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31 BC

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198 BC

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142 BC

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	Battle of Actium - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Battle of Actium was a naval battle of the Roman Civil War between Mark Antony and Octavian (Caesar Augustus).
		It was fought on September 2, 31 BC, near the Roman colony of Actium in Greece (near the modern-day city of Preveza), on the Ionian Sea.
		The battle was won by the forces of Octavian, whose victory led him to be titled the Princeps Augustus, and eventually to be considered the first Roman Emperor; for this reason the date of the battle is often used to mark the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Battle_of_Actium (0 words)

	Battle of Actium - MSN Encarta
		Battle of Actium, decisive naval engagement fought off the promontory of Actium on September 2, 31 bc, between the Roman fleet of Octavian (later first emperor of Rome as Augustus), under the command of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, and a combined Roman-Egyptian fleet commanded by Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
		The battle represented the culmination of the old rivalry between Antony and Octavian for control of the Roman world and had been preceded by a long period of skirmishing, which included large armies encamped on opposite shores of the Ambracian Gulf.
		The outcome of the battle remained in doubt until Cleopatra, apparently alarmed by an enemy maneuver, ordered the Egyptian contingent, about 60 vessels, to withdraw.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576914/Battle_of_Actium.html (0 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Battle of Actium
		Actium, Battle of (31 bc) Naval battle in which the fleet of Octavian (later Emperor Augustus), commanded by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, defeated the fleets of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
		Actium, Battle of The battle in 31 BC in north-west Acarnania in western Greece at which Octavian defeated Mark Antony to become ruler of Rome.
		At Actium was fought the naval battle (31 BC) in which the forces of Octavian (later Augustus) under Agrippa defeated the sea and land forces of Antony and Cleopatra.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Battle+of+Actium (822 words)

	Battle of Actium
		Battle of Actium - The Battle of Actium was a naval battle of the Roman Civil War between Mark Antony and Octavian.
		The battle was fought on the Eastern Front during World War II between the forces of the German Heeresgruppe Nord and the Soviet Volhkov and Leningrad Fronts.
		Actium on (Gulf of Arta) opposite Nicopolis, built by Augustus on the promontory was an ancient temple of Apollo Actius and the growing demoralization of his army would sufficiently account for his decision.
	ba98.mavgeo.com (1157 words)

	eHistory.com: The Battle of Actium
		The strange battle of Actium ended decades of Roman civil war and resulted in the rise of the first Roman Emperor.
		Prior to the battle of Actium, Mark Antony took his and Cleopatra's fleet into the Gulf of Ambracia (located on the west coast of Greece).
		A few battles were fought up and down the coast - the most decisive of which by Agrippa (one of Octavianus' Generals) cutoff Antony's lines of communication further down the coast.
	ehistory.osu.edu /world/articles/ArticleView.cfm?AID=16 (0 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Battle of Actium was the main conflict in the Roman civil war between the forces supporting Octavian and those supporting Mark Antony.
		As Augustus Caesar, he would preserve the trappings of a restored Republic, but historians generally mark his consolidation of power and the adoption of his honorifics flowing from his victory at Actium as the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.
		She allowed herself to be bitten by a poisonous asp that was reportedly hidden for her in a basket of figs.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Battle_of_Actium (1106 words)

	USF: Department of History - The Actium Project
		The Actium Project was formed in 1993 to examine the sea floor in the region where the ancient battle was fought (Fig.
		We also knew that most of the battle gear dumped into the water (boat hooks, arrows, spears, helmets, body armor, buckets, axes and ship's gear) would have not survived, unless it had somehow been covered by the sediments of the bottom, and then we were unlikely to see it.
		At Actium, 60 to 90 such rams lie waiting to be found on the sea floor in the region where the battle was fought.
	luna.cas.usf.edu /~murray/actium/brochure.html (2221 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Battle of Actium
		The Battle of Actium occurred on September 2, 31 BC, during a civil war of the Roman Republic.
		The naval battle was fought near Actium; between the fleets of Octavian (later Augustus), commanded by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, and Marcus Antonius (Antony) supported by the queen of Egypt, Cleopatra.
		The battle was won by the forces of Octavian and the date is often used to mark the beginning of the Roman Empire.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/ba/Battle_of_Actium (191 words)

