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Topic: Bashir Gemayel

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Lebanese Civil War

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	Bashir Gemayel
		Gemayel pursued his political goal of becoming president ruthlessly, having rivals assassinated or stripped of power through personal tactics.
		Gemayel was also a charismatic and strong leader, singlehandedly providing the real strength for the Phalange Party and bringing it to the forefront of Lebanon's political life.
		At his death in 1982 Gemayel left a wife, Solange, and 2 children.
	i-cias.com /e.o/gemayel_b.htm (443 words)

	Bashir Gemayel
		Bashir Gemayel (November 10, 1947 - September 14, 1982) was a Lebanese military commander and politician.
		He was born in Beirut, the son of Pierre Gemayel[?], founder of the Lebanese Kataeb party[?].
		Bashir was educated at the Lebanese Modern Institute.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Bashir_Gemayel.html (255 words)

	Bashir Gemayel
		On byl narozen v Beirut, syn Pierre Gemayel, zakladatel Lebanese Kataeb strana, nebo Phalangist strana, pravicová organizace to, ačkoli oficiálně světský, byl podporován téměř úplně Maronite křesťany.
		Gemayel se stal členem libanonské přední strany v 1980 a v 1981 on vedl sjednocené křesťanské libanonské milice v bitvě Zahleh.
		Spíše jiný v temperamentu, Amine Gemayel byl široce pokládaný jak postrádat charisma a jeho rozhodnost bratr, a mnoho latter následovníci byli nespokojení.
	wikipedia.infostar.cz /b/ba/bashir_gemayel.html (511 words)

	42 Interview with Bashir Gemayel on ABC television- 9 July 1982
		Gemayel: Until now, the U.S. public opinion didn't know that we are fighting the same combat and the same fight, for the same values and the same interests.
		Gemayel: My aim and my goal and my target is that this country being free, we will establish a new political regime for both Christians and Moslems on a new basis of equilibrium, equal chances, equal rights, equal opportunities for everybody - a real modern state, democratic state, liberal state, with a real democracy.
		Gemayel: Under President Reagan, under the new administration, I feel absolutely secure and I'm sure that the Americans, and later on, the West, have started to realize that by stabilizing Lebanon, we are stabilizing the whole area.
	www.mfa.gov.il /MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1982-1984/42%20Interview%20with%20Bashir%20Gemayel%20on%20ABC%20television (1520 words)

	Naharnet Newsdesk - Bashir Gemayel's Son Thrust into the Limelight
		Nadim Gemayel, son of the late President-elect Bashir Gemayel, is gaining an increasingly visible profile on the political scene, demanding in the run-up to the 21st anniversary of his father's assassination that the judiciary act to arrest the culprits.
		Gemayel recalled that a suspect, Habib Shartouni, was arrested and formally charged with placing the deadly explosives in the building.
		Bashir Gemayel had formed the Phalange-dominated Lebanese Forces in 1980 as the Christians' main fighting arm during the war.
	www.naharnet.com /domino/tn/Newsdesk.nsf/Story/12F01FE74EBDD20842256D5D0038F212?OpenDocument&PRINT (421 words)

	Wikipedia: Amine Gemayel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Born in the Lebanese village of Bikfaya, Amine Gemayel (IPA: [ɑˈmin ʒəmaɪˈɛl]) [1] is the son of Pierre Gemayel, founder of the Kataeb Party.
		Gemayel was elected to the presidency by the National Assembly on September 21, 1982, to succeed his brother Bachir Gemayel who had been elected the previous month but had been assassinated before taking office.
		Gemayel is fluent in English and French, and is regarded as a scholar of Classical Arabic.
	en.pediax.org /Amin_Gemayel (867 words)

	Bachir Gemayel
		On August 23, 1982, Gemayel was elected President of the Republic in a second ballot by a vote of 57 for with 5 abstentions.
		Bashir Gemayel was seen as the man to restore this freedom and peace to his country.
		Bashir Gemayel's sole purpose from founding the Lebanese Forces was that he wanted an organization, a party that would always be ready, able and willing to stand in defense of Lebanon.
	www.angelfire.com /oz/lbcedar/bachirfounder.html (1448 words)

