was a determinist.
	www.blupete.com /Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Spinoza.htm (391 words)

	[No title]
		Baruch Spinoza (1632-77) was a Marrano Jew exiled (from Portugal) to Holland...the gathering place for Jewish international bankers.
		Spinoza is considered a precursor to the writings of many Enlightenment authors, and was philosophically into pantheism, teaching that God is mere Nature...a very Rosicrucian ideal and of course the very bottom line of witchcraft that, on a scientific front, leads to atheism and humanism.
		Baruch Spinoza may have had this passage in mind when he said that the ancient Jews did not separate God from the world.
	www.lycos.com /info/baruch-spinoza.html (492 words)

	Baruch Spinoza - Wikiquote
		Benedictus de Spinoza (24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677) was a social and metaphysical philosopher who was excommunicated from the Jewish community of his native Amsterdam.
		Of Bruno, as of Spinoza, it may be said that he was "God-intoxicated." He felt that the Divine Excellence had its abode in the very heart of Nature and within his own body and spirit.
		Spinoza is the Christ of philosophers, and the greatest philosophers are hardly more than apostles who distance themselves from or draw near to this mystery.
	en.wikiquote.org /wiki/Baruch_Spinoza (1681 words)

	Deep Background #6: BARUCH de SPINOZA
		Spinoza did not repent at the imposition of the temporary ban and so was subjected to total excommunication.
		Spinoza's egalitarian belief that the Jews were no better than any other nation did not sit well with the descendants of the Spanish and Portugese holocausts.
		Spinoza's sin, therefore, may have been the challenge of his political and economic ideas to both the Jewish community and the Dutch host society, rather than his theological challenge to them.
	www.goletapublishing.com /jstamps/0302deep.htm (1258 words)

	Enlightenment - Baruch Spinoza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spinoza's work Ethics Demonstrated with Geometrical Order (1674) asserts that the universe is identical with God, who is the uncaused "substance" of all things.
		Spinoza conceded the possible existence of infinite attributes of substance, but he held that only two are accessible to the human mind: extension (the world of material things) and conscious thought, both of which depend on and exist in an ultimate reality.
		Spinoza explained the individuality of things, whether physical objects or ideas, as particular modes of substance: natura naturata (nature begotten), or nature in the multiplicity of its manifestations; and natura naturans (nature begetting), or nature in its creative unity, acting as the determiner of its own modes.
	www.essentia.com /book/enlighten/spinoza.htm (311 words)

	The philosophy of Baruch de Spinoza
		THE Ethics was not published during Spinoza's lifetime owing to the rumours as to its nature and aims.
		Spinoza's system, expressed in a series of axioms, and undoubtedly influenced by both Descartes and Bruno, was a rather involved form of pantheism.
		It is quite untrue, however, to say that Spinoza was an atheist; the two forms of reality that he recognized are both dependent on God--the ultimate substance.
	www.publicbookshelf.com /public_html/Outline_of_Great_Books_Volume_I/baruchspi_bge.html (1459 words)

	Baruch (or Benedict) Spinoza
		Known as both the "Greatest Jew" and the "Greatest Atheist", Spinoza contended that "God" and "Nature" were two names for the same reality, namely the single substance (meaning "to stand beneath" rather than "matter") that underlies the universe and of which all lesser "entities" are actually modes or modifications.
		Spinoza was a thoroughgoing determinist who held that absolutely everything that happens occurs through the operation of necessity.
		Spinoza's philosophy has much in common with Stoicism, but he differed sharply from the Stoics in one important respect: he utterly rejected their contention that reason could defeat emotion.
	www.philosophyprofessor.com /philosophers/baruch-spinoza.php (711 words)

	EpistemeLinks: Website results for philosopher Baruch Spinoza
		Spinoza, a lens grinder by trade, was one of the great 17th century rationalists.
		Spinoza's most famous work, the Ethics, is written in the form of a geometrical demonstration and explores the nature of God, human psychology, mind and body, and the best way to live.
		Spinoza's determinism led him to reject the traditional notion of free will, but he held that varying degrees of human freedom are possible depending on the degree to which we control our passions and reach genuine understanding.
	www.epistemelinks.com /Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Spin (508 words)

