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Topic: Basidiospores

	Australian Biological Resources Study - Fungi of Australia GLOSSARY
		heterotropic: of a basidiospore, attached obliquely to the sterigma and forcibly discharged.
		orthotropic: of a basidiospore, where the longitudinal axis of the sterigma corresponds to that of the basidiospore; the basidiospores are not forcibly ejected.
		statismospore: a basidiospore that is not forcibly discharged.
	www.deh.gov.au /biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/glossaries/fungi/index.html (10621 words)

	NYS IPM, Cedar Apple Rust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Basidiospores are forcibly discharged into the air immediately after being formed.
		Basidiospores that land on young apple tissue may germinate and infect if a film of water is present for an adequate amount of time (Table 1).
		Then, the basidiospores will infect apple when susceptible leaf and fruit tissues are wet for certain lengths of time at specific temperatures (Table 1).
	www.nysipm.cornell.edu /factsheets/treefruit/diseases/car/car.html (653 words)

	FUNGI - LoveToKnow Article on FUNGI
		Empusa), and similarly with basidiospores (Coprinus, Agaricus, andc.).
		As a result convection Currents are produced in the air which are sufficient to catch the basidiospores in their fall and carry them, away from the regions of comparative atmospheric stillness near the ground, to the upper air where more powerful air-currents can bring about their wide distribution.
		Autobasidiomycetes.In this by far the larger division of the Basidiomycetes the basidia are undivided and the four basidiospores are borne on short sterigmata nearly always at the apex of the basidium.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /F/FU/FUNGI.htm (16279 words)

	Key to Illinois Boletes (MushroomExpert.Com)
		Basidiospores brown in mass, ornamented with longitudinal ridges; pores bright yellow.
		Basidiospores pinkish brown in mass; basidiocarps not staining blue-green.
		Basidiospores reddish brown to chocolate brown in mass; pileus brown to dark brown; stipe not reticulate; pores white to pale grey, staining blue-green; basidiocarps staining waxed paper blue-green.
	www.mushroomexpert.com /methven_01.html (919 words)

	Characteristics
		Basidiospores (Figure 4) are always produced externally on a structure called a basidium.
		At first it may be difficult to distinguish between a basidiospores and one of the asexually initiated spore types, but one should always suspect the presence of basidia when externally produced spores consistently occur in groups fo four or eight (figure 4).
		As with ascospores, basidiospores are the result of an early fertilization that is not easily observed.
	www.botany.utoronto.ca /ResearchLabs/MallochLab/Malloch/Moulds/Characteristics.html (878 words)

	Fungi
		Spores, called basidiospores are produced on basidia within the basidiocarps.
		Compare the diagrams of a basidium with basidiospores above with that of an ascus with ascospores seen earlier.
		Basidiospores germinate to produce monokaryotic (haploid, one nucleus per cell) hyphae.
	faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu /faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Fungi/fungi.htm (1236 words)

	SDI Companies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Basidiospores are airborne and may be significant contributors to the total air spora during certain times of the year.
		Basidiospores show a wide range in size, shape, structure, and color; however, they are always single-celled and are frequently small, in the range of 5Ð12 micrometers (Pegler and Young 1971).
		In addition, the basidiospores of many mushrooms and bracket fungi are asymmetrical due to the presence of a hilar appendage which attaches the basidiospore to the basidium.
	www.multidata.com /Vol4Numb41997.html (4596 words)

	WITCHES' BROOM
		Basidiospores are spread by wind and must land in water to germinate and infect susceptible tissues of cacao.
		Delgado, J. and Cook, A. Nuclear conditions of the basidia, basidiospores, and mycelium of Marasmius perniciosus (causal agent of witches'broom of cacao).
		Evans, H. and Bastos, C. Basidiospore germination as a means of assessing resistance to Crinipellis perniciosa (witches' broom disease) in cocoa Theobroma cacao cultivars.
	www.oardc.ohio-state.edu /cocoa/witchbrm.htm (2670 words)

