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Topic: Basque nationalists

	Basque Country (Spanish region) - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Basque Country (Spanish region) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The region is bordered by the Bay of Biscay to the north and separated from the French part of the Basque Country cultural region by the Pyrenees.
		In 1936, shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish civil war, the central government granted the three provinces comprising the Basque Country autonomy, and the Basque nationalist leader José Antonio de Aguirre was elected president of the autonomous government.
		The region's Basque population continued to express a strong sense of nationalism, and in 1979 the Statute of Guernica granted a degree of autonomy to the region, which elected its first parliament in 1980.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Basque+Country+(Spanish+region) (460 words)

	Basque nationalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Gernika oak is a symbol of Basque freedoms.
		Basque nationalism is a movement with roots in the early 1876 when the Spanish government revoked the fueros or Basque legal systems and juridical identity, the last remnants of Basque sovereignty.
		Basque separatists want a fully independent state consisting of the Basque autonomous community (Álava, Vizcaya and Guipúzcoa), the Navarran autonomous community and the Pyrénées-Atlantiques (Labourd, Basse-Navarre and Soule), the latter being parts of France.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Basque_nationalist (180 words)

	Contesting Control of the Discourse: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		According to Basque nationalists, the fueros were codification of the Basque consuetudinary laws, which, taken collectively, equated to sovereignty that Spanish monarchs periodically swore to uphold and respect as a condition of the Basques joining and remaining within the greater Spanish nation-state.
		In the case of the Basque nationalist one, HB (Herri Batasuna) is a leftist party whose relationship to ETA's violent activists is akin to that between Sinn Fein and the IRA.
		Moderate Basque nationalists would inevitably be forced to either abstain or move in the direction of one of the two polar extremes.
	ibs.lgu.ac.uk /sympo/Douglasopening.html (6654 words)

	Euskal Herria Journal \| A Basque Journal \| News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		When the 'negotiations' (among Basque nationalist political groups, ETA, trade unions, social groups) often termed the 'peace process', were first launched under the flag of the Lizarra Accord in 1998, many Basque nationalists believed that the first steps in the direction of an end to ETA's armed struggle and a 'political settlement' had been made.
		To understand this, it is essential to analyze the situation under which the various Basque nationalist groups decided to participate in the Lizarra scheme, and to determine the end situations that the various sides were expecting from the agreements.
		A coach for the moderate Basque nationalists, Miguel Herrero Miñon, is a former Popular Party MP and one of the 'founding fathers' of the 1978 Spanish Constitution.
	www.ehj-navarre.org /news/n_conpol_pulltheplug.html (1668 words)

	Basque nationalism undermined by ETA , by Barbara Loyer
		At the outset, Basque nationalism was thus a racist, extreme-Catholic, separatist doctrine that postulated the existence of an ethnic community distinct from the Spanish and French and portrayed the Basque problem as a conflict between nations.
		The refusal of part of the local society to subscribe to the idea of a Basque nation is as deeply rooted in history as nationalist ideology, and the most radical critique of that ideology has come from former adherents and their offspring.
		Nationalists are also faced with the difficult problem of integrating immigrants from other parts of Spain and those of their children who have not espoused the Basque cause.
	www.mondediplo.com /1998/02/08basque (2843 words)

	Euskal Herria Journal \| A Basque Journal \| News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Basque nationalists claim the votes went from Euskal Herritarrok to the PNV but that the radical vote is still there.
		The PNV and a smaller nationalist party, EA, together saw their seats rise by six to 33, but were still short of a majority and in need of support from other parties.
		Aznar's party spent much of its campaign accusing the ruling Basque Nationalist Party of failing to use its wide powers to fight ETA and of cosying up to the pro-Basque independence radicals after the nationalists struck an alliance with Euskal Herritarrok in 1998, during an ETA ceasefire.
	www.contrast.org /mirrors/ehj/news/n_conpol_13M.html (979 words)

