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Topic: Basques

	Basques - MSN Encarta
		Basque ancient laws (called fors in France and fueros in Spain), which emphasized a respect for individual liberty, traditionally governed every area of their lives and were strictly adhered to.
		The Basques are devout Roman Catholics and have fought to prevent domination of their religious institutions by French and Spanish ecclesiastical authorities.
		Since then, relations between the Basques and the central government have improved, though occasional terrorist acts were carried out by the military wing of the Basque separatist organization, ETA (Euzkadi ta Azkatasuna: “Basque Fatherland and Liberty”), which was formed in the 1950s.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761574205/Basques.html (730 words)

	Basques - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Basque has no graphic system of its own and uses the Roman character, either Spanish or French; a few particular sounds are indicated in modern writings by dotted or accented letters.
		Basque names abound in the older colonial families, and Basque newspapers have been published in Buenos-Aires and in Los Angeles, California.
		The circumstances and methods which enabled the Basques to preserve this independence were, first, the isolation caused by their peculiar language; next, the mountainous and easilydefended nature of the country, its comparative poverty and the possession of a sea-board.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Basques (3293 words)

	Basque
		The rugged Basque territory is ideal for banditry and it is not surprising that despite the oppresion by their neighbhours the Basques could still survive.
		Basque sailors were some of the first Europeans to reach North America, and many early settlers in Canada and the United States were of Basque origin.
		The Basques fought in the Spanish Civil War divided between the nationalist and leftist, siding with the Spanish Republic[?], and the Navarrese Carlist[?], siding with Franco forces.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Basques.html (2618 words)

	Basques. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Basques withstood domination by the Visigoths and Franks.
		Basque privileges remained in force under the Spanish monarchy, but in 1873 they were abolished because of the Basques’ pro-Carlist stand in the Carlist Wars.
		Basque nationalism, often involving unrest and violence by and against the ETA, has continued, but Basque terrorists and a separatist party lost some popular support in the 1990s.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ba/Basques.html (821 words)

	Basques - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Basques, people living in north central Spain, primarily in two autonomous regions, the Basque Country (País Vasco) and Navarra, and in the...
		Basque Language, language spoken by the Basques, the people inhabiting north central Spain and the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques in...
		Basque Country (Spanish País Vasco; Basque Euskadi), autonomous region in north central Spain, comprising the provinces of Álava, Guipúzcoa, and...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Basques.html (168 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Assessment for Basques in Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Basques have many of the risk factors which contribute to rebellious activity, including government repression, territorial concentration, and high levels of group organization and cohesion.
		The other hope for ending Basque protests and militant activity is the Basque regional government’s affiliation with the European Union, which gives it the opportunity to function autonomously in the international arena.
		Basques police have recently been cracking down on both terrorist activities and demonstrations they deemed too confrontational, as well as working with both French and Spanish authorities.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=23001 (1050 words)

	Ethnic Industries for Migrants: Basque Sheepherding in the American West
		This was not always the case, and in fact, traditional Basque emigration to the United States at the end of the 1800s and the beginning of the 1900s escaped what could be described as almost the opposite circumstances.
		Basques dominated the sheep industry in the United States for almost exactly one hundred years beginning with the establishment of the Altube brothers' Spanish Ranch in Nevada in 1873.
		However, Basque ethnic identity in the United States remains tied to the collective past they share of sheepherding as the door opener to the United States, and even those Basques whose families never were a part of the sheep business still preserve this significant aspect to the history of Basque development in the West.
	www.euskonews.com /0212zbk/kosmo21201.html (1517 words)

	[No title]
		Basques are normally dark-haired, small to medium statue, with broad chests (developed from living in the thin air on mountains).
		Mari is the oldest and supreme goddess of the Basques.
		In 824 AD, the Basque army crushed a second Frankish army in the same mountain pass where Charlemagne was caught, and the Basques founded the Kingdom of Pamplona (later called the Kingdom of Navarre) to fight against the Franks in the north and the Arabs in the south.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/dragon9/BASQUES.html (4228 words)

	basques
		The Basque region is located in the southwest corner of France and spans across the northwest corner of Spain.
		The Basque region is called Euskal Herria by the Basques, which means "land of Euskera speakers." Their language has always been what defines a Basque.
		The Basques let them pass through their land and use their safe ports in return for small fees, and with the promise they would not be invaded.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~emcoates/eta/basques.html (581 words)

