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Topic: Basic oxygen steelmaking

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	Oxygen (O): Oxygen (O): Steelmaking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Basic oxygen furnaces are the backbone of modern steelmaking.
		The word basic refers to the presence of basic oxides in the molten iron.
		Oxygen is injected into the molten iron through a tube and oxidizes impurities, converting pig iron to steel.
	genchem.chem.wisc.edu /lab/PTL/PTL/Elements/O/Images/O_Use3.html (41 words)

	Basic oxygen steelmaking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS, Linz-Donawitz-Verfahren, LD-converter) is a method of converting molten iron to steel.
		By blowing oxygen through molten pig iron, the carbon content of the alloy is lowered and changes the material into low-carbon steel.
		It is the use of oxygen instead of air that makes for the improvement on the Bessemer process, for the nitrogen (and other gases) contained in air does not react with the charge as oxygen does.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Basic_oxygen_steelmaking (528 words)

	Encyclopedia: Basic oxygen furnace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The basic oxygen furnace is the place within a foundry where molten iron from the blast furnace is changed into liquid steel.
		Oxygen is blown into the furnace or BOS vessel through a water cooled oxygen lance, like the LD converter.
		2 is a fragmentary sectional view of that portion of a basic oxygen furnace wherein the brick is located and depicting the improved resistance to slag erosiion achieved in the furnace by the use of the improved refractory brick.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Basic-oxygen-furnace (499 words)

	THE BASIC OXYGEN STEELMAKING (BOS) PROCESS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Six-story buildings are needed to house the Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) vessels to accommodate the long oxygen lances that are lowered and raised from the BOF vessel and the elevated alloy and flux bins.
		During refining, the refractories are exposed to a variety of slag conditions ranging from 1 to 4 basicity as silicon is oxidizes from the bath and combines with lime.
		Basic Oxygen Steelmaking is unquestionably the "son of Bessemer", the original pneumatic process patented by Sir Henry Bessemer in 1856.
	www.energymanagertraining.com /iron_steel/BOS_steel.htm (4765 words)

	Encyclopedia: Basic oxygen steelmaking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Iron is extracted from ore by removing the oxygen by combining it with a preferred chemical partner such as carbon.
		In modern steelmaking these processes are often combined, with ore going in one end of the assembly line and finished steel coming out the other.
		Since the rise of the cyanobacteria and their excretion of oxygen into the atmosphere, iron can be found only in oxide form, typically Fe — the form of iron oxide found as the mineral hematite.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Basic-oxygen-steelmaking (1564 words)

	Steelmaking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Steelmaking is the second step in producing steel from iron ore.
		In this stage, impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus, and excess carbon are removed from the raw iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce the exact steel required.
		The Bessemer converter was the first successful mass steelmaking process, followed by the open hearth furnace.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Steel_making (158 words)

	basic oxygen process on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		BASIC OXYGEN PROCESS [basic oxygen process] method of producing steel from a charge consisting mostly of pig iron.
		Basics of an aseptic process simulation program: several factors must be considered when developing a reliable and consistent aseptic process simulation program.
		Oxygen is blown at high pressure through molten pig iron and scrap steel in a converter lined with basic refractory materials.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/b1/basicoxy.asp (529 words)

	Data Fusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Basic Oxygen Steel making - BOS - is one of the two main processes used in the making of steel.
		The pure oxygen is used to remove impurities from the molten iron by oxidation.
		The oxygen lance is then lowered again for another blow, after which the vessel contents are analysed to see whether enough of the impurities have been removed.
	www.eng.man.ac.uk /mech/merg/research/datafusion.org.uk/applications/BOS-Corus.html (787 words)

	The BOC Group - Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS, also known as Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) and LD) has been the predominant steelmaking process for over 50 years and remains so today.
		Oxygen, for removal of impurities and provision of chemical energy, is the main gas consumed in the BOS process.
		Nitrogen and Argon are often injected, into the bottom of the converter during the main oxygen blow to improve liquid metal stirring.
	www.boc.com /markets/metals/gases/basic_oxygen_steelmaking.asp (166 words)

