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	Basque Provinces - LoveToKnow 1911
		BASQUE PROVINCES (Provincias Vascongadas), a division of north-eastern Spain, comprising the three provinces of Alava, Biscay or Vizcaya and Guipuzcoa.
		The territory occupied by the Basque Provinces forms a triangle bounded on the west and south by the provinces of Santander, Burgos and Logrono, on the east by Navarre, on the north by France and the Bay of Biscay.
		The chief industries of the Basque Provinces are the sea fisheries and iron mining.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Basque_Provinces (1297 words)

	Basques - MSN Encarta
		Basque ancient laws (called fors in France and fueros in Spain), which emphasized a respect for individual liberty, traditionally governed every area of their lives and were strictly adhered to.
		When a Spanish kingdom was established in the late 15th century, the Basque provinces preserved their customs, laws, and diplomatic relations with other countries with slight variation until 1876, when the provinces were absorbed by Spain.
		Since then, relations between the Basques and the central government have improved, though occasional terrorist acts were carried out by the military wing of the Basque separatist organization, ETA (Euzkadi ta Azkatasuna: “Basque Fatherland and Liberty”), which was formed in the 1950s.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761574205/Basques.html (730 words)

	Basque people information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Basques, being themselves native to Navarre, are predominantly found in an area known as the Basque Country, consisting of four provinces in Spain and three in France, located around the western edge of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay.
		The key sources for the early history of the Basques are the classical writers, especially Strabo, who in the 1st century CE reported that the north of modern-day Navarre and Aragon (the area immediately east of the modern-day autonomous community of the Basque Country) was inhabited by a people known as the Vascones.
		In 1937, roughly halfway through the war, the troops of the Autonomous Basque Government surrendered in Santoña to the Italian allies of General Franco on condition that the Basque heavy industry and economy was left untouched, beginning one of the hardest periods of Basque history in Spain.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Basque_people (6967 words)

	Development of Euskadi
		Thereafter, the Basques maintained their independence from the Visigoth invaders of Spain in the 6th century, the Moorish invaders in the 7th century, and the growing Spanish and French monarchies for the better part of the Middle Ages.
		The northern Basque Provinces were slowly absorbed into France over the course of the 14th and 15th centuries, and Navarre's partition between France and Spain came in the 16th century.) Despite the annexation of the Basque provinces, the provinces of Gupuzkoa, Biskaia, and Araba remained essentially self-governing under the Basque fueros.
		As time passed, the rapid industrialization of the Spanish Basque Country made Basque self-government essential; while the Spanish Basque Provinces were rapidly becoming one of the richest industrial areas in Spain, the rapid industrial growth attracted large numbers of immigrants from elsewhere in Spain who threatened to overwhelm the Basques in their own homeland.
	www.ahtg.net /TpA/euskherr.html (1629 words)

	Buber's Basque Page: A Short History of the Basque Country
		Basque speaking country, are making cultural history in that it is the language that has moulded and given the Basque people a sense of unity, a sense of being a nation.
		The Basques moved to and fro on each side of their land of the Pyrenees and fought against the armies of Suintila, Recesvinto, and Wamba in the eighth century when Tarik disembarked in 711 with 7,000 Berber soldiers in what is now Gibraltar, and defeated the Goths.
		The Basques also lost the second Carlist War and this defeat meant the advent of the Law of Abolition of the Statutes (almost all that still remained of the sovereignty), proclaimed in July 1876.
	www.buber.net /Basque/History/shorthist.html (4322 words)

	Symbols of a People 42 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The political unity of the seven Basque provinces in a free and independent Euskadi has not been seen except for a short period in spite of their tight linguistic, cultural, and racial bonds.
		In 1936 the Basque government declared the flag its national emblem and it was carried by the gudariak, the Basque soldiers, in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).
		But the Basques could not wait any longer to display their sacred symbol and, in opposition to the rigid legality evidenced in the early days of Spanish democracy when the ikurrina was still prohibited, they flew the flag publicly and without permission.
	basque.unr.edu /09/9.3/9.3.42t/9.3.42.03.symbols.htm (2841 words)

