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Topic: Basal ganglia

Related Topics

Globus pallidus

Striatum

Substantia nigra

Nigrostriatal pathway

Nucleus accumbens

Caudate nucleus

Brain

Functional MRI

Cerebral cortex

Central nervous system

Dopamine

Executive function

Single photon emission computed tomography

Diencephalon

Magnetic resonance imaging

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	Basal ganglia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei in the brain interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem.
		Additional structures that later became associated with the basal ganglia are the "body of Luys" (1865) (nucleus of Luys on the figure) or subthalamic nucleus, whose lesion was known to produce movement disorders.
		At the beginning of the 20th century, the basal ganglia system was associated with motor functions, as lesions of these areas would often result in disordered movement in humans (chorea, athetosis, Parkinson's disease).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Basal_ganglia (1397 words)

	Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
		The basal ganglia and cerebellum are large collections of nuclei that modify movement on a minute-to-minute basis.
		The basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei deep to the white matter of cerebral cortex.
		The function of the basal ganglia is often described in terms of a "brake hypothesis".
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/cerebell.html (1725 words)

	HyperBrain Syllabus Chapter 12
		The basal ganglia that are studied in this chapter are the caudate nucleus (#4766), the putamen (#4752), and the globus pallidus (#4753), the subthalamic nucleus (#4809), and the substantia nigra (#4810).
		The motor components of the basal ganglia make up the extrapyramidal motor system, a term that is sometimes still used clinically.
		The blood supply to the basal ganglia comes primarily from the middle cerebral artery (#4796), in particular, the lenticulostriate branches seen on a postmortem frontal angiogram in (#9811, and as small holes in a gross horizontal specimen in #5631).
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /kw/hyperbrain/syllabus/syllabus12.html (910 words)

	Basal ganglia definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Basal ganglia: A region consisting of 3 clusters of neurons (called the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the globus pallidus) located at the base of the brain that are responsible for involuntary movements such as tremors, athetosis, and chorea.
		The basal ganglia are abnormal in a number of important neurologic conditions including Parkinson disease and Huntington disease.
		The term "basal ganglia" refers to the fact that this region is in the "basement" of the brain.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10030 (149 words)

	[No title]
		The basal ganglia proper are the caudate nucleus and putamen (neostriatum), and globus pallidus (paleostriatum), usually grouped along with the sub-thalamic nuclei and substantia nigra.
		The basal ganglia then, appear to be able either to promote and facilitate motor activity or to inhibit it - and probably does both: suppressing unwanted actions which might interfere with a desired movement, whilst amplifying and facilitating those processes which contribute towards the genesis of the desired movement.
		Note that the basal ganglia whilst being involved mainly in the control of motor activity, also have strong connections with the limbic and related areas of the brain.
	mona.uwi.edu /fpas/courses/physiology/neurophysiology/BasalGanglia.htm (1255 words)

	Diseases of the Basal Ganglia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Damage to both the basal ganglia and the supplementary motor area are correlated with impaired performance on sequential tasks [6].
		The ``theme'' of diseases affecting the basal ganglia appears to be that the balance between the two major pathways is disturbed: the result is either involuntary movements or impairments to motion.
		The result is a decreased output of the basal ganglia to the thalamus (as opposed to the increased output due to Parkinson's).
	www.hitl.washington.edu /publications/prothero/node52.html (308 words)

	Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia -- Ring and Serra-Mestres 72 (1): 12 -- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and ...
		Basal ganglia disorders are characterised by the presence of
		of the non-motor consequences of disease of the basal ganglia.
		nucleus from the basal ganglia, the pars reticulata of the substantia
	jnnp.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/72/1/12 (7447 words)

	Basal Ganglia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The basal ganglia are involved with voluntary limb movement, eye movement, and cognition.
		We have focused upon how the basal ganglia are involved in motor control, and have thus developed models of basal ganglia in the performance of saccades and arm movements.
		Our models are based upon the hypothesis that the basal ganglia inhibit competing motor programs and provide next sensory state information back to cortex; this is particularly important for sequential movements, activities to which the basal ganglia are known to contribute.
	www-hbp.usc.edu /Projects/basal.htm (93 words)

	basal
		The [basal ganglia's] putamen is mainly connected to the premotor and motor cortex and overactivity [i.e., oversupply of dopamine] in this pathway is thought to account for the physical tics in Tourette's syndrome" (Carter 1998:67).
		Research on "Sociality, Stress, and the Corpus Striatum of the Green Anolis Lizard" (Greenberg 2003) confirms that the anole lizard's pushup to a high-stand is mediated by modules of the basal ganglia.
		In early fishes, the precursor circuits of our present basal ganglia were linked to the primeval "smell brain," and led to swimming motions toward positive chemical signals (e.g., food and mates) and away from negative chemical signs (e.g., of enemies; see AROMA CUE).
	members.aol.com /nonverbal2/basal.htm (649 words)