	Chrysanthemum White Rust - Commercial Publication - Yoder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In spite of their very short lives, basidiospores are responsible for the explosive character of local epidemics when conditions are right.
		Basidiospores (the airborne spores) are thin walled and subject to rapid desiccation.
		Basidiospores are only produced and released during periods of high relative humidity (96 to 100%) and temperatures from 40 to 73°F (optimum 63°F).
	www.ceris.purdue.edu /napis/pests/cwr/cwryod2.html (510 words)

	ID-93: Midwest Tree Fruit Pest Management Handbook
		The teliospores germinate to form basidiospores which are carried by wind to apple trees.
		Once release of basidiospores from cedar trees has ceased (generally by second or third cover), there is no further infection of apple tissues.
		The basidiospores that infect apples are produced and released from cedar galls starting at about the pink stage of flower bud development through first or second cover; this is the most critical time for control with fungicides.
	www.ca.uky.edu /agc/pubs/id/id93/ch_1.htm (15026 words)

	Diseases of Urban Plants
		The basidia and basidiospores are minute and are only observable under a microscope.
		Teliospores, produced from telia on paintbrush, germinate and produce basidiospores that infect twigs of pine in the fall.
		Basidiospores, produced from overwintering teliospores, are thin walled and delicate and are not adapted for long range spread.
	ag.arizona.edu /pubs/diseases/az1124 (12929 words)

	LABORATORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bolbitiaceae: basidiospores rusty brown and with an apical germ pores; pileus cuticle a derm (the hyphae are arranged perpendicular to the pileus surface and appear cellular in view (i.e.
		Strophariaceae: basidiospores purple brown to fl and with an apical germ pore; pileus cuticle a cutis.
		Tricholomataceae: basidiospores white; gills attached; sphaerocysts absent in the trama of the pileus
	www.humboldt.edu /~dll2/bot359b/agar/intagar1.htm (381 words)

	Cedar-apple Rust
		Wetting of galls in the spring initiates expansion of the spore horns and production of basidiospores which are carried to the apple tree to infect leaves and fruit during extended wetting periods.
		Basidiospores may be produced within four hours at 52 to 77 F (11.1 - 25 C), and an additional four to six hours of wetting will permit severe infection under heavy inoculum conditions (Table 2-2).
		Basidiospores do not form at temperatures below 46 F (7.8 C) and the length of wetting required for infection is extended considerably at temperatures below 50 F (10 C).
	www.caf.wvu.edu /kearneysville/disease_descriptions/omcar.html (738 words)

	Dr. Mary Powelson's Slideshow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the wood rotting fungi the basidiospores are produces in a basidiocarp called a mushroom.
		The basidiospores germinate, fuse, and infect the ovary.
		A rhizomorph is a cord-like thread of mycelium, 1-3 mm in diameter, consisting of a compact outer layer of mycelium and a core of white mycelium.
	www.bcc.orst.edu /bpp/bot350/basidiom.html (495 words)

	Rhizoctonia solani
		This type of disease often occurs because the mycelium and/or sclerotia of the fungus are close to or splashed on the plant tissue.
		The basidiospores germinate to produce hyphae that infect leaves during periods of high relative humidity and periods of extended wet weather.
		Under these conditions, basidiospores can often be observed on the base of stems near the soil surface or on the underside of leaves in the plant canopy.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /course/pp728/Rhizoctonia/Rhizoctonia.html (1576 words)

	Basidiomycota
		Each basidiospore germinates into a short hypha which enters the leaf of the barberry, and establishes a haploid mycelium of the mating type carried by the basidiospore.
		Basidiospores may infect new corn plants, or may form sporidia which bud, and the resulting cells infect corn plants.
		Basidiospores only infect the pistils of the flowers of wheat or oats respectively.
	www.cs.cuc.edu /~tfutcher/Basidiomycota.html (2127 words)

