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Topic: Baryon number

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	Baryon number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In particle physics, the baryon number is an approximate conserved quantum number.
		The baryon number of a system is defined as the number of quarks divided by three minus the number of antiquarks in the system divided by three.
		The baryon number is nearly conserved in all interactions of the Standard Model.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baryon_number (361 words)

	Baryon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In particle physics, the baryons are a family of subatomic particles including the proton and the neutron (collectively called nucleons), as well as a number of unstable, heavier particles (called hyperons).
		Baryons, along with mesons, belong to the family of particles known as hadrons, meaning they are composed of quarks.
		Baryonic matter is matter composed mostly of baryons (by mass), which includes atoms of any sort (and thus includes nearly all matter that we may encounter or experience in everyday life, including our bodies).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baryon (608 words)

	Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws
		Strong overall conservation laws are the conservation of baryon number and the conservation of lepton number.
		This implies that the mesons, with one quark and one antiquark, have a baryon number B=0.
		This rule is a little more complicated than the conservation of baryon number because there is a separate requirement for each of the three sets of leptons, the electron, muon and tau and their associated neutrinos.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/particles/parint.html (1185 words)

	report
		QCD at finite temperature and baryon number density is relevant to physics of the early universe and presumably to the physics of relativistic heavy ion collisions as are currently being observed at CERN and will soon be observed at RHIC.
		Its `baryons' are diquarks and lie in the same multiplets as the mesons, so that the lightest `baryon' is degenerate with the pion and is massless for zero quark mass.
		We first compared the number of modes which appeared to approach zero as the extent in the fifth dimension was increased, with the topological charge measured by the cooling method and found good agreement.
	www.hep.anl.gov /dks/NERSC2000/report.html (1790 words)

	The Weak Force: Identity or Number Charge
		Number charge is strictly conserved and is observed as follows: every elementary particle - which means every lepton - carries a positive number charge, corresponding to its species, type, or "flavor", and every kind of elementary antiparticle carries an exactly equivalent but negative number charge.
		However, this charge is more specific than simple number, as it is furthermore true that the identity of the leptons involved does not change from one side of the reaction to the other, being carried either as a neutrino, as the massive lepton itself, or in neutral combinations.
		The major point here is that once a baryon (any baryon) has attained the (colorless) internal configuration of a leptoquark, it becomes the 4th and heaviest member of the leptonic spectrum, the primordial ancestral particle which unites the quark and leptonic particle series.
	www.people.cornell.edu /pages/jag8/identity.html (2709 words)

	Impact of Valence Quark Distributions in -Collisions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Baryon stopping is the name given to the observed non-zero baryon number in the central rapidity region in heavy ion collisions.
		Arguing that a possible QGP formation can not significantly modify the rapidity distribution of the baryon number (that would be acausal) we concluded that the produced net baryon number is a result of initial state interactions.
		To understand how much baryon number would be generated by the initial state interactions we have constructed an equation deriving the valence quark distribution functions of the colliding nuclei.
	www.phys.washington.edu /users/savage/NucTheory/annual_03/node49.html (215 words)

	PHYS146 Notes Conservation Laws
		Lepton number and baryon number will be discussed next in conjunction with the classification of particles into leptons, baryons, and mesons.
		Baryon conservation then requires a baryon among the decay products, although you may not know which of the decay products is the baryon.
		The number of mesons is not conserved, so there is no "meson number." There are two basic classes of mesons, but we will save the details of that situation for later.
	www.udel.edu /mvb/PS146htm/146nocl.html (2237 words)

	Can QM be derived from Newton's Laws of motion - Page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Baryon number is a function of the quark content of particles which respond to the strong force.
		Baryon number is only beleived to be a usually conserved quantity, IIRC there's no mechanism of conserving baryon number when speaking about situation like fl holes without arbitarily violating gauge symmetry.
		Experimentally baryon number has never been seen to be violated, and the amount of data we have on that is incredible (literally trillions of data points).
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=16627&page=3&pp=15 (914 words)

	Nuclear decays
		Baryon number conservation: Protons and neutrons are examples of baryons.
		The number of baryons must be the same before and after the reaction.
		Baryon number is conserved by the presence of the proton on the right.
	www.pa.msu.edu /courses/1997spring/PHY232/lectures/nuclear/decays.html (468 words)

