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Topic: Batesian mimicry

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	The Arts of Deception - MIMICRY AND CAMOUFLAGE in the Rainforest
		Batesian mimicry is named for Henry Walter Bates, a British scientist who studied mimicry in Amazonian butterflies during the mid- and late nineteenth century.
		Batesian mimicry refers to two or more species that are similar in appearance, but only one of which is armed with spines, stingers, or toxic chemistry, while its apparent double lacks these traits.
		Batesian mimicry is also found in venomous coral snakes and the harmless milk and king snakes of the New World.
	rainforests.mongabay.com /0306.htm (939 words)

	MIMICRY - LoveToKnow Article on MIMICRY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Hence it is probable that this case of mimicry is purely of a protective and not of an aggressive nature and serves to save the flies from destruction by insectivorous enemies.
		Another instance of mimicry affecting the larval form is supplied by the moth Endromis versicolor, the caterpillars of which resemble the inedible larvae of saw-flies.
		This is a not uncommon occurrence, and in the case of Batesian mimicry the explanation is probably this.
	93.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MI/MIMICRY.htm (8617 words)

	Lab Manual Exercise #10B
		Mimicry: One insect (called a mimic) that is perfectly palatable to its predator resembles another insect (called the model) that is quite disagreeable to the same predator.
		Mimicry in which the mimic shares the same defensive mechanism as the model is called Mullerian mimicry.
		Batesian mimicry: One of these insects is a stinging honeybee and the other is a harmless fly that mimics the bee.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /lmexe10b.htm (2101 words)

	Mimicry - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mimicry evolved by means of natural selection as a method to protect prey or for predators to deceive prey specific to their natal environment.
		Aggressive mimicry differs from both molecular and evolving mimicry in that predators specifically use it; the predator mimics a behavioral signal that is attractive or deceptive to its prey.
		The reasoning behind the decrease in effectiveness of mimicry upon removing species from their natal environments into foreign environments, lies in the concept of protective coloration that is employed by the model species, and thus the mimic species as well.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Mimicry (1075 words)

	SIMULATION OF COEVOLUTION IN BATESIAN MIMICRY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This result is congruent with previous findings that mimics in imperfect Batesian mimicry rings still gain an advantage by resembling models compared to the predation levels on the alternate prey and the mimic will then be under a greater selection pressure to evolve defensive signals (Hetz and Slobodchikoff, 1988).
		These results suggest that the likely evolutionary scenario for Batesian mimicry is a mutual selective pressure between the predator and the model, a selective pressure acting from the model to the mimic, and a "dilution effect" exerted by the mimic and any other prey upon the predator-model interaction.
		Batesian mimicry: a preliminary theoretical investigation of quantitative aspects.
	atta.labb.usb.ve /Klaus/CoevolBatesianMimicry.htm (5957 words)

	mimicry
		Batesian mimicry in which a harmless hoverfly is coloured like an unpleasant wasp in order to confuse a predator.
		The most common form is Batesian mimicry (named after English naturalist H W Bates), where the mimic resembles a model that is poisonous or unpleasant to eat, and has aposematic, or warning, coloration; the mimic thus benefits from the fact that predators have learned to avoid the model.
		In some cases, mimicry is not for protection, but allows the mimic to prey on, or parasitize, the model.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0008063.html (223 words)

	Mimicry [MT Dorak] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mullerian mimicry could be considered not to be true mimicry because the receiver is not actually deceived and it is not obvious which organism is the model and which one is the mimic.
		Aggressive mimicry: The organism mimics a signal that is attractive or deceptive to its prey.
		Host mimicry by parasites, in which the host is both the model and receiver, is an extension of aggressive mimicry.
	dorakmt.tripod.com /evolution/mimicry.html (550 words)

	Insect Behavior Review Articles 1997
		Mimicry rings are distributed in the canopy in the reverse of the order expected based on thermal grounds: dark-colored mimicry rings, which absorb heat faster, are often found higher in the canopy than pale mimicry rings, suggesting that thermal ecology is unimportant (Papageorgis, 1975).
		Mimicry and flight height are an important pat of the is research relative to the forest canopy, and methods given by Papageorgis, (1974) recorded the height at which mimetic butterflies entered the forest canopy from logged areas.
		Correlations between mimicry, habitat, and behavior cannot be dismissed on the grounds of phylogenetic inertia because members of the two major taxonomic groups of Heliconius, the erato-group and the melpomene-group (Eltringham, 1916; Brown, 1981; Brower,1994a), are represented in two and three mimicry rings, respectively (Mallet and Gilbert, 1995).
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/Entomology/courses/en507/papers_1997/wathen.html (3095 words)