	Basal ganglia dysfunction
		Basal ganglia dysfunction involves dysfunction of the basal ganglia, a brain region involved in motor control and movement.
		Numerous brain disorders can be associated basal ganglia dysfunction, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, multiple system atrophy, Wilson disease, and dystonia.
		When the basal ganglia are damaged, control over functions such as speech and movement may be impaired.
	www.umm.edu /ency/article/001069.htm (286 words)

	A Brief History of the Basal Ganglia
		What is now functionally known as the basal ganglia was then referred to as the corpus striatum.
		It held such a central position, striped with a wide range of cortical and brainstem fibers, that at the time it was believed to be the "sensorium commune" as defined by Aristotle.
		The term "basal ganglia" has been generally used to refer to these major anatomical telencephalic subcortical nuclei at the base of the forebrain.
	anc.ed.ac.uk /~anaru/research/history (364 words)

	Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Purposive Saccadic Eye Movements -- Hikosaka et al. 80 (3): 953 -- ...
		The basal ganglia are considered to be necessary for voluntary control of body movements (53).
		The outputs of the basal ganglia are directed to some of the motor networks in the brain stem (106, 233).
		of the basal ganglia (215); the inactivation of the anterior
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/80/3/953 (10040 words)

	From Obsessions to Attention Deficits, "Basal Ganglia Syndrome" Covers a Wide Spectrum
		Similarly, dysfunction of the basal ganglia results in a broad but characteristic spectrum of psychopathology, which Dr. Kurlan outlined at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Child Neurology Society.
		The syndrome, he suggested, is part of a clinical spectrum that encompasses a range of functional impairments, reflecting various degrees of abnormality in basal ganglia development.
		Researchers have also identified the basal ganglia as the mediating site for the generation of goal-oriented behavior, the expression of emotions in an appropriate manner, and the suppression or inhibition of inappropriate responses, suggesting that dysfunction of this region plays a role in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive behaviors.
	www.neurologyreviews.com /jan00/nr_jan00_basalgangliasynd.html (1244 words)

	The Basal Ganglia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Basal Ganglia are a collection of neuron's found in the center of the brain (see picture to the left for the location of the Basal Ganglia).
		The important thing to remember is that the basal ganglia receives inputs from a lot for different areas and that it's major output reduces the amount of motor activity.
		Damage to the Basal Ganglia and the areas from which it receives information are gong to cause either a decrease or increase in movement, depending on whether the damage increases or decreases the overall activity of the system.
	macalester.edu /psychology/whathap/UBNRP/StemCells/Basalganglia.html (326 words)

	DBS: The Basal Ganglia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The basal ganglia consists of the striatum, the globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus.
		The substantia nigra is a midbrain structure that is reciprocally connected with the basal ganglia of the forebrain.
		The command to initiate movement is implemented with the participation of subthalamic input to the SMA and PMC arising from the ventral lateral (VL) nucleus of the dorsal thalamus.
	biomed.brown.edu /Courses/BI108/BI108_2003_Groups/Deep_Brain_Stimulation/basalganglia.html (310 words)

	Basal Ganglia
		The basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei found on both sides of the thalamus, outside and above the limbic system, but below the cingulate gyrus and within the temporal lobes.
		Another nucleus of the basal ganglia is the substantia nigra ("fl substance").
		It progresses to other parts of the basal ganglia and to the nerves that control the muscles, involving other neurotransmitters.
	www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/basalganglia.html (983 words)

	BUSM Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology
		Soghomonian's laboratory is interested in the functional and molecular neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia and the patho-physiology of Parkinson's disease and l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.
		Motor abnormalities observed in Parkinson's disease are due to abnormal cell signaling in brain regions such as the basal ganglia.
		The lab is also investigating the significance of these two GAD isoforms in the modulation of GABA-mediated signaling by neurons of the basal ganglia.
	www.bu.edu /dbin/anatneuro/research/basal_ganglia/overview.php (289 words)

