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Topic: Basic reproductive rate

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	LIFE TABLES
		Introduction: Demographic processes such as births, deaths, immigration, and emigration, are those that affect the size and composition of a population.
		They can then be used to determine age- or stage-specific fecundity and mortality rates, survivorship, and basic reproductive rates, which in turn can be compared from cohort to cohort enabling an analysis of their annual variation.
		Quantifying age-specific birth and death rates enables us to discern patterns and make predictions about the growth or decline of populations in the future.
	www.tiem.utk.edu /~mbeals/lifetables.html (725 words)

	Branching process - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In probability theory, a branching process is a Markov process that models a population in which each individual in generation n produces some random number of individuals in generation n + 1, according to a fixed probability distribution that does not vary from individual to individual.
		Branching processes can also be used to model other systems with similar dynamics, e.g., the spread of surnames in genealogy or the propagation of neutrons in a nuclear reactor.
		In theoretical ecology, the parameter μ of a branching process is called the basic reproductive rate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Branching_process (340 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies (1986)
		The rate at which infants acquired malaria and the rate of onset of episodes of patent parasitemia (with fever, etc.) in the general population both testified to the high rate of transmission.
		The marked increase in the rate at which patent parasitemia disappeared with increasing age and the high ratio (nearly 1:1) of the entomological inoculation rate to the infant conversion rate (the ineffectiveness of sporozoite-positive bites) confirmed the high level of population immunity.
		The basic reproductive rate is essentially the number of secondary infections gen- erated by one infected individual in a population of susceptibles.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309036453/html/190.html (5344 words)

	ARCHIVE\| 1/21/99 Papal Visit to Mexico Ignores Reproductive Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Reproductive health and rights of women in Latin America and the Caribbean are compromised by social and legal inequities, and economic and educational barriers to health care.
		In Women of the World: Latin America and Caribbean, the Center for Reproductive Rights reveals that reproductive health and rights of women in Latin America and the Caribbean are compromised by social and legal inequities, and economic and educational barriers to health care.
		the average rate of maternal mortality in the region is 194 for every 100,000 live births, the fourth-highest rate in the world.
	www.crlp.org /pr_99_0121popem.html (378 words)

	HOST-PARASITE AND DISEASE-VECTOR RELATIONSHIPS
		Three parameters are important in describing the dynamics of a pathogen: the rate it will spread in a population, the threshold number of hosts required for the parasite to establish, and the mean levels of infection for the parasite in the host population.
		Basic reproductive rate of a parasite, Ro: The basic reproductive rate, Ro, of a microparasite may be formally defined as the number of new infections that a solitary infected individual is able to produce in a population of susceptible hosts (Anderson and May 1979).
		Although developmental rates in vertebrate hosts may be comparatively unaffected by changes in environmental temperature, the available evidence suggests that the free-living stages of parasites and those that live in invertebrate poikilothermic hosts are susceptible to prevailing meteorological conditions.
	www.ciesin.org /docs/001-364/001-364.html (4899 words)

	Definition of index.php?search=rate&limit=20&offset=80
		Thus, given an interest rate of ''i'', an initial capital is increased by the...
		Nominal interest rate is not an interest rate at all, but the sum of two diferent concepts in e...
		1:...'''basic reproductive rate''' or the '''intrinsic rate of reproduction''' is the number of secondary [[i...
	www.wordiq.com /knowledge/index.php?search=rate&limit=20&offset=80 (749 words)

	[No title]
		Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes.
		These rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health.
		Reproductive health-care programmes should be designed to serve the needs of women, including adolescents, and must involve women in the leadership, planning, decision-making, management, implementation, organization and evaluation of services.
	www.un.org /ecosocdev/geninfo/populatin/icpd.htm (8481 words)