	Pierre Gemayel Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Pierre Gemayel was born in 1905, in Bikfaya, a small town in the Northern Matn region of Mount Lebanon.
		Gemayel's cooperation, based on a common understanding about the nature of Lebanon, with the prominent Sunni politician (and a founding father of Lebanon), Riyad al-Sulh was crucial to Gemayel's ability to convince and mobilize the Maronite youth in support of the independence of Lebanon rather than retaining the French mandate.
		Gemayel was arrested by the French as an instigator of demonstrations and was released when the struggle for independence succeeded on November 22, 1943.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/pierre-gemayel (1126 words)

	Bashir Gemayel
		Gemayel was also a charismatic and strong leader, singlehandedly providing the real strength for the Phalange Party and bringing it to the forefront of Lebanon's political life.
		1947 November 10: Born in Bikfayya (20 km east of Beirut), into a Maronite Christian family, as the youngest son of Pierre Gemayel and brother of Amin Gemayel.
		— April: With the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War, Gemayel joins the Phalangist militia, fighting the PLO forces.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/gemayel_b.htm (443 words)

	Bashir Gemayel
		Bashir Gemayel, first name also spelt Bachir, (November 10, 1947 - September 14, 1982) was a Lebanese military commander and politician.
		He was born in Beirut, the son of Pierre Gemayel, founder of the Lebanese Kataeb party, or Phalangist Party, a right-wing organization that, although officially secular, was supported almost entirely by Maronite Christians.
		In his military campaigns, Gemayel secretly accepted military supplies from Israel, and is widely believed, despite public denials, to have accepted Israeli training for his troops.
	www.news-server.org /b/ba/bashir_gemayel.html (589 words)

	Bashir Gemayel
		Gemayel pursued his political goal of becoming president ruthlessly, having rivals assassinated or stripped of power through personal tactics.
		Gemayel was also a charismatic and strong leader, singlehandedly providing the real strength for the Phalange Party and bringing it to the forefront of Lebanon's political life.
		At his death in 1982 Gemayel left a wife, Solange, and 2 children.
	www.i-cias.com /e.o/gemayel_b.htm (443 words)

	Bachir Gemayel: Lebanese Society
		Bashir was not content to proclaim this in his speeches: he intended to see to it that a sound moral code of conduct was put into daily practice and he started inculcating these principles and ethics into the fighting forces.
		Bashir had the necessary qualities to carry this Herculean task through to the end: he was a realist and a pragmatist, and his ardent love for his country fired him with incentive and filled him with energy.
		Bashir did not forget that, whatever success Lebanon may have may have achieved in the present age, this success would be incomplete, unless new generations were prepared to carry on the good work, and take over from their elders.
	www.lebanese-forces.org /bach/lebanesesoc.htm (6510 words)

	Bachir Gemayel: The Dream
		Bashir Gemayel drew a clear distinction between the PLO and the civilian Palestinians in Lebanon.
		Gemayel insisted in his talks that the PLO and Syrian armed presence in Lebanon is not negotiable or open for compromise since it undermines Lebanon's sovereignty which cannot be divided among non-Lebanese armies.
		Bashir Gemayel was one of the rare leaders who invoked popular emotions on both sides of the scale: joy and sadness, love and hatred.
	www.lebanese-forces.org /bach/dream.htm (3886 words)

	Lebanese War Website Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the aftermath of the war, Pierre Gemayel was appointed to the cabinet, and two years later, was elected to the National Assembly.
		Bashir Gemayel was elected President of the Republic by the National Assembly in 1982, following the Israeli invasion.
		In retaliation for Bashir Gemayel's assassination, a Phalangist unit lead by Elie Hobeika committed the Sabra and Shatila Massacre in September 1982 while Israeli forces were guarding the entrances.
	www.lebwar.org /political_parties/political_parties_id=14.htm (360 words)