	Battle of Actium Encyclopedia Information @ Karr.net (Karr Network) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Battle of Actium was a naval battle of the Roman Civil War between Mark Antony and Octavian (Caesar Augustus).
		It was fought on September 2, 31 BC, near the Roman colony of Actium in Greece (near the modern-day city of Preveza), on the Ionian Sea.
		The battle was won by the forces of Octavian, whose victory led him to be titled the Princeps Augustus, and eventually to be considered the first Roman Emperor; for this reason the date of the battle is often used to mark the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.
	www.karr.net /encyclopedia/Battle_of_Actium (1460 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Battle Descriptions
		Battle of Sarmizegetusa (Sarmizegetuza), A.D. During Trajan's reign one of the most important Roman successes was the victory over the Dacians.The first important confrontation between the Romans and the Dacians took place in the year 87 and was initiated by Domitian.
		Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, A.D. During Augustus's reign (27 B.C.-14 A.D..), probably the greatest disaster suffered by the Romans was the defeat in the Teutoburg forest when the former proconsul of Africa, Publius Quinctilius Varus, together with three legions (XVII, XVIII, and XIX), six cohorts and three squadrons of cavalry (alae) were practically slaughtered.
		Battle of Yarmuk, A.D. During the reign of Heraclius this battle was fought between Romans and Arabs in the Jordan valley in the Roman province of Palestine.
	www.roman-emperors.org /assobd.htm (2604 words)

	Nicopolis (BiblePlaces.com)
		It commemorated his victory over Mark Antony at the battle of Actium on September 2, 31 B.C. Nicopolis rested on a peninsula leading into the Ambrakian Gulf into the Adriatic Sea, while Actium sat on another peninsula to the south.
		Approximately 35,000 men were captured in the battle, and rams from the ships were given as a tithe.
		Ancient Necopolis (The Cultured Traveler) Informative article portraying the importance of the battle of Actium and the historical situation behind it.
	www.bibleplaces.com /nicopolis.htm (482 words)

	Battle Of Actium BattleOfActium
		The Parthenon; built at battle of actium from all the Flint, were.
		Moreover, he had elapsed, since the provinces when led Marius, saw only succeeded do the watering walking tired to BattleOfActium now captured a battle of actium to be almost in boasting of bobbypulido a battle of actium we should they experience the boulevard into a family!
		The stool of battle of actium, and said to procure food so long, upon plants, and all seasons as guides and returned and peril: and grammars as for this him!
	haleyture.150m.com /battleofactium.html (0 words)

	History of wars » Battles
		Battle of Actium (Roman Civil War) - Битва у мыса Акций (Гражданская война в Риме)
		Battle of Alesia (Gallic War 58-52 BC) - Осада Алезии (Галльская война 58-52 гг.
		Battle of Hastings (Norman invasion of Britain) - Битва при Гастингсе (Норманнское вторжение в Британию)
	www.history-war.com /battles (890 words)

	Livius Picture Archive: the battle of Actium (31 BCE)
		Antony occupied the southern promontory, called Actium, and was able to build a bridge to the northern promontory.
		And indeed, when the battle began, Antony's center defeated the center of Agrippa and Octavian, which was commanded by Lucius Arruntius.
		The battle of Actium became an important part of the imperial propaganda.
	www.livius.org /a/battlefields/actium/actium.html (664 words)

	Battle Of Actium
		Antony was strongest in land troops, but his fleet was inferior to that of Octavius, and he was him-self inclined to remain on the land and fight the principal battle there.
		The motive whch induced her to do this has been supposed to be her wish to provide a more sure way of escape in case of an unfavorable issue to the conflict.
		On the morning of the battle, when the ships were drawn up in array, Cleopatra held the command of a division of fifty or sixty Egyptian vessels, whch were all completely manned, and well equipped with masts and sails.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles33n/cleopatra-11.shtml (4980 words)

	Battle Of Actium - Somalia - Somalia aid and relief (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Battle of Actium was a Roman battle between Octavian (Augustus) on one side and Mark Antony and Cleopatra, on the other....(Continue Reading)
		The Battle of Actium was a sea battle at Actium between Cleopatra and Mark Antony, on one side, and Octavian (later, Augustus), in 31 B.C....(Continue Reading)
		Agrippa, a Roman consul and friend of Augustus was a Roman general at the Battle of Actium.
	www.xiddigtabanaadir.com /battle-of-actium.html (197 words)

	Octavian's Campsite Memorial in Nikopolis
		The Battle of Actium was to be the crucial event in his final rise to power, and as Cassius Dio points out, after Actium, “Caesar [Octavian] now for the first time held all the power alone, and consequently the years of his reign are properly reckoned from that day” [Dio LI.1.2].
		The appearance of the pair to Octavian before the Battle of Actium was probably regarded as a premonitory sign that the gods had chosen him, and in an age when Luck was worshipped as a deity [Carter 1970: 184], the appearance of Eutychos did not carry the sardonic overtone it would today.
		Carter J. The Battle of Actium: The Rise and Triumph of Augustus Caesar.
	janusquirinus.org /essays/Memorial.html (4719 words)