	USAID Benin: Health: Partnership to improve Reproductive Health
		Benin is among the countries in West Africa where most of the reproductive health indicators such as the fertility rate and the infant and maternal mortality rate reflect a low standard of care.
		The modules cover different aspects of reproductive health and are taught in the School of Medicine of the University of Benin as well as schools for nurses and midwives.
		Presently, all aspects of reproductive health teaching are covered in the curricula of the School of Medicine and the schools for nurses and midwives.
	www.usaid.gov /bj/health/s-modules.html (470 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Given the annual population growth rate of 2.4 per cent for the period 1990-2000, the population is expected to double in the next 29 years.
		Reproductive health service delivery is offered in a combined approach: (a) gradual integration into the minimum package of public services; (b) introduction in private sector and NGO medical services; and (c) community-based distribution.
		Coverage of a minimum of three reproductive health services is estimated at 100 per cent of hospitals and health centres; 88 per cent of health posts; and 26 per cent of basic health units.
	www.unfpa.org /africa/cape_verde/1cap0206.doc (4694 words)

	Bulletin on Narcotics - Volume LIII, Nos. 1 and 2, 2001 - Page 0
		Basic epidemiological measures are prevalence, referring to all existing cases at a certain moment in time, and incidence, referring to all newly occurring cases in a certain time period.
		Such a lack of common understanding about a basic mechanism for the epidemiology of drug use also makes it difficult for consensus to be reached on results from modelling studies, which is not the case in more established fields such as infectious disease epidemiology or economy.
		Many models of drug use exist but consensus on the basic mechanisms for the spread and progression of problematic drug use is still lacking, while legal issues surrounding drug use significantly complicate data collection and monitoring of problematic drug use, as well as the development and evaluation of effective interventions.
	www.unodc.org /bulletin/bulletin_2001-01-01_1_page011.html (6653 words)

	Dictionary of Epidemiology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A decline in which the rate of decay is always proportional to the amount of material remaining; the constant of proportionality is the rate constant.
		An increase in which the rate of growth is always proportional to the amount of material remaining; the constant of proportionality is the rate constant.
		A rate of change is the amount of change happening in a interval divided by the length of the interval; for small intervals the rate of change might be given by a simple rule (a differential equation).
	members.tripod.com /~ThJuland/gloss96.html (4589 words)

	HST Forum 2004: Christina E. Mills
		Seasonal influenza A epidemics result from the spread of antigenically novel viral subtypes generated through small mutation events or from the spread of older viral subtypes that have not yet infected a large proportion of the population.
		estimates were obtained by fitting the simulated death rate based on the growth of the infectious compartment to the weekly data.
		Rather, the growth of the pandemic is driven by the short serial interval and duration of infectiousness.
	hst.mit.edu /forum2004/Abstracts/Mills.html (600 words)

	Definition of Indicators and Data Sources
		The Reproductive Health Indicator Database includes the 17 reproductive health indicators which were selected to monitor national and global reproductive health.
		However, considering that low birthweight rates are changing only slowly, the latest rates available have been taken to also refer to the year 2000 for the calculation of these global and regional estimates.
		To calculate the adult HIV prevalence rate, the estimated number of adults aged 15-49 living with HIV/AIDS in 2005 was divided by the 2005 adult population aged 15-49.
	www.who.int /reproductive_indicators/definitionofindicators.asp (2249 words)

	Rh146: Unmet Reproductive and Sexual Health Needs in South Asia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The, implication is that reproductive health programs should be responsible for reducing the burden of unplanned and unwanted child bearing and related morbidity and mortality Jain and Bruce.
		The estimated abortion rates per 1000 women of reproductive age are 3.4 in Bangladesh, 3.0 in India, 4.1 in Nepal, and 5.4 in Sri Lanka International Planned Parenthood Federation South Asia Region.
		While breast cancer is the mm frequently occurring cancer among women in the industrialized countries, cervical cancer is the most common malignancy in developing countries where it accounts for 20 to 50 percent of all cancers and 80 to 85 percent of all malignancies of the female genital tract Belsey and Royston.
	www.hsph.harvard.edu /Organizations/healthnet/SAsia/suchana/0416/pachauri.html (5830 words)