	RaceandHistory.com - Basques defend ancient culture
		Basque nationalists see Irish nationalism as sharing with them a struggle of national liberation against big states, Spain and Great Britain.
		Many Basques are happy with the large degree of autonomy they have been granted by the central government in Madrid.
		Basque nationalists assassinate Prime Minister Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco in Madrid in retaliation for the government's execution of Basque militants.
	www.raceandhistory.com /worldhotspots/basque.htm (1455 words)

	Guardian \| Basque nationalists demand referendum
		The Ibarretxe plan, they agreed, was designed to lead to Basque independence and, according to some, was a direct result of the connivance of Mr Ibarretxe's Basque Nationalist party with Eta, which has killed more than 800 people in its violent campaign for a separate state.
		The Ibarretxe plan, he claimed, gave new meaning to a nationalist cause that was in danger of running out of things to ask for, given the autonomy the region already enjoys.
		It provided Basque nationalists with a fresh identity, a new cause to fight for and, as long as Madrid blocked the plan, a fresh sense of outrage to fuel their mistrust of Spain's central government.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4786462-103482,00.html (708 words)

	Second World Basque Congress - 37
		It was not enough that the Basques had fought against Fascism for three years (1936-1939) or that the battalion "Gernika," composed of exiled Basque soldiers, had formed part of the liberation of Bordeau during the Second World War.
		The deception of the Basque nationalists, who had hoped that the defeat of Hitler would be followed by the fall of his friend Franco, was very great.
		Among the political topics studied were the Basque Statute of Autonomy (conceded by the Spanish Republic), the integration of Navarre into the Basque statutory community and the historic rights of the Basques.
	basque.unr.edu /09/9.3/9.3.37t/9.3.37.05.congress.htm (1824 words)

	Mailbombs and Car Bombs: the Basque Conundrum
		That the Basque Autonomous Government has been headed, since its inception in 1979, by the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) – the moderate wing of nationalism – is due largely to the division of the non-nationalists between socialists, radical leftists, and conservatives.
		The Basque self-styled “national liberation movement” represented by ETA, which sprang up in the 1960s, was consciously modeled on the one of Northern Ireland, with the IRA as the armed branch and Sinn Féin as the political one.
		The primordial symbol of this identity is, of course, the Basque language – which is not related to any other – but since a great many Basques, especially urban ones like Arana himself, had lost the actual use of their language, a different identifying badge had to be found.
	www.ce.berkeley.edu /~coby/essays/basqnat.htm (1353 words)

	Euskal Herria Journal \| A Basque Journal \| News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In Urruña, another Basque nationalist coalition led by Beñat Elizondo gained 14 percent of the total vote.
		Galant also made history in the Basque territories under French administration: it is the first time in 37 years that a Basque nationalist will seat in the Parliament de Navarre, the headquarters of the General Council of the Pyrennes Atlantiques Department.
		The news that Basque nationalists had obtained 12 percent of the total vote had zero coverage in the Spanish media, consistent with their role as government agent.
	members.freespeech.org /ehj/news/n_conpol_ipar0301.html (730 words)

	RTE News - Ruling Basque nationalists win municipal elections
		Ruling moderate Basque nationalists and their allies have won today's regional elections with 100% of votes counted.
		The Basque Interior Ministry said that the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) and its coalition partner, Eusko Alkartasuna (EA), would obtain 33 seats in the 75-seat regional parliament.
		Euskal Herritarrok (EH), the political wing of the militant Basque separatist group, ETA, who have been waging a decades-long armed campaign for an independent homeland, were set to lose half their seats in the assembly.
	www.rte.ie /news/2001/0513/eta.html (216 words)

	UPC Working Paper 01-07
		Nationalist parties in Spain (PNV and CiU) have been active not only as regards the quest to secure higher degrees of home rule for their own power bases, but also in the general governance of Spain as a whole.
		In 1998 the leadership of the Basque Nationalist Party believed the timing was right to attempt to ‘democratise’ political supporters of ETA, thus bringing them into the realm of a non-violent path towards Basque nation-building and eventual independence.
		By nationalists we refer to those parties that explicitly declare themselves as such and have as an ultimate --although in some cases vague-- aim the achievement of independence for the Basque Country.
	www.iesam.csic.es /doctrab2/dt-0107.htm (5381 words)