	Basal Ganglia 2001 dark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		We shall see that much information is directed from cortical regions in a loop through the basal ganglia, returning to cortex, so that the basal ganglia are in a position to "advise" the cortex as to appropriate action but are not in a position to initiate that action directly.
		Functionally, we are interested in the basal ganglia for the role they play in somatic motor function as the primary contributor to the "extrapyramidal motor system." In this context, we must also consider three other nuclear groups.
		Participation of the basal ganglia is suspected due to the tics and due to the fact that DA blockers such as haloperidol appear therapeutic.
	www.med.uiuc.edu /m1/neurosci/WebNeuro2002/protected/curriculum/Unit_10_01_Basal_Ganglia/Basal_Ganglia_dark.htm (6316 words)

	Healthopedia.com - Basal Ganglia Disorders (Disorders Affecting the Basal Ganglia)
		The basal ganglia are groups of structures within the brain that help with movement.
		The basal ganglia are groups of small structures inside the brain.
		The basal ganglia are also thought to play a role in thinking and emotions.
	www.healthopedia.com /basal-ganglia-disorders (514 words)

	Primate basal ganglia system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Additional structures later became associated with the basal ganglia such as the "body of Luys" (1865) or subthalamic nucleus, the lesion of which was known to produce hemiballism.
		The term basal comes from the fact that most of its elements are located in the basal part of the brain (the basal nucleus of Meynert is however not a part of the system).
		The basal ganglia system may be defined as the set of subcortical cerebral elements starting from the striatum, in interaction together and with parts of the thalamus and cortex.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Primate_basal_ganglia_system (9057 words)

	Basal ganglia research \| Prof. Hagai Bergman
		I started to look into basal ganglia physiology and the pathophysiological mechanisms of Parkinson's disease in 1988, during my post-doctoral fellowship with Mahlon DeLong at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (1987-1990).
		Since 1990, I am employing combined behavioral, multi-electrode physiological and computational approaches to probe the relations between the basal ganglia - cortex networks and normal and pathological behavior.
		We are recording the simultaneous activity of several neurons in different structures of the basal ganglia of monkeys that are engaged in the performance of behavioral tasks that involve visual perception, probabilistic decision making and motor action.
	basalganglia.huji.ac.il /hagai_bergman.htm (238 words)

	Basal ganglia research \| Home
		The critical role played by the basal ganglia in the pathogenesis of various movement disorders such as Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases has been known for many years.
		Recent studies have indicated that the neural networks of the basal ganglia participate in everyday complex behaviors that require coordination between cognition, motivation and movements.
		Our group is the only group worldwide that has been able to record the simultaneous activity of several neurons in the basal ganglia of awake, normal, Parkinsonian and dyskinetic monkeys and to combine this data with insights from the field of neural networks and computational neuroscience.
	basalganglia.huji.ac.il (321 words)

	Basal Ganglia Research Group
		The Basal Ganglia Research Group at the University of Otago consists of the laboratories of Prof.
		Dysfunction of the basal ganglia contributes to disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia.
		We are particularly interested in the functioning of the striatum, the region primarily involved in processing information that enters the basal ganglia from other brain areas.
	anatomy.otago.ac.nz /research/basal-ganglia (218 words)

	BUSM Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology
		He is interested in the functional organization of the basal ganglia.
		Noriko Yamamoto is working on some aspects of GABA-mediated signaling in the basal ganglia of a rodent model of ParkinsonÕs disease as a graduate student in the lab.
		Jennifer Katz is working on the impact of l-DOPA on GABA receptors and transporters in the basal ganglia as a graduate student in the lab.
	www.bu.edu /dbin/anatneuro/research/basal_ganglia/people.php (177 words)

	About the International Basal Ganglia Society - IBAGS
		It appeared that it would be useful to hold regular meetings on the basal ganglia with triple ambition: quality, multidisciplinarity, and balance between clinical neurology and fundamental sciences.
		The aims of the society were defined as follows: “To advance the understanding of the structure and functions of the basal ganglia and associated structures by bringing together neuroscientists from various countries of the world and to inform the general public of the results and implications”
		The “International Basal Ganglia Society” was legally constituted as a non-profit association, granted a status tax exempt, under section 501 (c) (3) of the United States Internal Revenue Code in July 1986.
	www.ibags.info /introduction.html (1183 words)

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