	Monarch Viceroy Puzzle
		During the mid-twentieth century, Batesian mimicry was widely accepted as an explanation for the very close resemblance between the Monarch and the Viceroy.
		That was principally due to the studies of Jane Van Zandt Brower, published in Evolution in 1958.(1) The Monarch was assumed to be toxic, due to the fact that the caterpillars eat milkweed plants (Asclepiadaceae) and absorb the toxic cardiac glycosides.
		Batesian mimicry was considered to be disconfirmed, although many popular sources continue to offer it as an explanation.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Monarch_Viceroy_Puzzle (859 words)

	Mimicry: An Example Of Adaptation
		Mimicry is one of several anti-predatory devices found in nature.
		Batesian mimicry is most effective when the mimic is rare and its emergence follows that of the model.
		Mimicry, as opposed to camouflage and warning coloration, is specifically the resemblance between two organisms.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AE/AEPC/WWC/1995/mimicry.html (608 words)

	Ants, beetles and spiders
		The first is classical Batesian mimicry in which the mimic is edible or non-venomous and the model is either distasteful or venomous.
		A third is Peckhamian mimicry, or aggressive mimicry, in which the model is the prey of the mimic.
		As for beetle mimicry, there may have been only a few beetles available as models, jumping spiders have had limited genetic potential for evolving resemblance to many beetles, or there may be some combination of these factors to account for the limited examples.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artfeb00/drspider.html (1813 words)

	Pendulum Resources: Bipolar disorder and the syphrid fly
		That this species of syphrid fly resembles a bumblebee is a form of adaptation biologists call "mimicry." Biologists identify two types of mimicry -- Batesian and Muellerian -- after the scientists who first described them.
		Batesian mimicry is when a creature resembles another which is noxious or dangerous but is itself harmless.
		Muellerian mimicry is when a creature is noxious or dangerous and resembles other similar creatures.
	www.pendulum.org /writings/writings_essays_syphrid.html (585 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Batesian mimicry
		Mimicry was discovered in 1862 by the British naturalist Henry Walter Bates, who found two similarly marked but unrelated families of Brazilian...
		Another form of defense in butterflies and moths involves mimicry.
		In Batesian mimicry, a perfectly tasty species, the mimic, closely resembles a...
	encarta.msn.com /Batesian+mimicry.html (106 words)

	Most Spectacular Batesian Mimicry
		Batesian mimicry involves a palatable, unprotected species (the mimic) that closely resembles an unpalatable or protected species (the model) (Devries 1987).
		True Batesian mimicry is parasitic in nature with the model deriving no benefit and possible harm (Devries 1987).
		The viceroy butterfly is not a batesian mimic.
	ufbir.ifas.ufl.edu /chap28.htm (1183 words)

	EVOLUTION: ON MIMICRY
		Batesian mimicry is essentially parasitic: a prey species evolves to look like a species that is unattractive to predators (because it is poisonous, for example), and in so doing degrades the effectiveness of the signals used by the inedible species to warn off predators.
		By contrast, Müllerian mimicry involves two unpalatable species, and is thought to be mutualistic because the two species share the mortality costs incurred when naive predators sample them before learning to avoid the warning signal they both use[3].
		An important mechanism that frequently occurs in adaptation is that of mimicry: many organisms both large and small have found a selective advantage in imitating the appearance or function associated with an otherwise distinct creature or aspect of the natural environment.
	scienceweek.com /2005/sa050225-1.htm (697 words)

	Definitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mullerian mimicry systems can benefit when there are alot of different species to help increase the predators learning capability, when this happens it is called a mimicry ring.
		Mimicry rings can be found in many areas of the world where there are numerous species of unpalatable and aposematically colored butterflies living in one place.
		It is advantageaous if the males do not practice mimicry because this cuts down on the number of mimics in a population, and males use their colors as a signal to attract females for mating purposes, and this can not be altered.
	www.uri.edu /students/swoo5363/definitions.html (484 words)

	Wildlife News: Studies on Batesian mimicry principle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The researchers created 1,200 life-size models of coral and scarlet king snakes out of plasticine, a mixture of wax and modeling clay and placed the copies in the wild, both within the coral snake's natural range in the southeastern United States and north of that range in central North Carolina, where they are absent.
		The biologists reasoned that if mimicry were causing the king snake to resemble the coral snake, predators would be more likely to attack the former where coral snakes are not found.
		Bates made his original observations about mimicry's effects on natural selection on similarly appearing butterflies, some of which were toxic to birds while others were not, he said.
	www.naturalworldtours.co.uk /articles2001/march/march1701i.htm (689 words)

	What Is Batesian Mimicry? - Science Fact Finder
		Mimicry is the practice by which the members of one species imitate certain characteristics of another species in order to gain some advantage.
		One form of mimicry, explained in 1861 by British naturalist Henry Walter Bates (1825—1892), is called Batesian mimicry.
		A classic example of Batesian mimicry is the viceroy butterfly, which resembles the unpalatable monarch butterfly.
	science.enotes.com /science-fact-finder/biology/what-batesian-mimicry (293 words)