	Euskal Herria Journal \| A Basque Journal \| News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		We can draw analogies here with the regionalist Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), which in fear of the support ETA was receiving, and of losing control, made a deal with Madrid for a statute of autonomy for Navarre's truncated territories of Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa.
		The heaping of blame upon the Basques 'on the ground', the obsessive demands of a ceasefire to one side only and the constant repetition that Basque militants are an obstacle to peace, are proof that the so-called democratic Basque Nationalist Party has totally failed to understand the tragedy it is supposedly trying to solve.
		These 'democratic' Basque nationalists focus on tactics and on decreeing a set of guidelines telling the key participants in the conflict what not to do, rather than on stating clearly and without ambiguity their intentions for what they do expect to achieve and how they are going to do it.
	www.contrast.org /mirrors/ehj/news/n_conpol_abco.html (1095 words)

	Minority Languages in Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Basques history of isolation, as well as the evolved nature of their specific regional culture, was to set the stage for a nationalist movement of the 20th Century that focused on preserving the past, rather than preparing for the future.
		The extended history of Basque autonomy is a significant factor in their continued quest for the recovery of their autonomy, whereas the Catalonian peoples have been deprived of this independence for nearly 300 years, and have become quite complacent to accept the political rule of an outside power.
		Basques see that they must open up to the rest of the world not only for reasons of economic survival, but also to make their problems known to a wider audience[86].
	www.sit-edu-geneva.ch /minority_languages_in_spain.htm (7996 words)

	How Do Basque and Spanish Differ? - Basque separatists speak one of the planet's most unusual languages. By Brendan ...
		The Basque separatist group ETA is being blamed for a bombing that killed two policemen in the northern Spanish town of Sangüesa today.
		Basque nationalists often point to the group's distinct language as a primary reason for independence.
		Though the Basque region was granted considerable autonomy after Franco's death, a small faction of separatists, who believe their culture is threatened, continues to fight for complete independence.
	www.slate.com /id/2083795 (515 words)

	ETA - Basque - Spain - Worldpress.org
		Basque regional Prime Minister Juan José Ibarretxe and his Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) are waging a war against Madrid.
		“The Basques want to decide their own future, and they also want to part, once and for all, with the barbarity of the ETA [the Basque separatist movement, Euskadi ta Askatasuna],” Ibarretxe was quoted in El Mundo’s special report on the plan (November 2003).
		The solution, according to Ibarretxe, is a political agreement granting the Basque Autonomous Community the status of a “free associated state,” with its own foreign policy, separate courts, and representation in the European Union, to be decided in a referendum in 2005.
	www.worldpress.org /Europe/1757.cfm (581 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Basque nationalists set up showdown with Madrid
		Rival Basque nationalist groups set aside their differences yesterday to push a controversial bill through the regional parliament making increased independence for the region a real possibility - and a showdown with Madrid almost inevitable.
		The plan, on which nationalists now hope to hold a referendum in the Basque region, proposes a model of free association for the Basque nation within the Spanish state.
		At the beginning of the day the tripartite coalition led by the moderate Basque nationalists was two votes short of the outright majority it required to pass the bill.
	www.guardian.co.uk /spain/article/0,2763,1381232,00.html (473 words)

	Basque March Reflects Gains in Anti-Madrid Separatism
		E.T.A., which in the Basque language stands for Basque Homeland and Freedom, is accused of killing more than 800 people since it began its campaign for independence in 1968.
		Leopoldo Barreda, spokesman in the Basque country for the Popular Party, accused the Basque government of negligence in allowing the march to proceed.
		One of those marching, Joseba Álvarez, is a member of the Basque parliament for Batasuna, but under the judicial order suspending the party's activities, he is barred from speaking in Batasuna's name, from holding meetings or rallies or from taking part in politics as a member of the party.
	personal.ecu.edu /conradtd/pols2010/Fall023234/FALL023234023.htm (829 words)