	Baryon Number Generation in the Early Universe (1980)
		lepton numbers were absolutely conserved by all possible interactions occurring in the early universe, then the total baryon and lepton numbers of the present universe must simply reflect their apparently arbitrarily imposed initial values.
		The fundamental prediction of models in which baryons and antibaryons are separated in the universe is the existence of antimatter galaxies.
		A model along these basic lines was considered by Sakharov in 1966 [2], and since the development of grand unified gauge theories in which B violation is rampant, the generation of a baryon excess in the early universe has been discussed extensively [3,4,5,6,7,8].
	www.stephenwolfram.com /publications/articles/cosmology/80-baryon/2/text.html (944 words)

	Hadrons, baryons, mesons
		Baryons are massive particles which are made up of three quarks in the standard model.
		Baryons and mesons are included in the overall class known as hadrons, the particles which interact by the strong force.
		The conservation of baryon number is an important rule for interactions and decays of baryons.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/particles/hadron.html (1130 words)

	Research - Baryogenesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Baryons are primarily protons and neutrons, while the photons are made up mostly of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR).
		Apart from departure from equilibrium and C and CP violation, the essential ingredient for a successful baryogenesis is baryon number violation.
		Another attractive class of baryogenesis scenarios involves the physics of grand unification of fundamental forces, and it is typically based on out-of-equilibrium decays of heavy particles that violate either lepton or baryon numbers.
	www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de /home/cosmology/baryogen_cssless.html (532 words)

	baryon. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		From a technical point of view, baryons are strongly interacting fermions; i.e., they experience the strong nuclear force and are described by the Fermi-Dirac statistics, which apply to all particles obeying the Pauli exclusion principle.
		All members of the baryon family of particles adhere to the law of conservation of baryon family number (see conservation laws, in physics); the baryon family number is +1 for ordinary baryons and -1 for antibaryons (see antiparticle).
		In addition to the nucleons (protons and neutrons), other members of the baryon family include the lambda, sigma, delta, xi, and N particles, as well as a series of higher-mass recurrences of each of these particles.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ba/baryon.html (245 words)

	Baryon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Baryons are heavy subatomic particles that are made up of three quarks.
		Baryons are characterized by a baryon number of one (1).
		In addition to their differences in composition, baryons and mesons can be distinguished from one another by spin: the three quarks that make up a baryon can only produce half-integer values, while meson spins always add up to integer values.
	home.earthlink.net /~tdp/baryon.html (126 words)

	Explain Particle Chart (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It seems clear that charge is an independent property associated with electro-magnetic interactions and that baryon number is an independent property associated with strong interactions However, strangeness, hypercharge and isospin appear to be composite properties which can be associated with more than one type of interaction.
		Baryon Number - The particles in the top groups have a positive baryon number while the particles in the bottom groups have a negative baryon number.
		Baryon number is the quantum property involved in nuclear behavior such as fission and fusion.
	home.earthlink.net /~tdp/explain2.html (664 words)

	Quarks and Leptons
		Baryons are hadrons with half-integral spin, mainly 1/2 and 3/2.
		The lepton number is the number of leptons minus the number of antileptons, with a similar definition for baryon number.
		Antiparticles are represented by the symbol of the particle with an overbar.
	www.physics.nmt.edu /~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node209.html (422 words)

	Baryon number and strangeness: signals of a deconfined antecedent
		The correlation between baryon number and strangeness is used to discern the nature of the deconfined matter produced at vanishing chemical potential in high-energy nuclear collisions at the BNL RHIC.
		At finite baryon densities, such as those encountered at the CERN SPS, it is demonstrated that the presence of a first-order phase transition and the accompanying development of spinodal decomposition would significantly enhance the number of strangeness carriers and the associated fluctuations.
		Majumder, V. Koch, and J. Randrup, "Baryon number and strangeness: signals of a deconfined antecedent" (June 29, 2005).
	repositories.cdlib.org /lbnl/LBNL-57969 (164 words)

