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Topic: Baseball color line

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	Baseball - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Baseball is played between two teams of nine players each on a baseball field, usually under the authority of one or more officials, called umpires.
		Although baseball is considered a non-contact sport; a runner may be allowed to make potentially dangerous contact with a fielder as part of an attempt to reach a base, unless that fielder is fielding a batted ball.
		Baseball history is full of heroes and goats—men who in the heat of the moment distinguished themselves with a timely hit or catch, or an untimely strikeout or error.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baseball (8027 words)

	Baseball color line - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Baseball color line was the unwritten policy which excluded African American baseball players from Organized Ball in the United States before 1947.
		In 1943, baseball executive Bill Veeck attempted to buy the Philadelphia Phillies franchise; rumors began circulating that he intended to purchase the contracts of several Negro Leaguers in order to make the longtime also-rans more competitive in a period when war requirements had depleted most rosters.
		The color line was formally breached when Branch Rickey, with the support of the new baseball commissioner, Albert "Happy" Chandler, signed the African American player Jackie Robinson in 1946, intending him to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers in the National League.
	www.pineville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Baseball_color_line (594 words)

	Baseball and Jackie Robinson (American Memory from the Library of Congress)
		Baseball and Jackie Robinson (American Memory from the Library of Congress)
		This presentation was created to commemorate his achievements and describe some aspects of the color line's development and the Negro Leagues.
		Materials that tell his story, and the history of baseball in general, are located throughout the Library of Congress.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /ammem/collections/robinson (171 words)

	Baseball History
		Major League Baseball History On September 8, 1998 at 8:18 pm CT, in the bottom of the fourth inning,Mark David McGwire hit the first pitch delivered to him off of Steve Trachsel 341 feet over the left field wall.
		Baseball In The 19th Century Baseball is North America's oldest and most storied professional team sport.
		The Baseball Reliquary Inc. - Home The Baseball Reliquary is a nonprofit, educational institution dedicated to fostering an appreciation of the historical development of baseball and its interaction with American culture by the preservation and
	www.ecsu.ctstateu.edu /depts/edu/textbooks/baseballhistory.html (599 words)

	Baseball and Jackie Robinson - Baseball, the Color Line, and Jackie Robinson (American Memory from the Library of ...
		Baseball and Jackie Robinson - Baseball, the Color Line, and Jackie Robinson (American Memory from the Library of Congress)
		Baseball rules and teams were gradually formalized during the mid and late 1800s.
		These are but two of the events that shaped the unwritten "color line," which segregated professional baseball until the 1940s.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/collections/robinson/jr1860s.html (486 words)

	Interview with Former Atlanta Braves Slugger Hank Aaron
		Seven seasons had passed since Jackie Robinson had broken baseball's color line, and Henry was among a second wave of fl ballplayers who played their way onto major-league rosters.
		Baseball may have become society's vanguard in the war against racial segregation, but as Aaron experienced, many doors still remained, both literally and figuratively, closed to fl ballplayers.
		Today, 15 years after being elected to baseball's Hall of Fame, Henry Aaron is the Atlanta Braves' senior vice president and assistant to the president (Stan Kasten), and often represents the organization in community relations activities.
	www.thehistorynet.com /ah/blhankaaron (1113 words)

	Baseball Activities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Baseball Cards - 1887-1914 - The Library of Congress has collected this exhibit of early baseball trading cards, published at a time when collecting was a passion among adults, not children.
		Math Baseball - This is an on-line game in which students advance runners and score runs by completing math problems of varying difficulties.
		The Science of Baseball is the Exploratorium's collection of activities and descriptions involving physics, biomechanics, and baseball.
	www.drwoolard.com /activities/baseball_activities.htm (2175 words)

	Baseball Almanac - The Corner of the Dugout : Baseball's Color Line: August 10, 1883 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the early 1880s there was no official color line in professional baseball, although no fls had yet played in the National League.
		By 1889 Walker was the only fl remaining in the high minor leagues, and soon after the color line was firmly in place throughout professional baseball.
		"Baseball's Color Line: August 10, 1883" was the basis for a speech David Fleitz used on July 17, 1993 at the Ohio Baseball Hall of Fame in Maumee, Ohio!
	www.baseball-almanac.com /corner/c042001d.shtml (1640 words)

	African Americans - Baseball's Negro Leagues, Breaking the Color Line: 1860's - 1947
		The baseball establishment also frowned on interracial barnstorming and white players were eventually banned from wearing their major league uniforms in these games.
		The first fl baseball player to cross the "color line" would be subjected to intense public scrutiny, and Rickey knew that the player would have to be more than a talented athlete to succeed.
		It featured editorials from baseball writers on the state of the game, statistics, photographs, and analysis of the previous season for all the Major League teams and for many of the so-called minor leagues across the nation.
	www.africanamericans.com /NegroLeagues.htm (3971 words)

