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Topic: Flood basalts

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	Flood basalt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A flood basalt is a giant volcanic eruption that coats large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava.
		One explanation for flood basalts is that they are caused by the combination of continental rifting and its associated decompression melting in conjunction with a mantle plume also undergoing decompression melting producing vast quantities of a basaltic magma.
		Flood basalts have erupted at random intervals throughout history and are clear evidence that the Earth undergoes periods of enhanced activity rather than being in a uniform steady state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flood_basalt (281 words)

	Flood Basalts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Flood basalts are yet another strange type of "volcano." Some parts of the world are covered by thousands of square kilometers of thick basalt lava flows - individual flows may be more than 50 meters thick, and individual flows extend for hundreds of kilometers.
		The most famous US example of a flood basalt province is the Columbia River Basalt province, covering most of SE Washington State and extending all the way to the Pacific and into Oregon.
		The Ontong Java plateau may be an oceanic example of a flood basalt province.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/vwlessons/volcano_types/flood.htm (166 words)

	Great Volcano Eruptions in Earth History
		Flood basalts are one type of large igneous province (LIP) that characterise the Earth's surface and have been formed at various times in the geological past - some in a submarine environment and some on land.
		The estimated dates of the younger continental flood basalts compiled from recent sources along with other lines of evidence suggest that in most instances the greatest number of individual eruptions and the largest volumes of lava probably occurred within a million years or less.
		Although the correlation between some flood basalt episodes and extinctions may implicate volcanism in the extinctions, it is also possible that other factors lead to an apparent association.
	www.firstscience.com /site/articles/self.asp (1138 words)

	Fearsome flood basalts
		It is this lack of viscosity (defined) that enables basaltic lava to form the massive "flood basalt provinces" we're discussing.
		The gases, containing fluoride from the eruption, settled on the pastures in Iceland, poisoning the critical sheep herds and causing starvation that killed 20 percent of the population.
		Flood basalts have sparked interest because some seem to coincide with the periodic extinctions in the fossil record.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /courses/g115/volcano/deccan.html (797 words)

	WINTSCH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		GEOCHEMISTRY OF PANGEAN AND RODINIAN CONTINENTAL FLOOD BASALTS PUFFER, John H., Dept. of Geology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102 Although the rifting of Pangea during the Mesozoic was a rare geologic event, it was preceded by the rifting of Rodinia during the late Proterozoic (Rogers, l996).
		The Pangean basalts are dominated by a chemical population that is typified by the Talcott/Orange Mountain/Mount Zion Church flows of eastern North America with narrow ranges of TiO2 (1.0 to 1.2 %), MgO (7 to 8 %) and P2O5 (0.1 to 0.2 %).
		The Rodinian basalts are dominated by a chemical population that is typified by the Cloud Mountain, Tibbit Hill, and Catoctin flows of eastern North America with 1.5 to 4 % TiO2, 6 to 7 % MgO, and 0.2 to 1.0 % P2O5.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~polsen/nbcp/puffer.html (350 words)

	Flood basalts and mass extinctions
		These 'matches' are too fortuitous to be pure chance (White and Saunders, 2005), but an understanding of the actual causal link between a flood basalt event and a mass extinction is elusive.
		A possible scenario is that a single flood basalt eruptive event - more than 1000 cubic km - would erupt a very large mass of sulfur dioxide gas and aerosol, some of which would enter the lower stratosphere.
		Three of the largest mass extinctions, the Permo-triassic, Triassic-Jurassic and the Cretaceous-Tertiary, correspond with the eruptions of the Siberian Traps, the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, and the Deccan Traps, respectively.
	www.le.ac.uk /gl/ads/SiberianTraps/FBandME.html (505 words)

	3D facies architecture of flood basalt provinces and their internal heterogeneity: examples from the Palaeogene Skye ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Quantifying the facies architecture of flood basalt provinces is important as it can be used to understand the physical volcanology and rock property variations throughout the lava sequence.
		Flood volcanic sequences (commonly known as flood basalts) are often subdivided into stratigraphie packages by variations in the geochemical signatures across lava fields in both vertical and lateral space (e.g.
		Central to the study of facies variations on all scales in flood basalts is the characterization of these potential facies variations on the scale of individual lava flows, as these form the building blocks of the larger-scale flood basalt sequence (Jerram 2002).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3721/is_200411/ai_n9462307 (842 words)

