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Topic: Basque nationalism

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	Encyclopedia: Basque nationalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Basque nationalism is a movement with roots in the Carlism and the lost in 1876 of the old regime privilegiated relation of the Basque provinces and the crown of Spain when the Spanish government revoked the fueros.
		The fueros acted in part as the Basque legal systems and juridical identity but mainly designed the relation of the Basque Provinces with the crown, and were given by the early kings of Castille to signify the special realtionship of the crown with the Basque provinces.
		The maximun ideologe of the present Basque Nationalism is Sabino Arana founder of the Basque Nationalist Party.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Basque-nationalism (1379 words)

	Paradiplomacy and Stateless Nations: a reference to the Basque Country (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It marginalizes the importance of nationalism in explaining the breadth, scope and intensity of regions international activity in the former and its absence, or lesser prominence in the latter.
		This does not mean that stateless nationalism is a necessary condition for paradiplomacy, or that the intensity of a region’s international activity is a straightforward function of the strength of a nationalist movement.
		Primitive Basque essentialism of a racist character was the ideological basis of early Basque nationalism, which combined with powerful populist elements and ethnoreligious exclusivism to produce a discourse quite distinct from that of Catalan nationalism.
	www.tamilnation.org /selfdetermination/fourthworld/paradiplomacy.htm (5896 words)

	Basque nationalism undermined by ETA , by Barbara Loyer
		Second, the basic tenets of that ideology, which concern the limits of Basque national territory and the definition of the national community, are highly controversial and strongly disputed by part of the Basque population itself.
		At the outset, Basque nationalism was thus a racist, extreme-Catholic, separatist doctrine that postulated the existence of an ethnic community distinct from the Spanish and French and portrayed the Basque problem as a conflict between nations.
		The refusal of part of the local society to subscribe to the idea of a Basque nation is as deeply rooted in history as nationalist ideology, and the most radical critique of that ideology has come from former adherents and their offspring.
	mondediplo.com /1998/02/08basque (2843 words)

	The Ongoing Conflict in Spain: Basque Nationalism.
		A popular version of history says that the Basques began to establish themselves as a political unit with the Duchy of Vasconia, which covered the area from the River Ebro, upward from Saragossa to the shores of the Garrone and which was established at the beginning of the seventh Century.
		The Basque country, as one of the most industrialised parts of Spain, underwent massive economic expansion and an increase in the demand for labour which could not be met locally resulting in more non-Basque immigration.
		Although mitigated slightly by the development of democracy and a level of autonomy, Basque nationalistic aspirations will probably continue to exist as long as there are Basques who feel, rightly or wrongly, that they are being dominated by an ‘alien’ or Castilian hegemony at the detriment of their own.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/1089/basque2.html (3092 words)

	Nations and Nationalism 2 (1), 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Basque resistance to assimilation by succeeding waves of invaders subsequently became an abiding theme of their historical experience, as at least some concept of Basque 'identity' was preserved in the face of challenges by Romans, Visigoths, Franks and Moors.
		A national epic was commissioned in 1934, and the poet Nicolds Ormaechea ('Orixe') composed a 12,000 verse romantic tribute to Basque rural life entitled Euskaldunak Poema or the Poem of the Basques.
		From its very inception Basque nationalism was imbued with a sense of symbol and myth: the farm or baserria, traditional dances, music, and, of course, the language.
	ibs.lgu.ac.uk /forum/cameron.htm (7222 words)

	Treanor: Structures of Nationalism
		A world of nation states is a world of states built to maintain past ideals, where change is limited to that necessary for their survival, a world structured against 'change for the sake of change'.
		Basque separatists in Northern Spain and South-western France want a nation state, and are labelled nationalists: the governments of France and Spain, who have already got a nation state, are not.
		Nations are thus projects for the future and have the right to self-determination in order to organise their future.
	www.socresonline.org.uk /2/1/8.html (7419 words)

	Basque nationalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Fueros gave Basque citizens a unique position in Spain special tax and political status; additionally Basques have to serve in the Spanish army.
		Basque separatists want a fully independent state of the Basque Autonomous community (Álava Vizcaya and Guipúzcoa) the Autonomous Community of Navarra and the Pyrénées-Atlaniques (Labourde Basse-Navarre and for a total of seven.
		Basque Politics and Nationalism on the Eve of the Millennium
	www.freeglossary.com /Basque_nationalism (266 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Q & A: Northern Ireland and the Basque conflict (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It can be argued also that Basque nationalists, a people of the north in Spain, share some features of their political make-up with unionists, a people of the north of Ireland.
		The outcome of the dialogue was an agreement between the different strands of Basque nationalism to cooperate in a common political programme seeking a constitutional change for the region.
		Basque nationalists did not take their agreement to the political parties who are in favour of the Basque country remaining as a part of Spain, as Irish nationalists did with their unionist neighbours.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/546371.stm (932 words)