	Black Entertainment \| Black News \| Urban News \| Hip Hop News - EURWEB.com
		Hard as it may be to believe, in 1997, a number of baseball players were polled during the fiftieth anniversary of Jackie Robinson's breaking the baseball color line and many of the players didn't even know who Robinson was.
		It was Rickey that had the courage to break baseball's color line when he signed Jackie Robinson with the Brooklyn Dodgers, making history and Robinson, the first African American player in the major leagues.
		Frommer depicts the life stories of both men in his book, "Rickey and Robinson: The Men Who Broke Baseball's Color Line," with a warmth and sensitivity that allows a personal glimpse into the lives of two men; one fl, one white, each man different, yet cut from the same moral and heroic cloth.
	www.eurweb.com /story.cfm?id=14087 (1138 words)

	Branch Rickey
		In 1945, he became the first owner to break baseball's color line when he signed Jackie Robinson, who became the modern major leagues' first African-American player.
		It was a complete change of purpose and focus for the minor leagues, and it was fought by Commissioner Landis for its effect on the competitiveness and independence of minor league clubs.
		However noble his motives may have been, he was undeniably the first beneficiary of the change: it certainly was a brave move to sign Jackie Robinson, breaking the silently-upheld color barrier that had existed since the 1880s.
	www.baseball-statistics.com /HOF/Rickey.html (839 words)

	SABR :\|\| SABR News \| SABR Researcher Examines Baseball's Color Line In 1883 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		During the early 1880’s there was no color line in professional baseball, although no African-Americans had yet played in the National League.
		In David L. Fleitz's, new article, August 10, 1883: Toledo, Ohio and Baseball Color Line, he describes this game as one of the most critical in the history of the sport.
		The Society's mission is to foster the study of baseball, to assist in developing and maintaining the history of the game, to facilitate the dissemination of baseball research and to stimulate interest in baseball.
	www.sabr.org /sabr.cfm?a=cms,c,399,17,0 (527 words)

	The Learning Page - Community Center - Baseball
		Baseball and Jackie Robinson: Early Baseball Pictures 1860’s – 1960’s - (Special Presentation) View a sampler of thirty-four images related to early baseball (1860s-1920s) from various files and collections in the Prints and Photographs Division.
		Baseball, the Color Line and Jackie Robinson - (Special Presentation) This Web site reference aid was created to commemorate Jackie Robinson’s achievements and describe some aspects of the color line's development and the Negro Leagues.
		Baseball Cards, 1887-1914 - (Summary and Teaching Resources) Baseball was growing in popularity at the turn of the century.
	frontiers.loc.gov /learn/community/cc_baseball.php (942 words)

	Blackbaseball.com :: Negro Baseball Leagues :: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		During this era of separation, there were two parallel major leagues that co-existed until the eradication of baseball's color line when Branch Rickey signed Jackie Robinson to a Brooklyn Dodger contract.
		The Negro Leagues showcased some of the greatest baseball talent of all-time and had a special essence that was all its own.
		Adapted from The All-Time All Stars of Black Baseball by James A. Riley, copyright 1983 by TK Publishers.
	www.bonus.com /contour/negro_baseball/http@@/www.blackbaseball.com/history/in_closing.htm (167 words)

	Monte Irvin \| BaseballLibrary.com
		After baseball's color line was broken in 1947, Monte Irvin was one of the first fl players signed by the Giants.
		Many Negro League owners felt Irvin was the best-qualified candidate to break the major league color line, but Irvin was drafted in 1942 and spent the next three years in the army.
		The Committee on Negro Baseball Leagues elected him to the Hall of Fame in 1973; he later became a member of that body and of the Hall of Fame Committee on Baseball Veterans.
	www.baseballlibrary.com /baseballlibrary/ballplayers/I/Irvin_Monte.stm (1662 words)

	Baseball's Color Line: August 10, 1883
		This article is the basis for a speech I gave to the Ohio Baseball Hall of Fame in Maumee, Ohio on July 7, 1993.
		Anson, playing manager of the Chicago team, had made it known to the Toledo management that he objected to playing on the same field with fls, and the locals planned to oblige Anson.
		Anson, the "beefy bluffer" in the Blade's words, dominated baseball for three decades.
	www.wcnet.org /~dlfleitz/anson.htm (736 words)

	USATODAY.com - Baseball color line might have been broken in 1879 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Baseball color line might have been broken in 1879
		Baseball historians are trying to determine whether William Edward White was the first fl player in the major leagues.
		White played one game for the Providence Greys of the National League on June 21, 1879, and the Society for American Baseball Research is researching his history.
	www.usatoday.com /sports/baseball/2004-02-01-color-line_x.htm (392 words)

	Baseball and Jackie Robinson - About this Collection (American Memory from the Library of Congress)
		While the Library of Congress does not have collections that focus solely on Jackie Robinson, the baseball color line, or the Negro Leagues, diverse original materials relevant to all of these topics can be found through the Library's numerous reading rooms.
		The Library holds additional original materials that could not be reproduced here, either because they are still under copyright protection (for example, NBC radio broadcasts), or, because digitization would be very expensive (for example, the full-length movie The Jackie Robinson Story).
		Afterwards, those negatives and color transparencies are added to a file of high-demand images maintained by the Prints and Photographs Division.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /ammem/collections/robinson/jraboutcol.html (536 words)