	Pierre Gemayel Summary
		In the aftermath of the war, Gemayel was appointed a cabinet minister in a four-member Unity government.
		Gemayel was also to reverse his position on The Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War of 1975 to 1990.
		Gemayel saw his younger son, Bachir Gemayel, elected President of Lebanon on August 23, 1982, only to be assassinated on September 14, nine days before his scheduled inauguration.
	www.bookrags.com /Pierre_Gemayel (1961 words)

	BASHIR GEMAYEL
		Bashir Gemayel was born in Beirut, on November 10, 1947.
		On August 23, 1982, Gemayel was elected President of the Republic in a second ballot by a vote of 57 for with 5 abstentions.
		Bashir Gemayel was seen as the man to restore this freedom and peace to his country.
	www.falangist.com /bashir1.htm (2927 words)

	Dossier: Amine Gemayel (February-March 2003)
		Gemayel put forth a compromise proposal that established a state security agency for non-military intelligence gathering under the stewardship of a Shiite and a six-man multiconfessional Military Council with exclusive oversight of appointments at the brigade and division levels.
		The death of the aging Pierre Gemayel, whose presence in the cabinet served to quiet Christian opposition to the government, and the passing of the Maronite patriarch in the fall of 1984 led some in the LF to believe that the time was right to break with Gemayel completely.
		Gemayel says that he has received assassination threats and warnings to leave the country, but insists that he will not be intimidated into leaving or revising his political views.
	www.meib.org /articles/0302_ld.htm (5749 words)

	Jumayyil, Bashir Pierre biography - S9.com
		Bachir Gemayel is a Lebanese Maronite Christian politician.
		Gemayel was educated at the Lebanese Modern Institute.
		- Bachir Gemayel was appointed inspector in the para-military branch of the Kataeb party.
	www.s9.com /Biography/Jumayyil-Bashir-Pierre (179 words)

	Parties of Lebanon - Lebanese Forces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Bashir Gemayel was born on November 10, 1947 in Bikfaya, Lebanon, his family's ancestral home for 400 years.
		Bashir graduated from St. Joseph University (Beirut) in 1971 with a Bachelors degree in Law and Political Science.
		By August 30, he was appointed head of the unified command of the Lebanese Forces, a coalition of the Christian militias of the Kataeb Party, National Liberal Party, the Tanzim and the Guardians of the Cedars.
	www.warsoflebanon.com /bashir-gemayel-LF.html (868 words)

	Chapter 6
		On August 23 1982, Bashir Gemayel, Israel’s protege was elected President of the Lebanese Republic.
		Bashir Gemayel was inside the building for one last meeting with the party members and supporters.
		Bashir, the 34-year-old president-elect, nine days before he was due to take office for his six-year term, had grown careless in the prevalent euphoria of his newly acquired power and position.
	www.aceviper.net /members/cobra/06.html (1197 words)