	[No title]
		Basidiospores 6.8-8 X 3.5-4.2 m m, thin-walled; stipe covering an intermittent hymeniiform layer of islands of such tissue (clavate vesciculose cells and ventricose-lageniform cystidia); lamellar trama interwoven; subhymenium not gelatinized; on Alnus jorullensis; Argentina .
		Basidiospores 8-9 X 4.5-6.3 m m, with slightly thickened, yellowish, refractive walls; stipe covering very sparse, consisting of small groups of primarily ventricose to lageniform cystidia, not appearing as an intermittent hymeniiform layer; lamellar trama bilateral; subhymenium gelatinized, on Senecio; central Mexico .
		Basidiospores (6.4-8.6 X 3.7-5 m m; Q = 1.74) are shorter than typical for the genus but not narrower, producing a Q value close to typical.
	fp.bio.utk.edu /mycology/Flammulina/default.html (9303 words)

	DacryTunFork (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The basidia are embedded in a gelatinous matrix in the hymenium that lines the outside layer of the fruitbody.
		The tips of the basidia poke therough the jelly and the two basidiospores are produced to the outside for release.
		At the centre of the field two developing basidiospores can be seen at the ends of the sterigmata.
	www.uoguelph.ca /~gbarron/MISC2003/dacrytun.htm (57 words)

	Fungi Classficatiom - Basidiomycotina
		Basidiomycetes are characterised primarily by the sexual spores (basidiospores) being produced on a cell called a basidium, usually in fours.
		Basidium is the cell in which karyogamy (nuclear fusion) and meiosis occur, and on which haploid basidiospores are formed.
		The basidium produce four basidiospores, borne on the tips of little prongs which project from the apex, and which are called sterigmata.
	www.hiddenforest.co.nz /fungi/class/basidiomycotina.htm (545 words)

	Classification of the Sub
		The basidia are non septate, and the basidiospores are forcible ejected from the basidia.
		The basidia are borne on a hymeneal layer on the surface of "gills" which, in turn, are produced on the underside of fleshy umbrella-like basidiocarps.
		The basidiospores are therefore not forcibly ejected from the basidium.
	io.uwinnipeg.ca /~simmons/2152web/2152/fungi3a.htm (908 words)

	Dr. Donald G. Ruch
		Previously, I have demonstrated the ubiquity of the cycle in mushroom spores, and I have found that the difference in malate specific activity between dark spored and light spored gilled mushrooms is a taxonomic phenomenon and not due to phenolic contamination.
		Occurrence of the glyoxylate cycle in basidiospores of homobasidiomycetes.
		The ultrastructure and cytochemistry of dormant basidiospores of Psilocybe cubensis Singer.
	www.bsu.edu /web/biology/faculty/ruch.html (1371 words)

	lb2pg07
		The Basidiomycota are distinguished from all other fungi by the production of "basidiospores", which are borne outside a club-shaped, spore-producing structure called the "basidium".
		The basidia are borne in a layer on the surface of "gills" which, in turn, are produced on the underside of fleshy umbrella-like basidiocarps.
		The basidiospores are forcibly ejected form the basidium.
	io.uwinnipeg.ca /~simmons/lb2pg07.htm (676 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The sexual spores (basidiospores) are approximately 1.8 µm to 3 µm in diameter and result from crosses of the and µ a-mating types on an appropriate medium (1).
		The monokaryotic hyphae contain clamp connections and basidia with short chains of basidiospores and are similar in all respects except in nuclei number to the dikaryotic hyphae of the sexual forms (5).
		Regardless of the nature of the infectious particle (yeast cell or basidiospore), if a cryptococcal isolate is not able to produce small infectious particles, it cannot be pathogenic under the usual conditions for establishing the disease.
	ftp.cdc.gov /pub/EID/vol4no1/ascii/buchanan.txt (7081 words)