	Epidemiology and population dynamics of host parasite interactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The variables which regulate the numbers of adult worms in the population are, loss of adults because of their death or of course the death of the host, and the arrival of new adults as a result of infection and development from the larval stages.
		Very high contact rates may not necessarily lead to the accumulation of the parasite in the host population, if the expected lifespan of the infective stage is short.
		Both survival and rate of development of the eggs and larval stages are strongly influenced by the temperature and humidity.
	martin.parasitology.mcgill.ca /jimspage/biol/epidem.htm (3103 words)

	Modeling Range Expansion of the Red Imported Fire Ant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This mechanistic model describes the joint dynamics of population of colonies and operates using 7 ant developmental stages; it describes queen fecundity, detailed dependence of the developmental rates and mortality on air temperature, and mating flights.
		The rates of these processes depend on soil temperature and were determined from laboratory observations (Porter 1988, Calabi and Porter 1989).
		Fire ants still appear to be moving northward at a slow rate in Oklahoma, Arkansas, and probably Tennessee; consequently, the liberal estimate may provide a better estimate of sites at which fire ants have demonstrated their survival ability.
	entweb.clemson.edu /fireant/99conf/fa4.htm (2512 words)

	International Family Planning
		The total cost of funding family planning- and reproductive health services in developing countries was estimated by the UNFPA at the 1994 Cairo Population Conference to be US$15.2 billion/ year in 2000 (in addition to money spent by developing world citizens on their own family-planning).
		Whether broadening the basic female outlook is seen as an end, or as a means to an end, is also argued here to be immaterial.
		Committed totals are expected to grow at the rate of growth of the reproductive-age population, 2%/ year until 2015, 1%/ year thereafter.
	home.alltel.net /bsundquist1/ifp.html (17866 words)

	DEVELOPMENT, GLOBAL CHANGE, AND THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
		The bottom line is that human population size and density are key variables in epidemiology, influencing the rate of introduction of new parasites into the population, their chances of becoming established, the rate of their spread, the evolution of their virulence, and the capacity of human cultural evolution to defend against them.
		Infant mortality rates (per thousand live births) and life expectancies (in years) are perhaps the best indices of health, and the quality and availability of health care are factors in those statistics (adequacy of food supplies and quality of water supply are others).
		A conservative estimate of the global rate of species loss is one extinction per hour (Wilson, 1992), which exceeds by at least four orders of magnitude the rate of evolution of novel species (Lawson and May, 1995).
	www.dieoff.org /page108.htm (15720 words)

	Planned Parenthood - Reproductive Health and Rights in Nepal
		Nepal suffers from one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world, and the practice of unsafe abortion is responsible for more than 50 percent of those maternal deaths.
		One community study estimated the abortion rate to be 117 per 1,000 women of reproductive age per year.
		The maternal mortality rate of Nepal is estimated at 539 per 100,000 live births and studies have shown that 20-48 percent of all gynecological admissions in hospitals are due to abortion complications.
	www.plannedparenthood.org /about-us/international-work/reproductive-health-and-rights-in-nepal.htm (580 words)

	Towards sustainable CBPP control programmes for Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The basic reproductive number for CBPP transmission in pastoral communities of southern Sudan was determined from the average age of infection.
		It was found that when the between herd contact rate was set to 1 per cent of the within herd contact rate, the disease remained endemic in the reference in herds in more than 46 per cent of the iterations of the model.
		When a case fatality rate of 33.2 per cent was incorporated in the model, the predicted prevalence of infection was 6.3 per cent and the total mortality was 1,338 head over the life of the model.
	www.fao.org /docrep/007/y5510e/y5510e0e.htm (2423 words)