	Glossary of Nuclear Physics Terminology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For each particle there exists another particle for which the charge, baryon number and isospin quantum numbers are the same magnitude but are of the opposite sign.
		The baryon number is a quantum number, which distinguishes different types of hadron.
		Hadrons are divided into two groups: baryons consisting of three quarks and mesons consisting of a quark anti-quark pair.
	fef.sdu.edu.tr /~iskender/nuc_gloss.html (1118 words)

	Why Do They Live So Long?
		We define the baryon number of a proton to be 1 and that of electrons and photons to be zero.
		Baryon number is conserved just like electric charge, and this accounts for the stability of protons: the proton is the lightest baryon, so there is nothing for it to decay into!
		The next lightest baryon is the neutron, and it does indeed decay (slowly) into a proton, an electron (to compensate for the charge of the proton) and an electron antineutrino to compensate for the electron number.
	musr.physics.ubc.ca /~jess/p200/hep/node12.html (671 words)

	NERSC 2000 Annual Report: Science Highlights: High Energy and Nuclear Physics
		At high baryon number density, QCD is believed to enter a phase with a diquark condensate.
		At zero chemical potential its "baryon," a two-quark state, is in the same multiplet as the pion and is a Goldstone boson in the chiral limit.
		Some of these properties are expected to survive to finite chemical potential for baryon number: nuclear matter has both finite isospin density and finite baryon number density.
	www.nersc.gov /news/annual_reports/annrep00/sh_HENP_09.html (652 words)

	Baryon number at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		nl:Baryongetal In particle physics, the baryon number is a conserved quantum number.
		The baryon number is conserved in all interactions of the Standard Model.
		The, still hypothetical, idea of supersymmetry allows for the changing of a hadron into a lepton, thus violating the conservation of baryon and lepton number.
	www.wiki.tatet.com /Baryon_number.html (312 words)

	[No title]
		At the Institute we are developing methods for studying the dynamics of quantum fields out of thermal equilibrium, which is of essential importance for quantitative modelling of baryogenesis at the electroweak scale.
		The shaded regions are excluded by the LEP2 limit (2000) on the chargino mass, $m_{\chi^\pm}>104$ GeV$/c^2$.} \label{fig2} \end{figure} Another attractive class of baryogenesis scenarios involves the physics of grand unification of fundamental forces, and it is typically based on out-of-equilibrium decays of heavy particles that violate either lepton or baryon numbers.
		Fluctuations may lead to instabilities and scalar field droplets (B-balls), non-toppological solitions, carrying baryon number and contributing to the baryon asymmetry.] We are also working in an Affleck-Dine baryogenesis scenario in which baryons are formed by a spontaneous supersymmetry breaking.
	www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de /~prokopec/baryogenesis (683 words)

	[No title]
		A baryonic particle such as a neutron or a proton is made of 3 quarks.
		A neutron has a baryon number of +1, a lepton number of 0 (because its not a lepton), and a charge number of 0 (its neutral).
		These are absurd numbers of course and we have no real clue what kind of physics is occurring here nor even what the meaning of "space" is under such extreme conditions.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /1998/ph301/hb/c3w.html (7082 words)

	Supersymmetry to the rescue? - 4
		One important observed conservation law that is easily violated by unified theories and supersymmetric theories is the conservation of baryon number.
		The proton is the lightest baryon and hence, if baryon number is conserved, the proton should be extremely stable.
		where a proton, with baryon number 1, decays into a positron, which is a lepton and has baryon number 0, and a neutral pion, which is made of a quark and an antiquark and has baryon number 0.
	superstringtheory.com /experm/exper4a3.html (1011 words)

	Hot Non-Perturbative Particle Physics: Scientific Motivation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Since both of the transitions occurred in the early Universe, these values are of fundamental importance for calculations of the cosmological consequences of the transitions: for example, the possible generation of the baryonic matter during the electroweak transition.
		Thus, in the early Universe, any pre-existing baryon number (or rather B-L) is wiped out before the electroweak phase transition, and the final `freezing' of the baryon number occurs very soon after the transition.
		Their calculations show that in MSSM there is still a possibility for generating the baryon asymmetry of the Universe during the transition; in the minimal Standard Model this has already been excluded.
	www.nordita.dk /~kari/hnppp/motivation.html (2581 words)

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