	Geological Society - Teaching Resources - Flood Basalts, Mantle Plumes and Mass Extinctions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Flood basalts are one type of large igneous province (LIP) that characterise the Earth's surface and have been formed at various times in the geological past - some in a submarine environment and some on land (see LIP map below).
		The estimated dates of the younger continental flood basalts compiled from recent sources are shown in Table 1.
		Basaltic magmas are often very rich in dissolved sulphur, and sulphuric acid aerosols formed from sulphur volatiles (largely SO) are injected into the stratosphere by convective plumes rising above volcanic vents and fissures.
	www.geolsoc.org.uk /template.cfm?name=fbasalts (1166 words)

	Flood lavas on Earth, Io and Mars Journal of the Geological Society - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The field evidence indicates that flood lava flows in the Columbia River Basalts, Deccan Traps, Etendeka lavas, and the Kerguelen Plateau were emplaced as inflated pahoehoe sheet flows.
		Flood lavas, as their name suggests, are lava flows that inundate entire regions without building large edifices (Geikie 1880; Washington 1922; Tyrrell 1937).
		Flood basalt provinces are found on all the continents of the Earth (though the ones in Australia are Archaean and are not shown in Fig.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3721/is_200603/ai_n16099431 (937 words)

	Columbia River Flood Basalt Province, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, USA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The outer limits of the Chief Joseph dike swarm are marked by CJ (vents for the flows in the Imhaha, Grande Ronde, and Wanapum Formations and Saddle Mountains Basalt).
		The Columbia River Flood Basalt Province forms a plateau of 164,000 square kilometers between the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains.
		hot spots and the Yellowstone hot spot may have influenced magma generation for the Columbia River flood basalt but the vents were 300-400 km north of the hot spot track and the chemistry of the basalts suggest a source in the lithospheric mantle not the asthenosphere as expected for hot spot magmas.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/volc_images/north_america/crb.html (705 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Double whammy link to extinctions
		Flood basalts, as the term suggests, are formed by massive outpourings of lava from beneath the Earth.
		The Leicester authors contend that because impacts and flood basalts occur more frequently than mass extinctions, it is unlikely the two phenomena bring about mass extinctions on their own.
		Dr White and Professor Saunders propose in their paper that the "kill mechanisms" associated with flood basalts or impacts by themselves are not sufficiently powerful to cause the worldwide collapse of ecosystems - a point disputed by many other scientists.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/3582767.stm (758 words)

	StarBulletin.com \| Business \| /2006/03/19/
		Flood basalts cover thousands of square miles with lava flows that are 150 or more feet thick, extend for hundreds of miles and contain tremendous volumes of lava.
		Flood basalts are generating more interest as earth scientists learn more about the timing of mass extinctions and flood eruptions.
		There is growing suspicion that a large impact and a flood basalt eruption that occur around the same time might be necessary to cause mass extinctions, although there are additional ecosystem stressors such as climate, continental drift and rifting, as well as volcanic eruptions and impacts on a smaller scale.
	starbulletin.com /2006/03/19/business/brill.html (1312 words)

	Continental Flood Basalts
		Flood basalts are found at Lesotho, west of Durban and along the Lebombo Mts west of Maputo, near Kruger National Park.
		Two fairly distinct series are present, the tholeiitic flood basalts which, though lacking Nb, appear to be CFB type and a series of alkali basalt, hawaiite, mugearite, trachyte, commendite, rhyolite which seem to be confined to the monogenetic superficial scoria and lava cones as seen at Craters of the Moon.
		Their IUGG classification is "Tholeiitic basalt" with exception of a single odd rock of very high soda (6.00%) with double the Zr and 3-4 times the Sr of other rocks and classified as a "latite basalt", or "trachybasalt" on the IUGG formula.
	www.geokem.com /flood-basalts.html (10194 words)

