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	Basilar membrane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The basilar membrane within the cochlea of the inner ear separates two liquid filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani (see figure).
		This separation is the main function of the basilar membrane in the hearing organ of all land vertebrates.
		Nilsen KE, Russell IJ: The spatial and temporal representation of a tone on the guinea pig basilar membrane.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Basilar_membrane (573 words)

	The Place Theory of Pitch Perception
		High frequency sounds selectively vibrate the basilar membrane of the inner ear near the entrance port (the oval window).
		It is hard to conceive of a mechanical resonance of the basilar membrane that sharp.
		One way to sharpen the pitch perception would be bring the peak of the excitation pattern on the basilar membrane into greater relief by inhibiting the firing of those hair cells which are adjacent to the peak.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/sound/place.html (353 words)

	The Organ of Corti in the Inner Ear
		It is situated on the basilar membrane in one of the three compartments of the Cochlea.
		The place along the basilar membrane where maximum excitation of the hair cells occurs determines the perception of pitch according to the place theory.
		The hair cells of the organ of Corti are arranged in four rows along the length of the basilar membrane.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /HBASE/sound/corti.html (381 words)

	Basilar Membrane Vibration in the Gerbil Hemicochlea -- Richter et al. 79 (5): 2255 -- Journal of Neurophysiology
		Basilar Membrane Vibration in the Gerbil Hemicochlea -- Richter et al.
		the surface of the basilar membrane and parallel to the surface
		the basilar membrane was 3.5 mm (HCo116) and 7.6 mm (HCo142).
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/79/5/2255 (4988 words)

	Contact
		A chain of three small bones (middle ear) attached to the inner surface of the timpanic membrane transmits the vibrations to another membrane stretched across one of the openings of the inner ear, or cochlea.
		It is known that the primary structure of the cochlea, the basilar membrane, carries out a frequency analysis of the incoming sound wave, such that each frequency within the auditory spectrum causes a maximum displacement to occur at a particular point on the membrane.
		Bending of the inner hair cell cilia due to basilar membrane displacement, produces a change in the overall resistance of the cell, thus modulating current flow through the hair cell.
	tomscarff.tripod.com /music/human_auditory_system.htm (615 words)

	LUTEar 2.0.9 Manual - Basilar Membrane Filtering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The flow of fluid in the cochlea, induced by the movement of the oval window, causes a standing wave-like displacement of the basilar membrane and the structures attached to it.
		It is this that is responsible for the simulation of the hair cells, which transform the mechanical movement to neural activity.
		Different sections of the basilar membrane resonate in response to different input frequencies: high frequencies cause standing waves towards the base of the cochlea, while the higher energy low frequencies cause high amplitude standing waves further along the basilar membrane towards the apex of the cochlea.
	www.neurophys.wisc.edu /neuro730/lutear/Manual-Basilar.html (311 words)

	Basilar Membrane
		The basilar membrane is internally formed by thin elastic fibers tensed across the cochlear duct.
		of input frequency because of the exponentially graded stiffness of the basilar membrane.
		Cabezudo LM (1978) The ultrastructure of the basilar membrane in the cat.
	www.vimm.it /cochlea/cochleapages/theory/bm/bm.htm (225 words)

	Auditory systems
		The basilar membrane, which is wider and stiffer at the apex than at the base of the cochlear spiral, bends slightly in response to vibration.
		The hair cells are located between the basilar membrane and the reticular lamina, a thin membrane that covers the hair cells.
		The movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial membrane causes the cilia on hair cells to bend.
	www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu /MBC4420/audition.htm (1037 words)

	BrainConnection.com - How We Hear
		Like a xylophone, the ear's basilar membrane is organized tonotopically, with high frequencies at the base and low frequencies at the apex.
		The region of the membrane whose resonant frequency is 440 Hertz vibrates the most, and a group of hair cells in that region send a 440 Hertz signal into the brain.
		This gives the basilar membrane tonotopic organization or organization by tone, similar to a xylophone: tones are arranged from low frequency on one end to high frequency on the other (Figure 1).
	www.brainconnection.com /topics/?main=anat/auditory-phys (472 words)

	Basilar_Membrane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The bulging of the membrane creates a shearing motion for the hair cells of the organ of Corti, generating electrical potentials that stimulate the auditory nerve.
		The bulging of the basilar membrane as a function of frequency (from F. Winckel, Music,Sound and Sensation, Dover, 1967, p.
		Position of the resonance maximum on the basilar membrane (after von Békésy) for a pure tone of frequency f.
	www.sfu.ca /sonic-studio/handbook/Basilar_Membrane.html (163 words)