	Buber's Basque Page: Introduction to Basque History
		Although the Basques were probably inhabiting the area they now do since the stone age, our oldest historical records come from the time of the Romans.
		The Basques seem to have come down from the hills to trade with the Romans, but the Romans seem never to have extended actual control of the Basques living in the hills.
		The Basques were not individually subjects of the crown, but rather as a group subject to the crown (as long as they resided in the Vascongadas).
	www.buber.net /Basque/History/history.html (806 words)

	Buber's Basque Page: Basques (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Nevertheless, Euskera is still spoken in the Basque Country at both sides of the Spanish/French borders, mostly in rural areas, in fishing villages and in some urban environs.
		The Basque language was not written until the 16th century, but that was not obstacle to creating a rich oral literature, kept alive up to the present times by the "bertsolarismo" and the pastorals.
		Today Basque schools are in the process of becoming part of the Basque state school, but in the French Basque Country, and some parts of Navarre, Basque schools are the only ones which provide teaching in Basque.
	www.members.aol.com /minoritas/basken.htm (1782 words)

	The Basques
		The Basques are people of unknown origins for we do not know where they came from and their language is largely different than other known languages.
		Ygartua is an old Basque family name from an old civilization and for generations Paul's father's people owned and farmed land near the town of Gorliz in the Province of Vizcaya lying along the Bay of Biscay some thirty miles from the city of Bilbao.
		Paul, then a boy, was the first male child of that generation and was greeted with enthusiasm by his father's people and there followed repeated visits during the summers and as he grew older he became familiar with their language and historic background.
	www.ygartua.com /basques.htm (621 words)

	Basques (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Around the 11th Century, many of the Basque communities along the coast found that these whales were very profitable to slaughter when one occasionally was beached.
		This became so important that at least six Basque towns have whales or whaling as a feature of their coats of arms.
		At first, even whales killed at sea were towed to shore to be cut up, and have the fat boiled, but later this was done at sea, despite the obvious hazard of fire on wooden ships.
	www.hyw.com /books/history/Basques.htm (461 words)

	BBC News \| WALES \| Genes link Celts to Basques
		Basques can trace their roots back to the Stone Age and are one of Europe's most distinct people, fiercely proud of their ancestry and traditions.
		The comparison was made because Basques are thought by most experts to be very similar to the people who lived in Europe before the advent of farming.
		But it is still unclear whether the link is specific to the Celts and the Basques, or whether they are both simply the closest surviving relatives of the early population of Europe.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/wales/1256894.stm (448 words)

	Alibris: Basques
		Basque Violence is in fact a pioneering attempt to give a fully contextualized cultural account of the endemic conflict engaging Basque villagers both as protagonists and as spectators.
		In "An Enduring Legacy," brothers John and Mark Bieter chronicle three generations of Basque presence in Idaho from 1890 to the present, an engaging story that begins with a few solitary sheepherders and follows their evolution into the prominent ethnic community they are today.
		Basque nationalism, in the shape of the military wing of ETA, took the path of violence, spawning an efficient terrorist campaign.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/subject/Basques (726 words)

	Basques in New France
		In fact, Basque mariners were so numerous on the coast of Labrador and in Petit-Nord (the west coast of Newfoundland), and they were so steady with their work, that the King named an officer responsible for the security of those fishing operations.
		As many Basques as we can count who came as a result of professional obligations, we can find just as many who crossed the Atlantic in the service of the King or by means of events that disrupted Canada’s colonial history.
		Knowing that the wave of migration from the Basque Country to America, and to Canada in particular, resumed at the end of the last century, the field of research remains open.
	basque.unr.edu /09/9.3/9.3.49t/9.3.49.03.NewFrance.htm (1821 words)

	[No title]
		A natural, deep water port, it was named in the 1500's by the Basques fishermen, and used as a haven in storms and a base for fishing and exploration on the north east coast of North America.
		The mainstay of the Port aux Basques facility was the lucrative winter fishery, one of the largest on the island.
		It is in Port aux Basques, the site of the main provincial tourism interpretation and information centre for the island, that they experience their first taste of Newfoundland culture and scenery.
	www.cdli.ca /~jsooley/port.html (1101 words)

	Basque people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Basques, first known to history as natives of modern-day Navarre and Aragon in the first century BC, are now predominantly found in an area known as the Basque Country, consisting of four provinces in Spain and three in France, located around the western edge of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay.
		The key sources for the early history of the Basques are the classical writers, especially Strabo, who in the 1st century AD reported that the north of modern-day Navarre and Aragon (the area immediately east of the modern-day autonomous community of the Basque Country) was inhabited by a people known as the Vascones.
		Basque cuisine is at the heart of Basque culture, influenced by the neighbouring communities and the excellent produce from the sea and the land.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Basques (8812 words)