	Open hearth furnace - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the United States, the furnace is known by the name "open-hearth" furnace.
		The rapid production of large quantities of basic steel, such as that which is used to construct tall buildings, is the most appealing characteristic of the Siemens regenerative furnace.
		Basic oxygen steelmaking or LD process replaced the open hearth furnace.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catalan_forge (358 words)

	Lance hoisting and skull detecting apparatus for basic oxygen steelmaking furnaces - Patent 4247086
		A pair of cables are employed to raise and lower the lance of a basic oxygen steelmaking furnace.
		The present invention relates to a lance hoist for a basic oxygen steelmaking furnace and, more particularly, is directed to such a hoist wherein a detector is provided to sense the build up of a slag skull on the lance.
		The problem of lance skull build up has become particularly acute with modern basic oxygen steelmaking furnaces because such furnaces employ extremely expensive hoods for pollution control purposes and the hoods are typically not provided with lance port doors to facilitate the passage of a large skull through the port.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4247086.html (1478 words)

	Basic oxygen steelmaking - the sequence
		After charging, the furnace is blown by blasting oxygen through a lance that is lowered into the molten metal.
		These are acidic and are separated from the metal by adding basic calcium oxide (lime) to the furnace.
		At this stage, adjustments are made to the composition of the steel to bring it still closer to the customer’s specification.
	www.schoolscience.co.uk /content/4/chemistry/steel/msch4pg2.html (308 words)

	Basic oxygen steelmaking (from steel) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		More than half the world's steel is produced in the basic oxygen process (BOP), which uses pure oxygen to convert a charge of liquid blast-furnace iron and scrap into steel.
		The basic oxygen furnace (BOF) is a refractory-lined, tiltable converter into which a vertically movable, water-cooled lance is inserted to blow oxygen through nozzles at supersonic velocity onto…
		Oxygen is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas, the most plentiful element in the Earth's crust; its most important compound is water.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-81381 (885 words)

	Calcium Hydroxide Wholesale,Calcium Oxide Exporters,Calcium Hydroxide Exporter,Calcium Oxide Wholesale,India
		In basic oxygen steelmaking, molten iron from a blast furnace is charged into a refractory-lined steelmaking furnace, and then oxygen is injected into molten iron at high speeds, resulting in oxidation of carbon and impurities.
		Most importantly, quicklime is typically added to the mixture in the steelmaking furnace after the beginning of the oxygen Ablow,@ where it reacts with impurities (primarily silica and phosphorus) to form a slag which is later removed.
		Although steel plants flux with high calcium quicklime, most of the basic oxygen plants substitute or add 30 to 50% dolomitic (high magnesium) quicklime because experience has shown that this extends the refractory lining life of the furnaces.
	www.limeindustries.com /uses-of-lime.html (1274 words)

	Basic Oxygen Process (from iron and steel industry) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		In 1954 the first basic oxygen process facility was put into production in the United States, and the percentage of steel produced by this method has steadily increased as new facilities are constructed and open hearths phased out.
		The oxygen initiates a series of intensively exothermic (heat-releasing) reactions, including the oxidation of such impurities as carbon, silicon, phosphorus, and manganese.
		As the gas O2 it is in the lower atmosphere in the air that is breathed, and in the upper atmosphere as ozone (O3) it shields the Earth's surface from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-202993 (903 words)

	Electronic Code of Federal Regulations:
		Basic oxygen process furnace (BOPF) means any furnace with a refractory lining in which molten steel is produced by charging scrap metal, molten iron, and flux materials or alloy additions into a vessel and by introducing a high volume of oxygen-rich gas.
		Bottom-blown furnace means any BOPF in which oxygen and other combustion gases are introduced to the bath of molten iron through tuyeres in the bottom of the vessel or through tuyeres in the bottom and sides of the vessel.
		Primary oxygen blow means the period in the steel production cycle of a BOPF during which a high volume of oxygen-rich gas is introduced to the bath of molten iron by means of a lance inserted from the top of the vessel.
	ecfr.gpoaccess.gov /cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=185bdc165a6c68b9a1df1bc3fa8e658c&rgn=div6&view=text&node=40:6.0.1.1.1.28&idno=40 (2184 words)