	AllRefer.com - Basque country, Spain & Portugal (Spanish And Portuguese Political Geography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Although Basque was recognized as the official language of the region in 1978, most Basques speak French or Spanish.
		In the densely populated coastal provinces of Vizcaya and GuipUzcoa the chief occupations are mining of iron, lead, copper, and zinc and metalworking, shipbuilding, and fishing.
		Basque nationalism remained strong, however, and the region achieved autonomy again in 1980 when it elected its first parliament.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/Basqueco.html (457 words)

	Basque Nationalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But the Basque nationalism must face now a triple challenge, according to the president of the PNV: to promote an open identity that responds to economic...
		The History of Basque Nationalism Museum is part of the Nationalism Archive.
		Basque separatists want a fully independent state consisting of the Basque Autonomous community (Álava, Vizcaya and Guipúzcoa), the Autonomous Community of Navarra and the Pyrénées-Atlaniques (Labourde, Basse-Navarre and Soule), for a total of seven.
	www.wikiverse.org /basque-nationalism (290 words)

	Basque Left Wing Nationalism
		ETA-PM believed that social and national liberation were two sides of the same coin, and that the new party would help to overcome the false polarisation between an unpatriotic socialism and a conservative nationalism.
		The results of the October 1990 elections for the Basque parliament were a disaster for EE and clearly marked the end of the party’s ambitions.
		The non party education minister J.R. Recalde an advocate of a unified school system, and the main originator of the theory that the Basque nation had to be built by eventually uniting the different communities.30 In agreeing to that measure EE abandoned one of its main strategies for uniting social and national issues.
	marxnat.tripod.com /basquejourney.htm (5928 words)

	Dutch ministery wants to hand over Basque activist to Spain
		They do not criticise Basque nationalism and even seem to support it: "The Basque independence movement is nationalist in the sense that they feel affinity with the Basque language and the Basque culture, and they want to protect these against Spanish oppression.
		Anyway, according to the independence movement autonomy and territorial unity (a Basque country including Naffaroa and French Basque country) are needed to guarantee survival of the Basque culture and language", the commitee wrote.
		In fact, it is precisely the "Left-nationalist" Basque movement that have always heavily fought and isolated the more anti-nationalist and internationalist organisations in Basque country.
	www.gebladerte.nl /30017v02.htm (1441 words)

	Euskal Herria Journal \| A Basque Journal \| Navarre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He constructed the ideology of Basque nationalism which in turn, was transformed into a powerful political strategy.
		In 1963 Enbata presented the Itsasu Letter, a national project for these three Basque territories to be implemented in two stages: first, the creation of a Basque department to be followed by the unification of the seven Basque provinces in a European federation.
		The political and military struggle for independence is led by Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA, Basque Homeland and Freedom), the Basque national liberation army which transformed the conservative ideology of Basque nationalism into a progressive movement.
	www.ehj-navarre.org /navarre/na_history_bn.html (377 words)

	::: Euskonews & Media ::: Elkarrizketa :::
		In the 1930s Basque nationalism in France clustered around a very interesting figure, a priest called Pierre Lafitte who was very much a social moderate, profound catholic, maybe a christian social-democrat.
		I don't think there is a Basque lobby in the United States, like there is an Israeli lobby, a Greek lobby, etc. I think the Basques concentrated their efforts on lobbying in Europe because they hoped Europe would develop into a federal system.
		Professor Jacob's interest in Basque issues dates back to the early 1970s when he started to study Basque nationalism in France and had the opportunity to meet some of the nationalist movement's founders and spokesmen.
	www.euskonews.com /0228zbk/elkar_en.html (1621 words)