	Baruch Spinoza
		Os demais racionalistas de maior envergadura da corrente cartesiana se seguem, cronologicamente, depois de Spinoza; entretanto, logicamente, estão antes dele, pois não têm a ousadia - em especial Malebranche - de chegar até às extremas conseqüências e conclusões racionalista-monista, exigidas pelas premissas cartesianas, detidos por motivos práticos-religiosos e morais, que não se encontram em Spinoza.
		Baruch Spinoza nasceu em Amsterdam em 1632, filho de hebreus portugueses, de modesta condição social, emigrados para a Holanda.
		De fato, mesmo depois do pacto social, os homens não cessam de ser, mais ou menos, irracionais e, portanto, quando lhes fosse cômodo e tivessem a força, violariam, sem mais, o pacto.
	www.mundodosfilosofos.com.br /spinoza.htm (2499 words)

	Baruch Spinoza. Biografía de Baruch Spinoza. Baruch Spinoza, uno de los más grandes filósofos. Baruch Spinoza. ...
		Baruch Spinoza, uno de los más grandes filósofos.
		Historia de la filosofía con textos, ejercicios y teorías de los autores más conocidos.
		Biografía de Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar por Víctor de Burgos.
	www.educoweb.com /filosofos/baruch_spinoza.asp (239 words)

	BBC - Radio 4 - In Our Time - Greatest Philosopher - Baruch Spinoza
		A humble man who made his living grinding lenses for glasses and telescopes Spinoza was the most influential supporter of Pantheism, the belief that God exists in everything.
		His ideas had similarities to the Hindu belief of divinity in all things and people but Spinoza also drew many of his proofs from the geometrical perfection of nature, sharing with Descartes a mathematical appreciation of the universe.
		As a rationalist he developed the ideas of Descartes and Plato, arguing against the duality of mind and body by suggesting that they were not two separate entities, but different aspects of the same substance.
	www.bbc.co.uk /radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_baruch_spinoza.shtml (367 words)

	Baruch de Spinoza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Baruch (oder auch: Benedictus) de Spinoza stammte aus einer jüdisch-portugiesischen Familie, die in die (spanischen) Niederlande ausgewandert war und darf als einer der wichtigsten Vordenker und Wegbereiter der europäischen Aufklärung gelten.
		Spinoza fordert, die interpretatio scripturae (Erkenntnis oder Deutung der Schrift) in Analogie zur Naturerkenntnis zu setzen.
		Strauss: Die Religionskritik Spinozas als Grundlage seiner Bibelwissenschaft, Darmstadt 1981.
	www.uni-essen.de /literaturwissenschaft-aktiv/Vorlesungen/hermeneutik/spinoza.htm (286 words)

	SPINOZA, Benedictus de oder Baruch de Spinoza
		SPINOZA, Benedictus de oder Baruch de Spinoza, bedeutendster niederländischer Philosoph, * 24.11.
		1673 erhielt er einen Ruf des Kurfürsten Karl Ludwig von der Pfalz auf eine Professur für Philosophie an die Universität Heidelberg, den er jedoch ablehnte, weil er befürchtete, durch dieses Amt in der Freiheit seiner Meinungsäußerung eingeschränkt zu werden.
		Anhänge, in: Baruch de S., Sämtliche Werke in 7 Bänden, Bd.6: Briefwechsel, Hamburg 1977, 413-457 und Bd.
	www.bautz.de /bbkl/s/spinoza_b.shtml (2232 words)

	Philosophers : Baruch Spinoza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A member of the Sephardic Jewish community of Amsterdam, Spinoza received a thorough education in the tradition of medieval philosophical texts as well as in the works of Descartes, Hobbes, and other writers of the period.
		A powerful, or virtuous, person acts out of understanding; thus freedom consists in being guided by the law of one's own nature, and evil is the result of inadequate understanding.
		He saw the supreme ambition of the virtuous person as the "intellectual love of God." Spinoza shared with Descartes an intensely mathematical appreciation of the universe: truth, like geometry, follows from first principles, and is accessible to the logical mind.
	www.trincoll.edu /depts/phil/philo/phils/spinoza.html (289 words)

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