	Roman Coins
		Octavian and he began battling for power in what were known as the civil wars that almost tore Rome apart.
		Marc Antony commissioned these coins to pay his fleet and legions for his battles with Octavian, who defeated Antony and Cleopatra in their final battle at Actium in Greece.
		After defeating Marc Antony in the great battle in Actium, Greece under the supervision of the great General (and Admiral) Agrippa, Octavian became the sole possessor of Rome by putting an end to the civil wars caused by the rule of Julius Caesar whom adopted him as a nephew.
	www.caraitalia.com /favorite.htm (3188 words)

	BHC0251 : The Battle of Actium, 2 September 31BC
		A representation of the naval Battle of Actium, 2 September 31 BC, which took place off the western coast of Greece.
		An account of the battle given in Virgil's 'Aeneid', was translated into English in the late 17th-century and may have been the inspiration for this commission.
		Her presence further underscores Cleopatra's fate, since the battle was a turning point in the history of Egypt.
	www.nmm.ac.uk /mag/pages/mnuExplore/PaintingDetail.cfm?letter=b&ID=BHC0251 (521 words)

	Ancient Nicopolis
		Nicopolis, the city of victory, was built by Octavian to commemorate his victory at the naval battle of Actium in 31 B.C. The battle itself was not one of the great triumphs of antiquity but the significance of the victory was immense.
		Yet another version relates that Cleopatra fled, as she had agreed with Antony to do prior to the battle, as soon as she saw an escape route through Octavian's fleet (this was primarily to ensure the safety of her treasure ship).
		The city of Nicopolis was built to commemorate the Battle of Actium and to satisfy the military and trade needs of the region.
	www.theculturedtraveler.com /Archives/JUL2004/Nicopolis.htm (1922 words)

	Actium
		Actium belonged originally to the Corinthian colonists of Anactorium, who probably founded the worship of Apollo Actius and the Actia games; in the 3rd century B.C. it fell to the Acarnanians, who subsequently held their synods there.
		Actium is chiefly famous as the site of Caesar Augustus' decisive victory over Mark Antony (2 September 31 B.C.).
		The final conflict was provoked by Antony, who is said to have been persuaded by Cleopatra VII to retire to Egypt and give battle to mask his retreat; but lack of provisions and the growing demoralization of his army would eventually account for this decision.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Cities/Actium.html (299 words)

	The Battle of Actium (Site not responding. Last check: )
		But when they neither came out against him on their side nor turned to retire, but remained where they were, and not only that, but also vastly increased the density of their line by their close formation, Caesar checked his course, in doubt what to do.
		The battle was indecisive for a long time and neither antagonist could get the upper hand anywhere, but the end came in the following way.
		And thus, when they straightway raised their sails and sped out to sea, since a favouring wind had by chance arisen, Antony thought they were fleeing, not at the bidding of Cleopatra, but through fear because they felt themselves vanquished, and so he followed them.
	www.hillsdale.edu /personal/stewart/war/Classical/Rome/31-Actium.htm (856 words)

	World Expedition's sailing holidays in Greece (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It was founded by Octavianus, after the naval battle of Actium, in 31 B.C. The inhabitants of the neighbouring cities of Epirus, Leucas, and Acarnania were then forced to settle in this area.
		It was erected by Octavianus Augustus in 31 B.C., after his victory at the battle of Actium and was dedicated to Ares (Mars), Poseidon and Apollo of Actium.
		The rest of the trophies from the battle were housed in a stoa above the podium, together with the sculpture.
	www.yachtcharternet.com /cabin_charter/portsofcall.html (2189 words)

	The Battle of Actium
		The Battle of Actium, a naval confrontation between Mark Antony and Octavian, took place on September 2, 31 BC.
		In perhaps the best remembered battle of the Roman Civil War, Octavian's fleet, commanded by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, defeated Mark Antony's fleet as well as the fleet of his wife Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt.
		Octavian, later known as Princeps Augustus, went on to become the first Roman Emperor, and the Battle of Actium is often said to mark the beginning of the Roman Empire.
	www.usefultrivia.com /war_trivia/war_trivia_009a.html (96 words)

	The Roman Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As at Pharsalus and Philippi, the climactic battle for the control of Rome would be found on Greek soil.
		But Cleopatra had assured him that her navy would win the sea battle and give Antony the upper hand.
		The battle itself was not at all inspired.
	history.boisestate.edu /westciv/romanrev/37.shtml (300 words)

	The Baldwin Project: The Story of Rome by Mary Macgregor (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Then as he knew that his soldiers were uneasy at having to fight at sea, he went in a small boat from one ship to another and urged them to think of their large decks as solid earth and to fight for victory.
		Cleopatra was not used to the strain of battle, and her anxiety made her fretful and peevish.
		Perhaps he thought that this would seal the fate of the battle, that the sight of the flying vessels would soon spread a panic through the entire fleet, perhaps his one desire was to follow the queen.
	www.mainlesson.com /display.php?author=macgregor&book=rome&story=actium (999 words)

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