	The Nationalism Project: Spain & Basque Nationalism LInks
		Center for Basque Studies - University of Nevada, Reno: This research center conducts and publishes Basque-related research in the fields of anthropology, history, women's studies, cultural studies, literature, bibliography, and lexicography.
		The Institute of Basque Studies, London: Founded in 1998, the IBS promotes and encourages research on Basque language and culture, and facilitates research material and publications on the area for educational purposes.
		Basque Red Net: A Marxist site concerned with the conflict between Spain and the Basque people, as well as class war.
	www.nationalismproject.org /links/spain.html (448 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages. Home
		Daniele Conversi: The Basques, the Catalans and Spain.
		Nationalism and Immigration in Catalonia and the Basque Country
		His analysis gives us a unique and persuasive insight into why Basque and Catalan ethnicity have taken such different routes, while at the same time the book is a signal contribution to the theory of nationalism through the author's holistic investigation of the relationship between the state and the regions.
	www.ogmios.org /69.htm (1017 words)

	Basque (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Basque Country, the homeland of the Basques
		Basque Country (autonomous community), an administrative division of Spain
		This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Basque (100 words)

	nabarralde.com
		That is, "Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa, as sovereign states, had pacted with Spain, on equal terms, and as equal powers, their voluntary integration." The consequences of this myth, according to Nabarrase historian Tomas Urzainki, "has had an intra-national segregationist and secessionist effect" and facilitated the establishment of regional administrative autonomy in Spain's Basque territories.
		After the dictator Franco died and monarchy was re-established in Spain, the Basque Nationalist Party (PVN) sold out to Spain because they did not want to lose their political hegemony in Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa (aka Baskongadak; Basque Country), had these three Basque territories re-joined Nabarra.
		The struggle for Basque autonomy in Nabarra's truncated territories in France has been for the most part a cultural movement.
	www.nabarralde.com /anabarra/anabarra_nationalism.html (385 words)

	Basque Nationalism: History, Roots and Possible Solutions - Storming Media
		Abstract: The aim of this paper is to make some personal reflections directed at dealing with the Basque nationalism problem based on deductions made in points 1, 2, 3 and 4 listed below: 1.
		First: To establish some basic ideas about the kind of nationalism in order to define and classify Basque nationalism.
		Third: To find the roots of nationalism in Basque history and the possible causes driving it.
	www.stormingmedia.us /79/7904/A790424.html (134 words)

	Useful links
		Basque statistics compiled by an autonomous office of the Basque Government, including population and language usage statistics.
		Interprets Basque Heritage for the public through a variety of exhibits, educational programs, presentations, and classes in the Basque language, dance, and music.
		Basque cultural group with offices at Oxford House community center at Bethnal Green in London.
	basque.unr.edu /15/15.1t/15.1.links.htm (477 words)

	Institute for Media, Peace & Security - Bibliography
		Hasselman, Karen A. The National Interests of the United States in Southeast Asia: Policy Changes for Their Protection and Promotion since the Withdrawal from the Naval Base at SubicBay.
		Campbell, David, National Deconstruction: Violence, Identity, and Justice in Bosnia, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1998.
		National Interest, National Honor: The Diplomacy of the Falklands Crisis.
	www.mediapeace.org /bibliography.cfm (3354 words)

	An Online Basque Reader
		This page brings together over 250 articles on Basque society and culture that are currently available in English on the Internet.
		Ethnicity in Festival Landscapes: An Analysis of the Landscape of Jaialdi '95 as a Spatial Expression of Basque Ethnicity
		Basque: The Basque Language in Education in Spain
	www.euskalnet.net /sjf/basquelinks1.htm (837 words)

	Daniele Conversi 's selected publications
		Redefining the Nation, the State, and the Citizen.
		The unintended consequence of cultural assimilation in Croatian, Kurdish and Basque nationalism".
		The influences of international events and political ideologies on Catalan and Basque nationalism", West European Politics, vol.
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /conversi/CV.html (1265 words)

	Daniele Conversi: 'The Basques, the Catalans and Spain'
		Praise for The Basques, the Catalans and Spain:
		'This outstanding comparative study not only is one of the most comprehensive studies on Basque and Catalan nationalism, but is also a fine piece of theoretical reflection on the nature of political mobilization in subnational distinctive cultural identities.
		Precisely because of the lack of cultural material, the sections on the Basque Country are solid but less illuminating, serving ultimately to suggest the importance of economic and political factors.
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /conversi/book.html (934 words)

	Basque nationalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Amazon.com reports that it carries about 1,948 items relevant to Basque nationalism
		You can click on this message to see their list of those items.
		Displaying all human-reviewed links related to: Basque nationalism
	www.omniknow.com /common/wiki.php?in=en&term=Basque_nationalism (444 words)

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