	Basque nationalism undermined by ETA , by Barbara Loyer
		Second, the basic tenets of that ideology, which concern the limits of Basque national territory and the definition of the national community, are highly controversial and strongly disputed by part of the Basque population itself.
		The provinces of Labourd, Basse-Navarre and Soule are in the French Department of the Pyrénées Atlantiques.
		At the outset, Basque nationalism was thus a racist, extreme-Catholic, separatist doctrine that postulated the existence of an ethnic community distinct from the Spanish and French and portrayed the Basque problem as a conflict between nations.
	mondediplo.com /1998/02/08basque (2843 words)

	Spain The Basques - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		From this time until the nineteenth century, relations between Castile and the Basque provinces were governed by the fueros, local privileges and exemptions by which the Spanish king recognized the special nature of the Basque provinces and even a number of Basque towns (see Rule by Pronunciamiento; Liberal Rule, ch.
		These centers of Basque traditional culture have been in constant decline since the introduction of heavy industry to the region in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, and they could well disappear by the end of the twentieth century.
		Officials in the Basque Country launched a number of important programs, especially in television and education, to restore the language to a level of parity with Castilian Spanish, but the success of these efforts will not be confirmed for at least a generation.
	www.photius.com /countries/spain/society/spain_society_the_basques.html (887 words)

	Spain - Across The Basque Provinces
		The Basques are a thrifty folk, and have cultivated their scant acres to the utmost.
		The lawmakers of Vizcaya were duly chosen by their fellow-nobles, for every Basque held the rank of hidalgo, or "son of somebody." The deputies met every two years in the village of Guernica, sitting on stone benches in the open air beneath the sacred oak, and there elected the Senores de Vizcaya.
		But she had stolen out, every sympathetic Basque image of the sculptured doorway conspiring to keep a stony silence and conceal her flight, and had sped back to the Tree of Guernica, from whose contemplation she was torn away only by a fairy-tale of supper.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles25/spain-20.shtml (2908 words)

	Basque Country (Spain)
		In 1936 the Basque Autonomous Government (whose Lehendakari president—; was José Antonio Agirre) was created, with representation of all the democratic parties, and the Ikurriña was declared by law the Basque flag.
		The Ikurriña is the symbol of the Basques of Euskadi (under Spanish rule), Iparralde (under French rule), Navarre (under Spanish-French rule) and foreign residents in America, Europe and Australia (the Ikurriña is in the flag of Saint Pierre and Miquelon).
		The ikurriña was designed by the Biscay brothers Sabino and Luis Arana for the province of Biscay, and it derives from the Biscay coat-of-arms (the red field is from the ancient Biscay flag, the white cross from the argent cross of the coat-of-arms [which shows behind the tree] and the green saltire from the tree).
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/es-pv.html (1779 words)

	Buber's Basque Page: Eusko Harmarriak
		The emblems of the Basque provinces are recognized by most all Basques, adorning the cover of festival programs, advertising a Basque restaurant, and displaying prominently on shirts worn during club festivals.
		Both the northern (French) province of Benafarroa and the southern (Spanish) province of Nafarroa share the same emblem of the medieval kingdom of Navarre which was divided by Spain and France in 1659 by the Treaty of the Pyrennes.
		The province's name, "Araba" in Basque, "Alava" in Spanish, is not derived from the Basque word "alaba" (daughter), on the assumption that it is the daughter of the other three provinces in the South.
	www.buber.net /Basque/Folklore/harmarria.html (999 words)

	OINKARI BASQUE DANCERS
		The friendship between the groups, born of a common heritage and love of the Basque tradition of dance, lead to the naming of the Basque American "dream" group after their Basque Country friends.
		The dancers are not professional performers but their innate respect for their culture heritage makes Oinkari performances a whirl of flying feet and snapping fingers, a thrilling combination of leaping enthusiasm and studied precision, exciting, ancient music and shouts of exhortation in the language of the Pyrenees.
		All the dancers are of Basque descent and at least some are able to speak some of the Basque language.
	www.basqueclubs.com /clubs/oinkari.htm (635 words)