	The Ear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Basilar membrane is a long structure that is stiff and hard near the round and oval windows and floppy and loose near its far end.
		Because the position along the membrane corresponds to frequency this statement is equivalent to saying that a pure tone excites nerves corresponding to a band of frequencies about the pure tone resonance.
		The resonance is symmetric in distance along the basilar membrane but asymmetric on the high side in frequency becasue of the logarithic distribution of frequencies along the length of the basilar membrane.
	physics.mtsu.edu /~wmr/ear.htm (1424 words)

	The tectorial membrane, the cooperation of saccus endolymphaticus and scala media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The tectorial membrane is fairly well situated near the center of the scala media; over its entire length, one side is firmly connected with the internal bone structure of the cochlea.
		This because the tips of the hair bundles of both the outer and inner hair cells are connected to the tectorial membrane, while their cell bodies are forced to move together with the basilar membrane away and towards the tectorial membrane.
		This also implies that the part of the perilymph that is moving along the basilar membrane will do that in the opposite direction as the movement generated by the airborne sound stimulus, in case both the outer ear and the shell-shaped skull bones are exposed to the same external sound stimulus.
	www.slechthorend-plus.nl /fysica/en/heerens_06expl.htm (3038 words)

	A Two-Mode Model of Motion of the Alligator Lizard Basilar Papilla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Consequently, pressure on the BM exerts a torque on the basilar papilla.
		This result is consistent with basilar membrane impedance estimates from measurements of BM motion using the Mössbauer method (Peake and Ling, 1980), and with measurements of cochlear input impedance made at the tympanic membrane (Rosowski et al, 1985).
		Although the translation of the basilar membrane is largely independent of frequency, the rotation exhibits a second-order resonance which presumably increases the high-frequency slope of tuning curves of auditory nerve fibers innervating this cochlea.
	umech.mit.edu /aja/posters/aro02/aro02.html (1589 words)

	[No title]
		The tube is bisected by the cochlear partition that supports the tectorial membrane and basilar membrane.
		As we have said, within the cochlea are the tectorial membrane and the basilar membrane.
		The basilar membrane is in contact with the scala tympani.
	eee.uci.edu /programs/biotutor/110/alexandra/week5.doc (702 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Hearing Works"
		The middle membrane, the basilar membrane, is a rigid surface that extends across the length of the cochlea.
		In the last section, we saw that higher pitches vibrate the basilar membrane most intensely near the oval window, and lower pitches vibrate the basilar membrane most intensely at a point farther down the cochlea.
		It lies on the surface of the basilar membrane and extends across the length of the cochlea.
	www.howstuffworks.com /hearing1.htm (881 words)

	Institute of Phonetic Sciences,
		Until the observations of Rhode (1971) or Rhode and Robles (1973), the common opinion on the motion of the basilar membrane as a result of pure tone stimulation, was the concept of a travelling wave along the membrane.
		In consequence of von Békésy’s observations it is not surprising that even in early attempts to describe the motion of the basilar membrane the intention was present to model the pressure in the surrounding fluid, even beyond resonance, as a travelling wave.
		It appeared that along the membrane the distance from the stapes to the point of resonance is mainly determined by the scaled length parameter.
	www.fon.hum.uva.nl /Proceedings/Proceedings22/JanvDijk/JanvDijk.html (6368 words)

	Internal Shearing within the Hearing Organ Evoked by Basilar Membrane Motion -- Fridberger et al. 22 (22): 9850 -- ...
		To shift the position of the basilar membrane, the pressure in the scala tympani was modified using the
		Fridberger A, van Maarseveen JTPW, Scarfone E, Ulfendahl M, Flock B, Flock Å (1997) Pressure-induced basilar membrane position shifts and the stimulus-evoked potentials in the low-frequency region of the guinea pig cochlea.
		Zinn C, Maier H, Zenner H-P, Gummer AW (2000) Evidence for active, nonlinear, negative feedback in the vibration response of the apical region of the in-vivo guinea-pig cochlea.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/22/9850 (5555 words)

	Do We Need Multiple Electrodes? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The normally functioning cochlea apparently mechanically "sorts" the sounds according to their frequency, so that the highest tones vibrate the basilar membrane closer to the round window, and the lowest tones vibrate the basilar membrane closer to the apex of the cochlea.
		The apex would be at the narrow end of the funnel, and the basilar membrane would be a long triangular membrane splitting the funnel into parts.
		That is, if few or no sensory structures remain on the basilar membranes of the majority of deaf patients, it makes no sense to deliver a signal to any particular spot on a membrane which clearly cannot respond to that stimulation: the piano keys are missing.
	www.allhear.com /monographs/WhyMultipleElectrodes.html (2021 words)

	Hearing in terrestrial mammals: Animals and Sound in the Sea
		Movement of the basilar membrane stimulates tiny hair cells on the organ of Corti, this causes a chemical change that creates a neural impulse.
		The basilar membrane is the part of the cochlea that separates sounds according to their frequency.
		The bottom of the basilar membrane (portion closest to the oval window) is narrow, thick, and stiff.
	www.dosits.org /animals/produce/terr.htm (743 words)