	Basques - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the civil war of 1936-39, the Basque provs., not including Navarre, defended the republican government, under which they had autonomous status; the Basques of Navarre supported the Franco forces.
		In 1996, Spanish and French officials agreed on joint measures to crack down on the terrorist group; a cease-fire (1998-99) by the ETA failed to lead to a peace accord.
		The Basque parliament approved a plan for "free association" with Spain in 2004, but it failed to win the approval of the Spanish Cortes.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-basques.html (964 words)

	FAQs · Basques, origins and language
		The Basques are a people who live in a small region (about the size of Rhode Island) that straddles the border of Spain and France from the sea in the west into the Pyrenees in the east.
		Basques speak a language called euskara, but today only about 25% of the population is fluent in that tongue.
		One is that the Basques are the descendents of the survivors of Atlantis.
	basque.unr.edu /16/16.1t/16.1.1.faqs1.htm (417 words)

	The Basque Block (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It was first rented by Basques for use as a boarding house in 1910 and was purchased by the Uberuaga family in 1917 and continued to be used as a boarding house until 1969.
		Adelia Garro Simplot purchased the house in 1983 to save it from being torn down and the Basque Museum and Cultural Center (a non-profit organization created to help preserve and perpetuate Basque culture for future generations) was formed in 1985 and assumed it from her.
		The Basque Center (Euzkaldunak, Inc.), the Basque Museum and Cultural Center, and the Oinkari Basque Dancers are all members of this organization.
	www.boisebasques.com (908 words)

	disclaimer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Basques are thought to be descended from among the oldest inhabitants of Europe, which is of great importance to the study of this folklore.
		In the Basque area, some specific terms are used during the Carnival period, which give Carnival activities a meaning which pre-dates the Lenten explanation.
		In the Basque Country, as in other parts of Europe, there are numerous people in fancy dress processions, as we shall see.
	www.basques.us /Pages/Articles/Urbeltz-carnival.htm (2631 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Assessment for Basques in France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		When the Basques in Spain slow down their terrorist activities, the same occurs in France, and it seems that terrorist acts committed in France are often, if not always, bolstered by Spanish activists.
		Large quantities of weapons and explosives discovered periodically by French police seem to indicate that at least a small group of separatists is willing to continue fighting for independence, and the recent threat directed towards soccer player Bixente Lizarazu show the attempts of separatists to put their causes on the front page of newspapers.
		The Basques in France comprise a very small proportion of the country’s population and mainly inhabit rural inland areas of southwestern France (known in Basque as Iparralde) (GROUPCON = 3), the northernmost part of the Basques’ historical homeland (TRADITN = 1).
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=22002 (575 words)

	Preservation Online: Story of the Week Archives: What the Basques Left (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		These guesthouses were important to the Basque community; this is where they met their future wives, where they lived until they bought their own homes, which tended to be temporary dwellings.
		As Basques embraced their new country, of course, they also retained many of the traditions of their homeland—like pelota, one of the oldest sports in history.
		Some Boise residents, like Dan Ansotegui, whose grandparents were born in the Basque country and migrated in the early 1900s, believe that the younger generation identifies less and less with its Basque roots and don't claim their Basque heritage on the census.
	www.nationaltrust.org /magazine/archives/arch_story/061005.htm (1216 words)

	Basques — FactMonster.com
		Basque language - Basque language, tongue of uncertain relationship spoken by close to a million people, most of whom...
		Basques: History - History Before Roman times, the Basque tribes, little organized politically, extended farther to...
		Basque Country - Basque Country, Basque Euzkadi, Span.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0806416.html (233 words)

	Amazon.com: A Book of the Basques (Basque Series): Books: Rodney Gallop,Marjorie Gallop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		British folklorist Rodney Gallop was a pioneer in the field of Basque anthropology and "A Book of the Basques" was one of the earliest (and remains one of the most readable) attempts to explain Basque culture to the English-speaking world.
		The ancient traditions of the Basques survived more intact in France and, additionally, the French Basques were more culturally "introspective" than their Spanish cousins; that is, they never played as prominent a part in the national life of France as did the Spanish Basques in Spain and its empire.
		Gallop's cultural knowledge of the Basque's (at least the French Basques) was very in depth, The narration is dreary, pompous, and one-sided.
	www.amazon.com /Book-Basques-Basque-Rodney-Gallop/dp/0874173167 (1125 words)

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