	Social Movements and Democracy in the Basque Country by P. Ibarra, M. Zubiaga & I. Barcena - Article on Politics - A ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		From the Basque Nationalist Party, the moderate party of government in the Basque Country (there are statements from 1989 onwards), to Jarrai, the youth wing of the radical BNLM, who after an initial phase of suspicion, from 1993 onwards - pronounced on 20 November - decided to fully support it.
		This dynamic of embedding "the environmental" in "the nationalist" brought criticisms, discomfort and splits, repeatedly bringing the charge that the environmental aims were being impaired by this nationalist "fellow traveller", especially when ETA, came on the scene, and intervened in both cases.
		In the Basque case, when this is linked to slogans such as dialogue and negotiation, it means that left-wing nationalist Basques (20% of voters, more or less) come to support the demands of those which share their final aim and the means to get it.
	ibs.lgu.ac.uk /forum/ibz.htm (9301 words)

	Euskal Herria Journal \| A Basque Journal \| News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		While the banning of the Basque nationalist flag from public places should be condemned, it is important that we set the record straight about the flag Sanz has banned.
		The Basque nationalist flag is the symbol of the Basque nationalist community.
		It is true that Spain's Basque nationalist government of Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa has not to date banned the flag of Navarre from public places.
	www.ehj-navarre.org /news/n_conpol_bg090602.html (420 words)

	Terrorism: Q & A \| Basque Fatherland and Liberty (Spain, separatists)
		The Basques are a linguistically and culturally distinct Christian group that has lived since the Stone Age in the mountainous region that straddles the border between modern-day Spain and France.
		Basque nationalists include other areas with smaller Basque-speaking minorities—the Spanish province of Navarre and three departments in southwest France—in their vision of a Basque homeland.
		In 1959, by young activists angered by the dictator Franco’s suppression of the Basque language and culture and frustrated with moderate Basque nationalist organizations.
	cfrterrorism.org /groups/eta.html (724 words)

	CNN.com - Poll boost for Basque nationalists - May 14, 2001
		The Basque Nationalists (PNV), which won 27 seats in the last election in 1998, wants independence from Spain through peaceful means.
		The election outcome is a blow to Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar, a fierce opponent of Basque self-determination who had made ousting the nationalists one of his government's top priorities.
		Incumbent Basque president Juan Jose Ibarrexte told cheering supporters in Vitoria, seat of the region's autonomous government, that the result was a victory for his party's push for multi-party dialogue to end the separatist conflict.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/europe/05/14/spain.basque (540 words)

	Basque nationalists win regional elections
		The political wing of the Basque terrorist organisation ETA saw their vote halved in last Sunday's elections held in the region.
		While the Spanish government stepped up its repression and vilification of the separatists, none of the vital issues confronting the Basque people, such as unemployment, declining living standards, the crisis in agriculture and industry, education, health, pensions, etc., were discussed in the course of the campaign.
		The rightwing PP government refused to negotiate with ETA during its ceasefire, or agree to one of its demands that ETA prisoners be moved to jails nearer the Basque Country.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2001/may2001/spa-m16.shtml (640 words)

	WAIS - World Affairs Report - The Basque Problem
		Few Americans have heard of Guernica, yet it is a focal point in the debate about the Basque provinces of Spain, which continue to reel under the terrorist acts of ETA.
		The boundaries of the Basque language retreated steadily during the nineteenth century, and the Basque nationalists are making a desperate attempt to save it, a cause which I do not support.
		During the Spanish Civil War, the Basque Carlist militia, known as the Requeté, supported Franco, while industrial Bilbao was the focal point of republicanism.
	wais.stanford.edu /Spain/spain_basque1.html (644 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World -- Spanish court bars hundreds of Basque nationalists from running in election
		MADRID, Spain – Spain's highest court Friday barred nearly 1,500 Basque nationalists from running in municipal elections, calling them camouflaged members of the outlawed party Batasuna.
		The voting in the troubled Basque region is just for municipal elections.
		The Supreme Court had said Basque nationalists have formed new parties to skirt its March verdict outlawing Batasuna on grounds it engaged in terrorism as part of the armed separatist group ETA.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/world/20030509-0405-spain-basques.html (296 words)

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