	The chemistry of steelmaking - the basic oxygen furnace structure
		The chemistry of steelmaking - the basic oxygen furnace structure
		The Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Process is the UK's major method for making steel.
		The diagram shows oxygen being blown into the furnace or BOS vessel through a water cooled oxygen lance.
	www.schoolscience.co.uk /content/4/chemistry/steel/msch4pg1.html (252 words)

	AllRefer.com - basic oxygen process (Metallurgy And Mining: Terms And Concepts) - Encyclopedia
		basic oxygen process, method of producing steel from a charge consisting mostly of pig iron.
		The charge is placed in a furnace similar to the one used in the Bessemer process of steelmaking except that pure oxygen instead of air is blown into the charge to oxidize the impurities present.
		The basic oxygen process also produces less air pollution than methods using air.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/basicoxy.html (266 words)

	basic–oxygen process
		In the basic–oxygen process oxygen is blown at high pressure through molten pig iron and scrap steel in a converter lined with basic refractory materials.
		Most widely used method of steelmaking, involving the blasting of oxygen at high pressure into molten pig iron.
		Pig iron from a blast furnace, together with steel scrap, is poured into a converter, and a jet of oxygen is then projected into the mixture.
	www.uk.tiscali.com /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0016419.html (207 words)

	Basic Oxygen Furnace: Equipment
		In the top blown process a water cooled oxygen lance is lowered from the top of the furnace and blows oxygen at supersonic speed into the melt.
		In the bottom-blown processes, oxygen is introduced through a number of tuyeres in the bottom of the furnace.
		One class of combination blown process uses top-blown oxygen with inert gas (argon and Nitrogen) injection through the bottom by means of tuyeres or permeable elements.
	www.energysolutionscenter.org /HeatTreat/MetalsAdvisor/iron_and_steel/process_descriptions/raw_metals_preparation/steelmaking/basic_oxygen_furnace/basic_oyxgen_furnace_equipment.htm (190 words)

	UK Steel Association - How steel is made
		The BOS (Basic Oxygen Steelmaking) process is the major modern process for making bulk steels.
		The oxygen, through a process known as oxidation, combines with the carbon, and with other unwanted elements, separating them from the metal, leaving steel.
		The steel is tapped into a ladle, in which secondary steelmaking frequently takes place.
	www.uksteel.org.uk /stlmake2.htm (354 words)

	EnvIRONment and Other Bath Smelting Processes for Treating Organic and Ferrous Wastes
		In ferrous metallurgy, oxygen steelmaking has become the dominant technology, and, although ironmaking is still dominated by packed-bed technology (e.g., blast furnace and Midrex), a number of bath smelting technologies for producing iron have been developed on a pilot scale (e.g., the HIsmelt, DIOS, American Iron and Steel Institute-Department of Energy [AISI-DOE], and Romelt processes).
		The slag produced from the process is comparable to that produced from steelmaking, albeit with far less iron content; potentially it could be used for landfill, ballast, aggregate in asphaltic concrete, and as a soil conditioner.
		The superior strength properties of the composite pellets are thought to result from the excellent binding properties of the bio-solids component, with the sewage sludge being a non-rigid binder.
	www.tms.org /pubs/journals/JOM/9804/Street-9804.html (4589 words)

	BlueScope Steel - Steelmaking
		The iron ore (iron oxide) is reduced to molten iron by removing the oxygen.
		The steelmaking process at an EAF furnace is as follows:
		Sometimes substances like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and fluxes need to be added to the melt to remove small amounts of impurity in the scrap.
	www.bhpsteel.com /navajo/display.cfm/objectid.6E2B2844-919F-4C5B-A8BDAF700F251551 (1739 words)

	Welded Tube Manufacture
		High quality strip is produced by the Basic Oxygen Steelmaking process from high grade materials with low residual elements.
		The volume fraction of inclusions present is influenced by the overall steelmaking operation.
		Alternatively, oxygen may be removed as a gas by use of vacuum treatment.
	www.unicorn-automation.co.uk /article3.htm (577 words)

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