	bachir Gemayel Foreign Policy
		Bashir reflected upon the immediate consequences of an eventual Palestinian settlement in the areas occupied by their armed forces, and came to the conclusion that this would inevitably lead to a partition of Lebanon.
		Bashir’s accusations against the United States were not restricted to matters of partition only, but encompassed other issues as well, some aimed at solving the Palestine problem, others detrimental to the interests of Lebanon, and all, in bulk, savouring of a clean-cut policy to uproot the Lebanese from their land...
		When Sheikh Bashir Gemayel, the lawyer, left his barrister’s office in Hamra street in April 1975, he had a feeling that he was to become the staunch pillar of a nation confronted with all sorts of challenges from without, and intolerable excesses committed by foreigners within its borders.
	www.lebanese-forces.org /bach/fpolicy.htm (7263 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Gemayel refused to assign blame to any party or country for the assassination, the latest in a string of six political killings to rock Lebanon the last two years, preferring instead to withhold comment until the results of a national probe are released.
		Gemayel said that in the face of Hizbullah's latest threats anti-Syrian lawmakers are debating holding a series of major protest marches in the coming days similar to the mass protests in Lebanon last year that prompted Damascus to withdraw its troops from the country.
		Gemayel, 26, comes from one of Lebanon's most prominent political families, but he is seen by many political observers in his country as being an independent thinker.
	www.ynetnews.com /articles/0,7340,L-3334414,00.html (771 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News
		He was born in Beirut, the son of Pierre Gemayel, founder of the influential Lebanese Kataeb Party, also known as the Phalangist party, a right-wing nationalist organization that, although officially secular, was supported mostly by Maronite Christians.
		In 1976, upon the death of William Hawi, he became president of the Kataeb Military Council and the head of the unified command of the Lebanese forces, a coalition of the Christian militias of the Kataeb Party (created and organized by William Hawi), National Liberal Party, the Tanzim and the Guardians of the Cedars.
		He also took over the "P.G." squad (which stood for "Pierre Gemayel" initially and later became the "B.G." in latin an acronyme for "Bachir Gemayel" since in the Arabic language both "P" and "B" are translated using the same Arabic letter), to face PLO aggression against Lebanese Christians.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Bashir_Gemayel (721 words)

	The Hindu : International : Gemayel's death triggers sectarian tensions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Gemayel (34), who was killed on Tuesday, belonged to a prominent Christian family, which has been in the political limelight in Lebanon for decades.
		His uncle Bashir Gemayel, who was also assassinated, was a prominent figure during the 15-year civil war which ended in 1990.
		Amin Gemayel said on Wednesday he suspected Syria had played a role in the assassination, saying it would be in keeping with Damascus's past behaviour.
	www.hindu.com /2006/11/23/stories/2006112303501300.htm (445 words)

	A l t e r n a t i v e
		Pierre's statement was taken as a sign by Bashir to eradicate his contenders from the political as well as the military scene.
		Bashir Gemayal made sure that his attack on the Tigers would be as swift as possible as hundreds foot soldiers simultaneously attacked the headquarters of Chamoun's militia, then commanded by his late son Dany, as well as other Tigers' offices in different areas of East Beirut and Kisrwan therefore neutralizing Chamoun's forces.
		The attack was originally designated to start at 4:30 am but Bashir deferred the attack until Chamoun left the resort so he would not repeat the massacre of Ehden that lead to the death of Tony Franjieh, elder son of late Lebanese President Suleiman Franjieh, his wife and daughter, and thirty one of his partisans.
	www.alternative-online.org /bashir.htm (521 words)

	My Beloved Lebanon: Judiciary moves to reopen Bashir Gemayel inquiry
		BEIRUT: A quarter-century after the assassination of then-President-elect Bashir Gemayel - and less than two months after the assassination of his nephew, Industry Minister Pierre Gemayel - a Beirut magistrate has set a date for a "preliminary interrogation" of two suspects in the 1982 slaying.
		Magistrate Antoine Kheir, the head of the Higher Judicial Council, announced on Monday that Habib Chartouni and Nabil Alam, the two men accused of assassinating Bashir Gemayel in September 1982, would be interrogated on February 1.
		Bashir Gemayel was killed by a bomb inside the headquarters of the Phalange Party in Achrafieh, Beirut, during an afternoon party meeting.
	mybelovedlebanon.blogspot.com /2007/01/judiciary-moves-to-reopen-bashir.html (411 words)

	Politicians Pages
		Bashir was assassinated three weeks later, and Amin, a less controversial figure with broader support in the country, was elected president.
		During Gemayel's presidency, Lebanon continued to be torn by violence, and Syria and Israel occupied parts of Lebanon.
		Concerning Syria, in 1982, Amin Gemayel dissolved the Arab Dissuasion Force which legitimised Syrian military presence in Lebanon; then, despite heavy pressure, in December 1985 he refused to ratify the so-called Damascus treaty which was intent on breaking up all Lebanese institutions.
	www.libanvote.com /project/homepages/AmineGemayel.html (293 words)

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