	CNN.com - ETA: Feared separatist group - August 26, 2002
		The Basque country, or Euskal Herria as it is known in Basque, straddles the western end of the Pyrenees, covering 20,664 square kilometres in northern Spain and southern France.
		The Basque people are the oldest indigenous ethnic group in Europe and have lived uninterrupted in the same region since the beginning of recorded history.
		ETA and its depands for an independent Basque state arose in 1959 in the midst of this suppression.
	edition.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/europe/05/21/basque.background (849 words)

	ETA: the 'mother' of separatist terrorism
		Basque separatism was created originally around a manufactured ethnic identity, in the cauldron of race scientists and ethnologists who were working in the British orbit in such centers as Leipzig, Vienna, and Paris around the turn of the present century, and who worked through the Basque priest José Miguel de Barandiarán (1889-1980).
		Religious/ideological/ethnic motivating ideology: "Basque nationalism" used the separatist wing of the Catholic Church in the Basque country—traditionally the stronghold of the Jesuits since the Society of Jesus was founded by the Basque soldier Ignatius of Loyola in the early 1500s.
		Thumbnail historical profile: The Basque Provinces are known as "Provincia de Loyola." The Basque-born Ignacio de Loyola "got revelation" for his future mission, at the Benedictine Monastery of Lazcano, which also seems to have informed the "theology" of de Barandiarán.
	www.larouchepub.com /other/1995/2246_eta.html (4486 words)

	EUSKARA
		There are 520,000 Basque speaking people in the Basque provinces in Spain, that is 25% of their total population.
		The Basque language was not written until the 16th century, but that was not obstacle to creating a rich oral literature, kept alive up to the present times by the "bertsolarismo" and the pastorals.
		Today Basque schools are in the process of becoming part of the Basque state school, but in the French Basque Country, and some parts of Navarre, Basque schools are the only ones which provide teaching in Basque.
	www.cd.sc.ehu.es /DOCS/book.SS-G/v2/Euskara.html (1101 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		After the Basque rebellions against Roman feudalism in the late 4th and 5th century, the area eventually formed part of the independent Duchy of Vasconia, being segregated as separate County of Vasconia in the early 9th century.
		In this period Northern Basques surely participated in the successive battles of Roncevaux against the Franks, in 778, 812 and 824.
		The three Northern Basque provinces would still enjoy of great autonomy until the French Revolution suppressed it radically, creating the department of the Pyrenees Atlantiques, half Basque and half Gascon.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Northern_Basque_Country (669 words)

	hizketa8-2
		Each of the other Basque provinces were to develop their own (a parallel of sorts of our state flags) and then later a new design would serve to bring all six regions together with a national flag.
		Basques were not allowed to speak their distinctive native language, Euskara, and the Ikurriña was prohibited.
		The young people tend to leave the Basque Clubs because they are busy with studies in colleges or universities and at the same time are planning out their lives and will later join the Basque Clubs when settled down.
	www.basqueclubs.com /Hizketa/hizketa8-2.htm (3366 words)

	New Page 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Basque country itself is spread throughout the western half of the Pyrenees mountains covering parts of both France and Spain.
		From this time until the nineteenth century, relations between Castile and the Basque provinces were governed by Spanish Fueros, which were local privileges and exemptions by which the Spanish king recognized the special nature of the Basque Provinces and even a number of Basque towns.
		Mainline Basque nationalists collaborated in the framing of a new constitution that accorded considerable autonomy to the Basque regions.
	www.peopleteams.org /basque/Bashis.htm (601 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - BASQUE PROVINCES: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A Jew visiting Guipuzcoa for business purposes was not permitted to stop at one place longer than three days, and in the whole province not longer than fourteen days at the utmost.
		At Vitoria, the capital of the province of Alava, Jews lived from the twelfth century, but after 1203 in a special street, the "Calle Nueva," or "New Street." They grew to a considerable community, which was under Castilian rule, and which in 1290 paid a tax amounting altogether to 11,392 maravedis.
		Before the end of July, 1492, the Jews left Vitoria; many went into the neighboring province of Navarre; others, such as members of the family Chacon, took passage for the Orient; while a few only renounced their faith.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=399&letter=B (535 words)