	A Sickening Red Tinge The Daily Worker's Fight Against White Baseball
		Over the next decade, the Daily Worker brashly challenged the baseball establishment to permit fl players; condemned white owners and managers for perpetuating the color ban; organized petition drives and distributed anti-discrimination pamphlets outside ballparks; and criticized the mainstream press for ignoring the race issue.
		The CP forced the issue in front of the baseball establishment, raised awareness about the color line among social progressives, and lobbied local and state politicians in New York.
		A few writers noted that the Communists seized upon the issue of racial discrimination in baseball and for years campaigned to end the color line.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /~rgibson/whitebaseball.html (1349 words)

	DODGE
		Baseball and Jackie Robinson Baseball the Color Line and Jackie Robinson American Memory from the Library of Congress
		Baseball and Jackie Robinson Related Resources American Memory from the Library of Congress
		Baseball and Jackie Robinson Early Baseball Pictures American Memory from the Library of Congress
	www.gunmuse.com /web_search.php?str=Dodge (755 words)

	Hangout - New Jersey Baseball (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On April 18, 1946 - almost exactly 100 years after the first official baseball game was played at the Elysian Fields - Jackie Robinson made his professional debut at Roosevelt Stadium in Jersey City.
		A year later, Robinson shattered major league baseball's color line, becoming National League Rookie of the Year as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers.
		Five future Baseball Hall of Famers played for the Eagles, including Paterson's Larry Doby, who broke the color barrier in the American League as a member of the Cleveland Indians.
	www.state.nj.us /hangout_nj/200205_baseball_p3.html (210 words)

	SABR :\|\| SABR-Zine \| David Fleitz: Toledo Baseball's Color Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		What the crowd could not know was that this game would mark a turning point in the history of baseball.
		Toledo’s catcher, Moses Walker, was a fair hitter and a good fielder who also happened to be one of the few African-American players in organized baseball at the time.
		Cap Anson had made it known to the Toledo management that he objected to playing on the same field with fls, but Toledo manager Charles Morton was not pleased with the demands of the visitors.
	www.sabr.org /sabr.cfm?a=cms,c,52,3,158 (309 words)

	Satch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cap was baseball’s first superstar, the manager of the Chicago White Sox, a baseball innovator (He originated the idea of preseason training for his players.), and one of the most powerful men in baseball.
		His baseball travels also took him to the Dominican Republic when recruited by dictator Rafael Trujillo where the many-armed soldiers made their game look more like “a firing squad.” After refusing to report to the Newark Eagles, he was on the road to Mexico where he developed a sore pitching arm.
		The world of baseball is a better place because of Leroy Satchel Paige whose pitching prawns and heroics entertained thousands for half a century, and his cracker-barrel philosophy became almost as famous as that supersonic fastball that left the his hand as a baseball and arrived over the plate like a pea.
	www.chatterfromthedugout.com /satch.htm (5332 words)

	ESPN.com - Lacy made sports, society immensely better
		Lacy's persistence and persuasion were major factors that led to Robinson becoming the first African-American to cross baseball's color line.
		Lacy loved baseball more than any other sport, and he believed baseball could be a vehicle for society to become more integrated and more equitable for everyone.
		Another feature stands out about Lacy: In conversation, when he recalled segregation and baseball's color line and society's racism, there was no animosity or bitterness.
	sports.espn.go.com /espn/print?id=1553679&type=columnist (1265 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Baseball was a social event as well as a sport and associations between fl and white men in social settings were deemed inappropriate.
		The National Association of Professional Baseball Players was established in 1871 (Peterson 17), which was replaced by the first major league, The National League, in 1876 (Baseball, The Color Line and Jackie Robinson).
		The new National League had no written rule barring fl men from their member teams, but a “gentlemen’s agreement” existed to exclude them, which made the written rule unnecessary for most teams.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~bhouse/finalpaper.htm (4639 words)

	The Frommers - Sports
		your Yankee baseball - this is the quiz for you.
		When Hank Greenberg was finishing up his baseball career in 1947 with the Pittsburgh Pirates, he bumped into Jackie Robinson one day.
		It was fitting that Greenberg, who had been a target of abuse himself, was one of the first opposing players to encourage Robinson, who broke major league baseball's color barrier in 1947.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~frommer/sport.htm (1028 words)

	The Frommers - Rickey and Robinson
		Sure, the color line was bound to fall at some point, but this story is more than just a case of being in the right place at the right time.
		Harvey Frommer's Rickey and Robinson portrays this duo in unison, His explanation of a six-step plan by Rickey for breaking the color barrier was carefully structured and well laid out.
		Rickey's foundation for his plan was started in January 1943 at the New York Athletic Club where "step one," gaining the support of the club's owners, was accomplished.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~frommer/rr1.htm (1502 words)

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