	Limiting Frequency of the Cochlear Amplifier Based on Electromotility of Outer Hair Cells -- Ospeck et al. 84 (2): 739 ...
		We ignore direct drag on the basilar membrane itself inasmuch as the major drag originates in the gap between the RL and TM which is mechanically coupled to BM oscillation.
		thus is proportional to the velocity of basilar membrane motion.
		Rhode, W. Observations of the vibration of the basilar membrane in squirrel monkeys using the Mössbauer technique.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/84/2/739 (5674 words)

	Stiffness of the Gerbil Basilar Membrane: Radial and Longitudinal Variations -- Emadi et al. 91 (1): 474 -- Journal of ...
		and 3) Hensen's stripe (on the underside of the tectorial membrane)
		Data were obtained in the basal turn at the middle of the basilar membrane pectinate zone and have been fitted with a linear regression: k = a + bt, where a = (0.685 ± 0.035) N/m, b = (0.000467 ± 0.000416) (N/m)/min, and Pr = 0.270.
		with the basilar membrane plateau stiffness at the midpectinate
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/91/1/474 (9335 words)

	H.E.A.R. \| Features \| Hearing Education and Awareness for Rockers
		In the field of physiological acoustics, he suggested that the basilar membrane in the organ of Corti vibrates in response to sound entering the ear.
		Following Helmhotz' discovery, he was aware that the basilar membrane was of great importance and managed to make a number of measurements which proved what the German scientist had assumed: the existence of traveling waves along the basilar membrane.
		And not only did the basilar membrane vibrate in response to sound but it also amplified the sound so that it would be loud enough to be transmitted to the brain.
	www.hearnet.com /features/feature_articlepumpup.shtml (1235 words)

	Tympanal travelling waves in migratory locusts -- Windmill et al. 208 (1): 157 -- Journal of Experimental Biology
		of the basilar membrane in the cochlear duct.
		Thin membrane outlined in red, thick membrane outlined in green; PV, insertion point of the pyriform vesicle (high frequency mechanoreceptors, highlighted in blue); FB, insertion point of the folded body (low and mid frequency mechanoreceptors, highlighted in green).
		Cooper, N. and Rhode, W. Basilar membrane mechanics in the hook region of cat and guinea-pig cochleae: sharp tuning and nonlinearity in the absence of baseline position shifts.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/208/1/157 (5738 words)

	Reissner's membrane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Reissner's membrane is a membrane inside the cochlea of the inner ear.
		Together with the basilar membrane it creates a compartment in the cochlea filled with perilymph, which is important for the function of the organ of Corti.
		Histologically, the membrane is composed of two layers of flattened epithelium, separated by a basal lamina.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reissner's_membrane (109 words)

	NewMusicBox
		Running the length of the tube is a thin sheet of tissue called the "basilar membrane." Vibrations of the ossicles produce sound waves in the cochlear fluid, which cause the basilar membrane to vibrate.
		Each place on the basilar membrane is tuned to a different frequency (Figure 2), so that low-frequency sounds cause the membrane to vibrate near the top (apex) of the spiral, and high-frequency sounds cause the membrane to vibrate near the bottom (base) of the spiral.
		The sensation of dissonance is determined in part by the response of the basilar membrane.
	www.newmusicbox.org /article.nmbx?id=4077 (2481 words)

	Hearing in cetaceans: Animals and Sound in the Sea
		The major differences are the number of nerve cells, the size of the basilar membrane, and the support of the basilar membrane.
		The thicker and stiffer the basilar membrane, the more tuned an ear will be for higher frequency hearing.
		Toothed whales have evolved adaptations that increase the stiffness of the basilar membrane.
	www.dosits.org /animals/produce/ceta.htm (540 words)

	Organ of Corti Potentials and the Motion of the Basilar Membrane -- Fridberger et al. 24 (45): 10057 -- Journal of ...
		Cai H, Shoelson B, Chadwick RS (2004) Evidence of tectorial membrane radial motion in a propagating mode of a complex cochlear model.
		Cooper NP (1998) Harmonic distortion on the basilar membrane in the basal turn of the guinea-pig cochlea.
		Sellick PM, Patuzzi R, Johnstone BM (1982) Measurement of basilar membrane motion in the guinea pig using the Mössbauer technique.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/24/45/10057 (4573 words)

	Frequency Tuning of Basilar Membrane and Auditory Nerve Fibers in the Same Cochleae -- Narayan et al. 282 (5395): 1882 ...
		Frequency Tuning of Basilar Membrane and Auditory Nerve Fibers in the Same Cochleae -- Narayan et al.
		in the vibrations of the basilar membrane and renders unnecessary
		Longitudinal pattern of basilar membrane vibration in the sensitive cochlea.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/282/5395/1882 (497 words)

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