	[No title]
		The calculation of the basic reproductive rate R0 for one pathogen in the endemic presence of another is explained, and illustrated by a simple calculation.
		Simple models are used to explore qualitative effects of changes in host range of vectors on the basic reproductive rate (section 1), of migration of vectors on disease persistence (section 2), and of gradual acquisition of immunity to different trypanosome serodemes (section 3).
		In 1988 aspects of the nutrition and reproduction of tsetse continued to be studied, particularly in relation to trap-orientated behaviour of tsetse in the field and the evaluation of biases inherent in trapping techniques.
	www.fao.org /paat/12-4.doc (9669 words)

	Basic reproductive rate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The basic reproductive rate is affected by factors including: the duration of infectivity of patients how infectious the organism is and number of susceptible people in the population the affected patients are in contact with.
		It was originally used by George in 1952 who constructed population models of spread of malaria.
		The 2-disc set The Standard Deviants - Math Basics DVD 2-Pack contains: The Standard Deviants - Basic Math In "The Zany World of Basic Math," the Standard Deviants, an ebullient troupe of young performers whose specialty is taking serious subjects and ma...
	www.freeglossary.com /Basic_reproductive_rate (362 words)

	REAFFIRMING SUPPORT FOR POPULATION, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, SPEAKERS IN GENERAL ASSEMBLY SAY DECADE SINCE CAIRO ONE OF ...
		For whole societies, those basic events produced rates of population increase or decrease, and formed the age structure of the population and the geographic pattern of human settlements.
		attached particular importance to the basic education of girls, because the promotion of girls’ education was a key element in the empowerment of women.
		Despite his country’s difficult situation, its national policies included a reproductive health policy and a plan to struggle against AIDS. The enrolment of children in school was on the rise, he said, and there were fewer dropouts.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/2004/ga10277.doc.htm (10496 words)

	CDC - Model Parameters and Outbreak Control for SARS
		Susceptible persons exposed to SARS enter the exposed class (assumed to be asymptomatic) with a rate proportional to β and remain there for a mean incubation period of 1/k.
		This equation includes 10 parameters of which 2, the diagnostic rate (α) and the relative infectiousness during isolation (l), are widely recognized as being amenable to modification by medical intervention.
		Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the basic reproductive rate: tuberculosis as an example.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol10no7/03-0647.htm (2830 words)

	The Contribution of Genetic Diversity to the Spread of Infectious Diseases in Livestock Populations -- Springbett et ...
		the basic reproductive ratio in a particular population; hence,
		rate were assumed to be independent of genotype.
		rates among subpopulations vary according to a gamma distribution.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/165/3/1465 (4402 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Estimation of the Basic Reproductive Rate (Ro) for Transmission of Enterohemorrhagic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Prevalence of anti-O157 antibodies in calves in these herds was over 80%, suggesting that actual rates of infection were greater than estimated from a one-time sampling (7.4%).
		To understand the dynamics of transmission of EHEC O157 in beef calves, serum samples were obtained from a beef cow-calf herd approximatel every 6 weeks from birth until weaning for 3 consecutive years.
		Using seroconversion data, the basic reproduction rate (Ro), defined as the number of secondary cases resulting from a single infected animal in a population of susceptible animals, was estimated for each of the 3 years as well as in aggregate.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=115477 (313 words)

	[No title]
		A basic set of differential equations describing this framework (ref. 5) is beyond the scope of this correspondence, but includes age-specific host death rate mu, recovery rate upsilon, disease induced mortality rate alpha, and a "force of infection" component, lambda.
		Although technically this should represent the intrinsic reproductive rate of an organism, in terms of its representation in disease dynamics, Rsub0 generally is symbolic of infections produced by an infected, infectious host or victim -- given that evolutionarily a virus is dead if it does not colonize a new host.
		This is because the disease-induced mortality rate alpha, as Martina et al (ref. 1) suggest, would be so high that the total population mortality rate alpha+mu would not support the disease dynamics in a sustainable manner.
	www.promedmail.org /pls/askus/f?p=2400:1001:582003587222592050::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000,23429 (1892 words)

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