	BASQUE COUNTRY PRESENTATION
		In spite of the political divisions the seven provinces of Basques country are obstinately steadfast on every Basques matter.
		Three of the seven originally Basque provinces are regrouped in the north, in the Pyrenees-Atlantiques : Soule, Labourd and Basse Navarre.
		The main Basque Euskadi town is Bilbao (Bilbo in Basque) there are 370,000 inhabitants followed by Vitoria (Gastiez) which is the administrative capital and the chair of government with 210,000 inhabitants.
	www.basquexplorer.com /pbe/dossierpresent/vapresent.htm (522 words)

	Main Basque Introduction
		The Basque language, Euskara, is unrelated to the Indo-European language family.
		Basques have immigrated to all parts of the world dealing in trade and commerce in Venezuela, the sheep industry in Argentina, and the sugar industry in Australia.
		Basques are primarily associated with the sheep industry of the American West.
	zimmer.csufresno.edu /~vangv/basqueintro.html (390 words)

	Department of Foreign Languages, Salem State College: Jon Aske
		Most Basques are devout Roman Catholics [this, of course, is nonsense; nowadays most Basques, just like most Europeans, are not religious at all].
		The Basque Country, Euskal Herria in the Basque language, can be seen as a nation without a State in Western Europe, between Spain and France, at the western end of the Pyrenees.
		Coming back to the Basque case, it should be clear that the historical conflict here was not one between a beleaguered, unified Basque people desperately trying to hold on to its language and culture and a cruel Spanish state or people trying desperately to assimilate them.
	www.lrc.salemstate.edu /aske/basque.htm (1519 words)

	Basque University - 35 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Rather, they were longstanding and echoed the exploratory initiative of the Navarrese Diputación which, in 1868, sought to establish a Basque-Navarrese University, an effort that failed due to the lack of cooperation among the Basque provinces and the disinterest or hostility of the central government in Madrid.
		The rebirth of the idea was due to the efforts of the generation of the early twentieth century studied by Idoia Estornes in her monograph on the Society of Basque Studies.
		The university concept was nourished by the Basque cultural and political ferment in its various guises, all of which were able to agree on the worth of the common project and its importance for Basque cultural development.
	basque.unr.edu /09/9.3/9.3.35t/9.3.35.07.univ.htm (1041 words)

	HOMELANDS: BASQUE COUNTRY / Basques in reflection / SPANISH PROVINCES REVEAL OLD AND NEW
		Intxausti is a Basque, and her language is the oldest and most enigmatic in all of Europe.
		Three of the four Spanish Basque provinces have gained a limited measure of autonomy since Franco's death, and signs everywhere are now in Basque, a language that to a nonspeaker looks like a Scrabble tray with lots of potential points but no word to play.
		The ETA has assassinated officials in the Basque country and bombed some police stations, but for the most part their sporadic attacks are carried out elsewhere in Spain.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2005/08/21/TRGDGE9EFG1.DTL (2230 words)

	The Pays Basque, South West France
		The Kingdom was formulated by 7 provinces as an independent Country, 4 on the Spanish side of the Pyrenees and 3 on the French (Soule, Basse-Navarre and Labourde), with no allegiance to France or Spain).
		However, the division of the Kingdom into two provinces eventually led to the division of Navarre between Spain and France later in the 16th century, which is as it is today.
		The Basque language, spoken by 20% of the current population, is very different from Gaelic and the European languages spoken in the rest of the world.
	www.touradour.com /history/basque.htm (325 words)

	123VOYAGE South West France: Pays Basque
		When we mention the Pays Basque in the South West site, we are infact referring to the three French Basque provinces (Soule, Basse-Navarre and Labourde) of the Basque Country or Euskal-herri that includes these three "French" provinces plus four Spanish ones.
		The Basque language, spoken by 20% of the current population, is very different from Gaellic and European languages spoken in the rest of the world today.
		The Pays Basque, however is particularly famous for the Basque Coast (Côte Basque) with the popular costal resorts of Biarritz and Saint Jean-de-Luz being the most popular holiday destinations.
	www.123voyage.com /realsw/areas/basque.htm (449 words)

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