	Mantle plumes and flood basalts
		The large volumes of lava emplaced in geologically short periods as flood basalts are generated mainly by decompression melting of abnormally hot mantle brought to the base of the lithosphere by plumes.
		The mantle melting responsible for flood basalts starts at depths of 110 km or more beneath the surface, and is consistent with enhanced mantle potential temperatures of 1450–1550°C. Melting continues to depths of 70–30 km.
		At least some lithospheric thinning is required to explain both the geochemistry of the melts and the high rate of generation of flood basalts.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/1995/95JB01585.shtml (294 words)

	de Souza 1999 / Flood Basalts - GeoRpts n28
		Flood basalts are lava flows that arise from fissures and spread laterally over a very large region.
		This article will briefly explain the variety of conditions that influence the structures seen in flood basalt flows: those that cool subaerially (exposed to air), and those that cool subaqueously (exposed to water).
		Three of the latter scenarios are described: 1) cooling structures that form when a lava flow blocks a river, 2) interaction of a lava flow with ocean tides, and 3) flows covered for an extended period of time by large amounts of water.
	www.grisda.org /georpts/2801.htm (1331 words)

	Large Igneous Provinces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Similarly, flood basalts were erupted along many "volcanic passive margins" (e.g., Eastern North America, Greenland, Norway, Brazil, Namibia, NW Australia) during continental breakup, as well as in continental settings (e.g., Columbia Plateau in the Pacific Northwest, Deccan in India, Karoo/Ferrar in South Africa/Antarctica, Parana in Brazil, Siberian in Asia).
		For instance, the eruption of the Siberian continental flood basalt province 250 million years ago at the Permian-Triassic boundary coincided with the largest extinction of plants and animals in the geologic record.
		Although Laki produced a basaltic lava flow which represents only 1% of the volume of a typical LIP flow, the eruptionís environmental impact resulted in the deaths of 75% of Icelandís livestock and 25% of its population from starvation.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~polsen/nbcp/lipmc.html (1078 words)

	Murray McClintock: Geology Department, University of Otago, New Zealand
		Flood basalt provinces represent the largest volcanic events known, and have punctuated the history of Earth at irregular intervals coincident with periods when continents are breaking up and the fragments drifting apart.
		Until recently the eruptions that formed the flood basalts were thought to be fairly gentle, passive events resulting in effusion of lava flows that piled up to form broad sheets and shields.
		However, recent work shows that explosive volcanism during eruption of flood basalts produced widespread, thick ash deposits from crater-complexes kilometres to tens of kilometres across, driven by the interaction of the earliest flood basalts with water in shallow lakes, rivers and aquifers.
	www.otago.ac.nz /geology/students/mcclintock/mcclintock.htm (1534 words)

	[No title]
		These are part of the Mid-Vendian Eastern Laurentian flood basalt group of the Central Iapetus Magmatic Province (Puffer, 2002) and are associated with the opening of the Iapetus Ocean at 564 ± 9 Ma (Aleinikoff et al., 1995).
		This group when plotted on a REE distribution (spider) diagram, compositionally resembles some of the Earth’s larger plume related continental flood basalt provinces like the Columbia River Basalts, where there was considerable input from a subcontinental lithosphere mantle source together with input from a mantle plume source.
		It has been suggested that the Catoctin quartz tholeiitic flood basalt group was genetically related to the early stages of a large mantle plume upwelling under a stationary reassembled Rodinian plate (Pannotia), as it was undergoing stretching and rifting before its break-up during late-Vendian time (Puffer, 2002).
	www.geol.vt.edu /research/gssrs/gssrs2003/abstracts/mitra.doc (497 words)

	A Visit to the ICR: Part 5
		This is one of the unrecognized difficulties of flood geology.
		The presence of basalt extruded under water is a wonderful confirmation of plate tectonics, not a global flood.
		The flood geology of the ICR lacks experimental evidence, contradicts evidence presented by other scientists -- including other scientists who happen to be professing Christians, and is not even internally consistent.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/icr-visit/bartelt4.html (2072 words)

	5. Ultimate volcano
		In Oregon and Washington, flood basalt underlies the 200,000 square-kilometer Columbia River Plateau.
		Because these floods of lava must have released vast clouds of sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride and other gases that reflect or trap solar heat, it's a fair guess that the flood basalts mucked with the climate.
		The only flood basalt in recorded history (a 12-cubic-kilometer puddle in Iceland in 1783), released so much gas that Benjamin Franklin noticed a dense "dry fog" in Europe.
	whyfiles.org /031volcano/5.html (1070 words)