	Basidiomycota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Its air-borne basidiospores initiate infection via the lungs, leading to the disease termed cryptococcosis.
		In many basidiomycota there is a rather elaborate mechanism for ensuring that the dikaryotic condition is maintained during growth of the hyphae.
		At maturity, the outer layer of the puffball becomes a papery structure with a hole at the top, and a "puff" of basidiospores is released when raindrops impact onto the fruibody.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/basidio.htm (1420 words)

	DOACS-DPI - Pest Alert: Chrysanthemum White Rust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The telial stage spores are present in the large unsightly protuberant lesions on the leaf underside.
		These basidiospores die when they dry out, so very moist conditions must prevail for chrysanthemum white rust to spread.
		Basidiospore production from teliospores can occur in as little as three hours of wetness, and two hours of leaf wetness is all that is required for successful infection by dispersed basidiospores.
	www.doacs.state.fl.us /~pi/enpp/pathology/chrysanthemum-rust.html (309 words)

	Top Story
		There are reports that dispersal by wind can occur over distances of 700 m and more but, because the basidiospores are very sensitive to desiccation at less than 90 percent relative humidity, long-distance spread would be likely only during very wet periods.
		Basidiospores survive 5 minutes when the relative humidity is 80 percent or less, and up to 60 minutes when the relative humidity is 81 to 90 percent.
		The basidiospores are fragile and under normal conditions generally can not survive longer than about 1 hour.
	www.americanfarm.com /growtopstory11.01.04a.html (884 words)

	Plant Protection and Quarantine - Chrysanthemum White Rust
		Basidiospores - these can cause an epidemic if conditions are right.
		The basidiospores are fragile and generally do not survive longer than about one hour.
		Basidiospores survive 5 minutes when the relative humidity is 80% or less, and up to 60 minutes when the relative humidity is 81 to 90%.
	www.aphis.usda.gov /ppq/ispm/cwr/background.html (471 words)

	Acta Botanica Brasilica - Novos registros de Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycota) em Mata Atlântica no Nordeste ... *(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)*
		Basidiospores hyaline, ovoid to elliptical, verruculose, amyloid, 3,05,5×2,5-3,5µm.
		Basidiospores hyaline, ovoid, with apiculus, 1-guttulate, smooth, inamyloid, 5,5×3,0µm.
		Basidiospores hyaline, smooth, globose, with apiculus, amyloid, 4,6-6,0µm.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-33062004000400027&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=en (1861 words)

	Biocontrol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Rather, the spores are able to germinate and produce basidiospores in the same season in which they are produced.
		in vitro is 15° C; basidiospores are produced at temperatures ranging from 5° to 20° C, but not at 0° or 25° C. Basidiospores are produced and germinate within six hours, and continue to be produced for at least twenty-four hours.
		• The viability of basidiospores is maintained through a storage process of drying, grinding, and freezing, or refrigeration at 5° C. • Dried ground-infected leaves bearing sori can be stored at 5° C for over a year without a substantial loss in viability.
	bioweb.usu.edu /shermt/Biocontrol.htm (1082 words)

	Forest Pathology - White Pine Blister Rust
		Because of the delicacy of basidiospores and their need for good conditions, successful dispersal distances are generally about 300 meters and at most 3-4 kilometers.
		Further, the basidiospores that infect pine are very delicate, require certain conditions and can't get far.
		Basidiospore dispersal distances tend to be longer in such sites, and conditions for infection are more frequent.
	www.forestpathology.org /dis_wpbr.html (2258 words)

	Small Grain Wheat Diseases - Common Smut
		The teliospores germinate in moist soil to produce a short hypha (or promycelium) on which long, thin basidiospores (also called primary sporidia) develop.
		The basidiospores germinate near the seed and infect the developing plant coleoptile before it emerges from the soil (seedling infection).
		The mycelium then develops in meristematic tissue of the growing plant and is carried upward with plant growth.
	pnw-ag.wsu.edu /smallgrains/Common%20smut.html (538 words)

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