	Information Sheet 11, Mimicry in Nature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The term mimicry is commonly applied to the resemblance of one insect (called the mimic) to another (called the model) so that a third insect or other observer is deceived into confusing the two.
		Batesian mimicry occurs when the model is more highly defended than the mimic.
		An example of Batesian mimicry is when the yummy viceroy butterfly mimics the orange and fl coloration of the distasteful monarch butterfly.
	ag.arizona.edu /pubs/insects/ahb/inf11.html (541 words)

	Butterfly Mimicry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The use of mimicry is prevalent throughout nature and is a prime example of evolution by natural selection.
		Known as "Mullerian" mimicry the difference between these two forms of mimicry is that the "Batesian" mimics have no protection of their own and "Mullerian" mimics already have a form of protection.
		This is an example of protective colouration and not mimicry because the intent is not to draw attention.
	home.cogeco.ca /~lunker/mimicry.htm (1281 words)

	The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Nature
		A further type of mimicry involves the eggs of birds such as cuckoos that are laid in the nests of other birds.
		The reason is camouflage and mimicry are forms of adaptation to the environment and all successful species, including the predators of the mimics, are adapted to their environment or they would not be able to survive.
		Whatever the exact situation, camouflage and mimicry are very fine example of adaptation and show just what elaborate systems have developed to fit animals to their various ways of life.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2004/20040208/spectrum/nature.htm (797 words)

	Western Pennsylvania Conservancy Daily e-Calendar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For many years scientists believed that this mimicry "system" was an example of Batesian mimicry, whereby the coloration of the adult viceroy butterfly was a mimic of the distasteful monarch.
		Therefore, instead of an example of Batesian mimicry, the monarch-viceroy system is an example of another type of mimicry known as Mullerian mimicry.
		Mullerian mimicry is where species with similar characteristics, for example the distastefulness of these two butterflies, gain an advantage by their similar appearance.
	www.wpconline.org /dailyphotos/wpc-d-9-27.asp (374 words)

	Mocking mimics
		This so-called "Batesian" mimicry involves a model, the monarch, and a mimic, the viceroy.
		Standing to reason is not the same thing as truth, and when entomologists ran the experiment, they found Batesian mimicry was not involved.
		In the "what's-in-it-for-me?" calculus that is ecology, the situation may actually represent Mullerian, not Batesian, mimicry.
	whyfiles.org /129sci_fable/4.html (362 words)

	Batesian mimicry (from mimicry) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		More results on "Batesian mimicry (from mimicry)" when you join.
		An example in which the prey itself serves as the model can be seen in the mimicry used by female fireflies of the genus Photuris.
		A fascinating result of evolution is the phenomenon of mimicry, the superficial resemblance of one organism to another that gives the mimicking organism some advantage or protection from predators.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-11885 (750 words)

	BIO 104 - Mimicry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The first we'll discuss is perhaps the most common, and it is referred to as Batesian mimicry after a famous 19th century Biologist who documented many examples.
		Batesian mimicry is the situation where "models" and "mimics" exist.
		The cuckoo is a bird that reproduces by laying eggs in the nests of other species, and then allowing the "foster parents" to feed and raise the young.
	faculty.buffalostate.edu /snyderrj/bio104/lectures/mimic.htm (722 words)

	Lecture 27: Human Population Growth and Consequences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Batesian mimicry: a palatable species mimics a noxious or harmful species [unpalatable model; palatable mimic; model and mimic are often not closely related species]
		Batesian mimicry is not a mutualism; the mimic is "parasitizing" the defense evolved by the model species
		Individuals of all species in the mimicry complex benefit when inexperienced predators eat prey mimics [predators learn than any individual with that appearance is nasty a very efficient learning process that does not overly tax any single species]
	www.life.umd.edu /classroom/biol106/jensen/thorne/syllabus/SP00L34.html (243 words)

	MUSE - Natural Selection - Extending the Natural Selection Model...
		This type of mimicry is called Mullerian and it seems that the relation between Monarchs and Viceroys may be an example of it.
		Mullerian mimicry, Batesian mimicry, mimicry is mimicry!" In fact from an evolutionary and ecological perspective these two forms of mimicry are very different for both predator and prey.
		Some researchers doubt that Batesian mimicry exists, rather they argue that all such relationships can be found along a range of Mullerian mimicry.
	www.wcer.wisc.edu /ncisla/muse/naturalselection/materials/section4/lesson4A/handouts/handout3.html (723 words)

	Mimicry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This is not true mimicry, however, as the species involved are closely related.
		In this form of mimicry, one species is harmful and the other is harmless.
		Species that seem to be Batesian mimics may be unpalatable to some predators and thus be Mullerian mimics in selected instances.
	www.bombus.freeserve.co.uk /mimicry.htm (433 words)

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