	Vic Camp - fissure eruptions
		If these regions are underlain by reservoirs of basaltic magma, this low-viscosity melt will utilize the fractures and ascend through the crust to generate a fissure eruption.
		The dike is one of a swarm of E-W to ENE-WSW dikes in the central Deccan flood basalt province.
		Deccan flood basalts, which erupted about 65 million years ago in western India, and (3) the Siberian flood basalts, which erupted about 245 million years ago in northern Siberia.
	www.geology.sdsu.edu /how_volcanoes_work/Fissure.html (940 words)

	CVO Website - Lava Plateaus and Flood Basalts
		The eroding power of the water plucked pieces of basalt from the precipice, causing the falls to retreat 20 miles and self-destruct by cutting through to the Columbia River valley near what is now the Grand Coulee Dam.
		The province underlain by the basalt is loosely termed the Columbia Plateau.
		However, like flood basalt eruptions, the vents are often aligned on rift zones, and some of the flows are fissure fed. The surface of flow accumulation is planar, because the vents are spread over a wide area, not focused in a central zone.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Glossary/LavaPlateaus/description_lava_plateaus.html (1300 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Volcanic 'flood' linked to extinction
		Its work suggests the "volcanic flood" was a kilometre and a half deep and covered an area half the size of Australia.
		The flood basalts they studied produced the Siberian Traps, volcanic rocks found across a region of Russia called the Siberian Platform.
		Their disappearance 65 million years ago has also been linked to a space impactor and another flood basalt event centred on what is now India and Pakistan.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/2030075.stm (382 words)

	Columbia River Basalts Delamination
		The occurrence of basaltic volcanism in the recent past and the major uplift in the Wallowa Mountains are inconsistent with the high-velocity mantle being relatively cool.
		The hypothesis that this anomaly is in fact the source region for the CRBG is strengthened by the spatial correlation between the upper mantle high-velocity volume and the location of flood basalt dikes.
		The catalyst in their model is the intrusion of relatively small amounts of dense adiabatic melts into the lower lithosphere causing it to weaken and mechanically decouple from the upper lithosphere.
	www.mantleplumes.org /CRBDelam.html (2202 words)

	A lithospheric instability origin for Columbia River flood basalts and Wallowa Mountains uplift in northeast Oregon : ...
		Flood basalts appear to form during the initiation of hotspot magmatism.
		The Columbia River basalts (CRB) represent the largest volume of flood basalts associated with the Yellowstone hotspot, yet their source appears to be in the vicinity of the Wallowa Mountains
		The elevation of the interface between Columbia River basalts and other geological formations indicates that mild pre-eruptive subsidence took place in the Wallowa Mountains, followed by syn-eruptive uplift of several hundred metres and a long-term uplift of about 2 km.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v438/n7069/abs/nature04313.html (342 words)

	Columbia River Flood Basalts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The basalt flows that erupted have been divided into groups based on the timing and location of the eruptions, in addition to their geochemical signatures.
		The main member of this group is the Grande Ronde Basalt formation, which comprises 85% of the total volume of basalt erupted (Hooper and Hawkesworth, 1993).
		Basalts within the same group are presumed to come from a similar source.
	www.colorado.edu /GeolSci/Resources/WUSTectonics/CRFB/groups.html (174 words)

	Runaway Speculation Vrs. The Laws of Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Creationist flood theories attempt to compress half a billion years of [conventionally established] earth history into a single, year-long catastrophe.
		There are an estimated minimum of 82 million cubic km worth of continental flood basalts, and this represents a lower limit.
		Yet, if the flood model is correct, many impacts must have ocurred during the flood, although most would not have been as large.
	www.geocities.com /pgspears/plate4.htm (1864 words)

	Continental Flood Basalts
		Like the Gondwana flood basalts, the CRBs are similar to MORBs in their major element characteristics but have greatly elevated K, Rb, Ba and LILE with depleted Nb-Ta, and they are divisible into a dozen magma types on their characteristic chemistry.
		It is of typical Flood Basalt composition being rather high in K, Ba (x2 - x4 times MORB) and what data are available suggest it is of similar composition to the geochemical standard rock W-1, the Centerville Diabase from near Washington DC which is I believe of the same age.
		Unfortunately, while not metamorphosed as the Archaean flood basalts have been, there has been deep glacial erosion and more than a million years of rain, so that really fresh sample in the British Tertiary is the exception rather than the rule.
	geokem.com /flood-basalts-2.html (6290 words)

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